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1789-1803

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

CHAPTER 9 Revolutionary

Legacies

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“We must guard as a most valuable privilege, the freedom and rights of election. Wherever the wealthy by influence of riches, are enabled to direct the choice of public officers, there the downfall of liberty cannot be very remote.”

George James Warner, sail maker in speech on July 4, 1797

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TIMELINE1789 George Washington inaugurated

French Revolution

1787 Free African Society established

1790 Battle at Maumee River Valley (victory for Miami Indians)

1791 Bill of Rights ratified

Whiskey Tax

Bank of the United States chartered

Congress funds the national debt

1792 Washington reelected

Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women

1793 Neutrality Proclamation

The English-French war

Reign of Terror

Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin

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TIMELINE1794 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania

1795 Pinckney Treaty

Indian cessation of land to U.S.

1796 John Adams elected President

1798 Alien and Sedition acts

1801 Jefferson elected President

War with the Barbary States and the treaty at Tripoli

1803 The Louisiana Purchase

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REVOLUTIONARY LEGACIES Overview

Competing Political Visions in the New NationPeople of Color: New Freedoms, New StrugglesContinuity and Change in the WestShifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary

EraThe Election of 1800: Revolution or Reversal?

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COMPETING POLITICAL VISIONS IN THE NEW NATION

Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action

Planting the Seeds of IndustryEchoes of the American Revolution in

the CountrysideSecuring Peace Abroad, Suppressing

Dissent at Home

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Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action

1793: The English-French war and the Reign of TerrorFederalists (Hamilton) sided with the British

and desired a stable, strong central government

Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) sympathized with the French revolution (although abhorred the violence)

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Hamilton and the Federalists

A strong federal government through fiscal policy1790: Congress funded national debt1791: Congress issued charter to Bank of the

United States hoping to stimulate the economy

1791: Hamilton favored factories to stimulate growth

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Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans

Power to individual states and agricultural interestsFavor lower tariffs to benefit farmers and

small consumersOpposed the Bank of the United StatesGovernments should steer clear of using

fiscal power, and exercise restraint in spending and avoid debt

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Planting the Seeds of Industry

“Report on the Subject of Manufactures” Hamilton (1791)

1791: Slater and the cotton thread spinning machine (Steam Cotton Manufacturing Company)

1793: Whitney and the cotton ginManufacturing economy region

New England to Pennsylvania

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Echoes of the American Revolution in the Countryside

Whiskey Rebellion1794: President Washington quelled a revolt

in Pennsylvania over federal tax collection

Resentment of Federalists having power over rural America

1799: Another violent opposition to federal taxes failed in its goals

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Exports of U.S. Cotton, 1789-1800

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Distribution of Wealth in the United States and Europe, 1798

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Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home

1795: Chief Justice Jay negotiated treaty with EnglandEngland evacuated northern forts and stopped seizures of

American ships in exchange for payments of debts to pre-Revolution English creditors

1795: Pinckney Treaty/Treaty of San LorenzoU.S. granted navigation rights on Mississippi

Election of 17961791: President Adams and Tallyrand’s bribe1798: Alien and Sedition ActsConvention of 1800 in Paris

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PEOPLE OF COLOR: NEW FREEDOMS, NEW STRUGGLES

Blacks in the NorthThe Story of Ona JudgeManumissions in the South

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Blacks in the North

Between 1790 and 1804, all northern states abolished slavery. 1792: Congress restricted militia to whites only. Restrictions on blacks in New England and Mid-Atlantic states

included right to vote, jury service, interracial marriage. Northern black Americans moved into their own homes,

worshipped in their own churches and celebrated their own holidays. 1787: Free African Society 1794: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church Pinkster, Training Day, Negro Election Day, Coronation Day

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The Story of Ona Judge Ona Judge: First Lady Martha Washington’s personal attendant,

and young enslaved woman 1790: During move to Philadelphia, Ona escaped, and with help

from others went to Portsmouth, NH 1793: Washington had singed the Fugitive Slave Act: provided

that owner must have a judge’s authorization to seize a runaway slave

Washington seeks authorization, saying she had been abducted. Whipple refuses to have her returned after speaking with Ona.

At Washington’s death, he stipulated that his slaves be freed. He had been swayed to anti-slavery thoughts witnessing the black soldiers of the Revolutionary War.

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Manumissions in the South

Manumissions: Process in which owners release selected slaves from bondage

1782: Virginia lifted ban on manumissions10,000 Virginia slaves gained freedom1790-1810: Baltimore’s black population

increased by over 5000

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Growth in the American Free Black Population, 1790-1860

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CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE WEST

Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region

Indian Acculturation in the WestLand Speculation and Slavery

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The Northwest Territory

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Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region

The Northwest Ordinance riled both whites and Native Americans. Whites determined to settle and own land; Indians determined to resist

1790: Miami chief Little Turtle won the battle at Maumee River Valley over Brigadier General Hamar.

1794: Little Turtle urged Ohio Confederacy to seek peace, but General “Mad Anthony” Wayne met Turkey Foot at British Fort Miami. The Indian warriors were crushed due in part to the refusal of the British to give them shelter in the fort.

1795: Indians ceded to U.S. all of present day Ohio and most of Indiana.

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Indian Acculturation in the West

The “middle ground”: Taking some from the European-American way of life and retaining Indian customs.

Alcohol, a crisis among the Indians1799: Seneca leader Handsome Lake and the “Good

Message”The Spanish attempted to convert Indians

ChumashKarankawas

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The Southwest in 1800

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Land Speculation and Slavery

Ohio Company of Associates and Georgia’s Yazoo Act

Cotton plantations in Mississippi Territory

Laws restricting free blacks

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Western Land Claims of the States

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SHIFTING SOCIAL IDENTITIES IN THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA

The Search for Common GroundArtisan-Politicians and the Plight of

Post-Revolutionary Workers“Republican Mothers” and Other

Well-Off WomenA Loss of Political Influence: The

Fate of Non-Elite Women

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The Search for Common Ground

Mingo Creek Society: tax resistersSociety for the Relief of Poor Widows

and Small ChildrenAfrican churchesThe church as family: Baptist and

Methodists

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Artisan-Politicians and the Plight of Post-Revolutionary Workers

Members of a one craft united and cared for one another stressing the equality of all white, freeborn men

General Society of Mechanics and TradesmenFree men of color took to seafaring jobsCanal workers; menial laborersCommercial activity created jobs: moving goods,

building, and personal services for merchants

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“Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women

1792: Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women: Equal education for the sexes

1801: “A Second Vindication of the Rights of Women” by an “American Lady”

“Republican Mothers”: participating in public life as guardians of home and children

Academies for women Sarah Peirce’s in CT, Susanna Rowon’s in MA

The School of “good manners” Alice Izard, Eliza Southgate Bowne

“On the Equality of the Sexes” Judith Sargent Murray

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A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women

Indian women lost the power to negotiate treaties and land transactions

Many became indios servientes in Hispanic households in the southwest

Free women of color worked domestic and menial jobs

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THE ELECTION OF 1800: REVOLUTION OR REVERSAL?

The Enigmatic Thomas JeffersonProtecting and Expanding the

National Interest

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The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson

“I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.”

A supporter of slavery Notes on the State of Virginia attempted to justify

the exclusion of nonwhites from politics.Jefferson’s view of land ownership was opposed to that

of Native Americans resulting in the decline of Indian land and life.

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Protecting and Expanding the National Interest

1801: The war with the Barbary States and the treaty with Tripoli

1803: James Monroe and the Louisiana Purchase