170537050 Δυναμική Ανάλυση Οχημάτων Θ Χόνδρος
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Transcript of 170537050 Δυναμική Ανάλυση Οχημάτων Θ Χόνδρος
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1. 1.1 , 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.9 2. 2.1 , 2.3 2.2 2.19 2.3 2.28 2.4 2.41 2.5 / 2.49 2.6 Autocad 2.60 2.7 Computer Aided Chasis Design [CACD] 2.63 3. 3 , 3.1 3.1 AUTOCAD 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.30 3.4 3.30 3.5 (Autoshading) 3.32 4. 4.1 , 4.3 4.2 4.6 4.3 4.24 4.4 4.27 4.5 4.32 4.6 4.37 4.7 4.47 4.8 Antilock Braking (ABS) 4.66 5. 5.1 . 5.1 5.2 5.9 5.3 5.17
iii
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5.4 5.62 5.5
. 5.67
6. 6.1 . 6.1 6.2
6.3
6.3
6.72
6.4 6.89 6.5
6.115
7. 7.1 7.1 7.2.1 7.8 7.3 7.9 7.4 7.10 7.5 7.12 7.6 7.16 7.7 7.19 7.8 . 7.26
7.27
( ).
7.28
.
7.30
.
7.32
8. 8.1 . 8.1 8.2 . 8.4 8.3 . 8.9 8.4 . 8.12 8.5 , . 8.12
iv
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v
9. 9.1 . . 9.1 9.2 . 9.3 9.3 OTTO. 9.10 9.4 DIESEL. 9.13 9.5 WAKEL. 9.22 9.6 . 9.26 9.7 . 9.27 9.8 . 9.33 9.9 . 9.45 9.10 . 9.57 9.11 . 9.71 9.12 . 9.76 9.13 . 9.78 10. 10.1 . . 10.3 10.2 . 10.5 10.3 -
. 10.11
10.4 . 10.19 10.5 . 10.36 10.6 . 10.41 11. 11. 11.3 11.1 11.5 11.2 :
, . 11.52
11.3
11.60
(SAE 16)
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1
1.1
, , 19 . , . . - . , , 1.1.
1.1. 1880
. . 1890 , , , 1.2. .
-
2 . . 1870 1880 , , ..
1.2. 1892 (Royal Bicycle) 1897 (De Dion).
Karl Benz, 1885, . , 100 , . , , , . Robert Davidson, 1837 , - .
. , 20.000 , , . , , , , . , , .
1.2 1769 Nicholas
Joseph Cugnot, ,
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3
, 1.3. 4 2,25 . Cugnot .
1.3. , 1769 Cugnot.
1881 Paris Omnibus, - . . 1876, Nikolaus Otto , . Otto, , Karl Benz Gottlied Daimler , , . Benz 1885 , 1.4. , . , , Otto. , . 0.5 HP 250 - 300 13 16 .
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4
1.4. Benz Daimler . Daimler 1886
( 1.4). , . 1.5 HP 900 RPM. A 1900 , (carburateur) (floater) Maybach, 1892, , Vacheron 1894, Michelin, Lanchester 1895, Mors (4 V) Daimler (4 ) (cardan shaft) , Renault. , . , . 1.5 1.6 .
1900 . . Winton 1897 . 5/6 . , . 1900 . .
-
5
1.5. Duryea 1893 Haynes-Apperson 1894
Panhard-Levassor 1895 .
1.6. Hertel 1895 Winton 1897
Columbia Electric Victoria 1899 Locomobile 1900 .
-
6 1.3 - 1900 1927
1900 . . , , . 1902 Charles Baker 137 km/h. , .
1.7. Bersey De Kruger, (Bullet),
140 km/h.
, Georges Bouton Albert de Dion, . - ' - . , , . ' Herbert Frood 1908 , ' . , 1902, Frederick Lanchester , 1903 Mercedes ( Daimler) . Isetta-Frachini, 1911, 4 . , 1920 . ' (1900 - 1920), , , , , .
, .
-
7
. , . 1900 : , ( 1.8). . , . 1890 (Emille Levassor). To 1891 o .
1.8. Creanche, 1900
, ( ) . , . . , , , . ( ) , , . 1920 , .
. 1.9 .
-
8 . . , (The Horseless ge 16 1900) , . Gordon - Bennett 1900 - 610 . Charron Panhard-Levassor 66,8 /. 120-130 / . , . 1902 -, 1903 -. . Mors, Panhard-Levassor, Napier, Renault De Dietrich.
1.9. Panhard -Levassor 1900 Mors 1901
. . Mercedes 1901 1.10
-
9
. ( ) .
1.10. Mercedes 1901 35 hp
. . Columbia 1901 Creanche Ford Model A 1903 1.11. 1.12 1.13.
1.11. Columbia 1901 Ford Model A 1903
-
10
1.12. Autocar Packard 1903
( ) . , 1.14.
1.13. Vauxhall 1903 1903
. 1903 , . 1905 . 1905 . 1905 1920 5 7 .
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11
1.14. Thomas 1904 1905
1906
. 1906 Grout 1.15 . Oldsmobile 1906 . . , 1906 .
. . , . , .
-
12
1.15. : Grout Touring Car Oldsmobile 1906, Mora Touring Car 1907
-
13
1906 . Grout 1906 . , . Mora 1907 .
. Gentlemen's Roadsters . Thomas Runabout 1906, 1.16, . . . "" , . . . American Simplex 1909, 1.17, . Thomas Runabout.
1.16. Thomas Runabout, 1906
1.17. American Simplex 1909
-
14 Thomas Simplex
. . . Ford Model N 1906, 1.18, . Buick Model 10 1908 Roadster Ford . '. Gentlemen's Roadsters (concept cars). Aerocar Runabout 1907, " " Hupmobile 1909. . Hupmobile Roadsters 750 $ 3.000-5.000 $ Simplex.
1.18. Ford Model N 1906 Buick Model 10 1908
-
15
1.19. Aerocar Runabout 1907 Hupmobile 1909
Roadsters . . Roadster . 1.20 Stearns Roadster toy tonneau baby tonneau pony tonneau . Roadster, , , . . . 1907 1910.
-
16
1.20. Stearns Roadster 1907 Menard Auto Buggy 1908 1907
buggy Menard Auto Buggy, 1.20, . . ' . Middle West , . 1910 1911 . ' Ford Model T 1908.
Ford Model T 6181 Buick 8487 Cadillac 2380. 1908 1927 15 Ford Model T, 1.21, 70 Volkswagen.
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17
1.21 Ford Model T, 15 1908 1927
. , . , 80 35 ... . 1919 Studebaker Baker, 1.22.
1.22. Studebaker electric Baker electric 1910.
1.23
Torpedo Body (). Stafford 1911 . Haynes 1910. , .
-
18
1.23. Haynes 1910 Stafford 1911
. , . 1906 Presto-o-Lite , 1.23. 1908 . , , . 1912 (, ) . .
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19
1.24. Opel Torpedo, 1912
1.25. Premier Little Six 1913, Winton Six 1914
Torpedo Body (Streamline Body) . 1.24 Opel Torpedo 1912 . Premier Little Six 1913, 1.25. Winton Six 1914 Kissel Kar 1914, 1.26 .
-
20 (Collonial Style) 1916-17, 1.26.
1.26. Kissel Kar 1914 Chalmers Colonial Coupe
.
, , , , , , .
, . . .
-
21
. 1920 , , , .
1920 : , , , , 1906 1919, . , . , , Austin Seven, 1922, , , 1.27.
1.27. Austin Seven, 1922 ,
, ..., , , , . , 1920, 1922 .
1927 , , 1920. ',
-
22 . ' Royale Buggati, Phantom III Rolls Royce, Bentley Hispano - Suisa ( 1.28). . , , , , (choke) .
1.28. Hispano-Suiza 1925 1920 , ,
. .
Mercedes 1901 1.10 . ' . . ' . . .
. , . Lancia, 1922, Lambda , 1.29. , , .
-
23
. .
1.29. Lancia Lambda 1922 1920
. , . , ( ) .
, . , 1928 Cadillac , . 1.30 Citroen 1925 . . .
-
24
1.30 Peugeot Quadrilette 1922, Tourer 1928 Citroen 1925
: .
-
25
. . .
1920: . , , .
1.4 1927 1956 1927 Ford Model T
. Henry Ford Alfred Sloan General Motors. Ford , . .
1.31 Laurent Clement 1926, Duesenberg (Murphy) 1931 Ford
1935 .
-
26 Alfred Sloan
, . General Motors . : , . 1930 , ( 1.31).
1.32 Mercedes-Benz 1933
1.33 Citroen Traction Avant 1934
-
-
27
1.34 Opel Olympia 1935, Vauxhall 1937 Cord 1936-37
-
28
. 20 Artz . Artz . 1930 , . . , .
. , 500 , 1930 120. (stylists) . . , , . .
1.34 Opel Olympia 1935 -. Vauxhall 1937 - . General Motors . Opel Olympia Renault. Kadett Moskvitch. Cord 1936-37 .
. . . , . , (, ). : . .
.
-
29
1.35. Buggati Cadillac 1930 Cadillac Victoria 1933.
-
30
. 1.35 Buggati Cadillac 1930 Cadillac 1934 1.36 Talbot 26 1947 Allard M81 1949. H Bayerische Motoren-Werke A.G. , B.M.W., Austin Seven, 18 "Wartburg". 1931, 788 ..
1.36 Talbot 26 1947 Allard M81, 1949.
1930,
, V8 , , . , 1938, , KDF,
-
31
V.W. , 1.37.
1.37 Volkswagen 1938 1936 . Fiat 500
Austin Seven 1920 3,2 ., 1,2 ., 500 cc 13 HP 85 Km/h, 1.38.
1.38 Fiat 500 Topolino, 1936.
, , .
-
32 , . , , . , . Nash 1951 1.40.
, . , . , , , .
To 1949 Fiat 500 (Giardiniera) 16 HP 95 Km/h, 1.39.
1.39 Fiat 500 C unificata, 1949, 1975 ,
, , , . , , .
-
33
, .
1.40. Nash Statesman Super 1951, Tucker 1947 Cadillac 1948.
-
34
1.41 Chevrolet Fleetmaster 1947 Oldsmobile Dynamic 76 1948 .
. . .. 1948 Goodrich .
-
35
, 1946. , , , .
1947 Tucker Torpedo, 1.40, . 51 ( ). Tucker , 25 G. M. , , , . Cadillac , P-38 Lightning, , 1.40. H G. M. , . , .
1.42 Studebaker 1950.
50 Studebaker, jet, 1.42. , Studebakers. 1950 . . 1953 ( 1.43) .
-
36
1.43. Studebaker 1953 coupe sedan Fiat 1947
Fiat 1947 Pinin Farina
. Fiat 1947 Studebaker 1953 90 Peugeot 406 coupe. Pinin
-
37
Farina. Fiat 1947 Peugeot 406 1997, 1.44. 1953 Studebaker .
1.44. Peugeot 406 coupe, 1997
-
38
1.45. Chevrolet 1951 1950
, (). . Chevrolet 1951 ( 1.45). . , . , .
, . . . .
. , -. , . ,
-
39
. 50 General Motors, Buick,
Oldsmobile Cadillac . Buick 1950, 1.46 . . , . , , . . Buick 1950 . , , .
1.46 Buick Series 40, Buick Coupe 1950
-
40
Chevrolet Corvette 1953 . 1955 Citroen DS 19, 1.47. , ( ) . : , , . Lanchester , . , 1953 .
1.47 Chevrolet Corvette, 1954, Citroen DS 19, 1954.
-
41
1.48 Fiat 1100d 1953 Vespa 400 1960 BMW 600 1958.
-
42
1.49 Oldsomobile Dynamic 76 1948 Cadillac Elvis 1956
1.50 Panhard Dyna 1954 .
-
43
Wankel, 1957, . , , . , .
1.51 Giulietta Spider Veloce 1959 Rover 100 1961. 1960
,
-
44 . . . , .
1.5
1940 1960 , . , . , . 1965 . . , 1960, .
1970 . . , . , , , . , , .
, , . "" . . , . , , , .
. : (, , ) . ,
-
45
. . . .
1.52 Peugeot 403, 404, 405. 60, 70 80.
-
46
. . . , , . , , , . . .
, . . , , , , . , .
, . 1950. 1955. , , , , , , , , , , , 1950.
1960 . (). , , , , , .
-
47
1970 . 1979 1980 500.000 . , 1/1/71 . , . 21%. , . . 1984 . , , , , 150.000 cd 75.000 cd
1980 . 1985 17 ( 51% ) . 1985 , , .
1990 . , . , . :
""
-
48
1.53
. . . , , , , , , .
-
49
, , , , .
1.54 Ford Model T Mondeo 2000
, . , .
-
50 , .
. . ' , . . , . , , , , , .
-
2.1 2.1 ,
. () .
2.1 a. (Range Rover Land Rover) b. (FORD)
-
2.2
, Jeep ( 2.1), .
, . , . .
2.2. , . , . . , .
"" . "" , .
2.2 , , . , . .
, 2.2 . , , , . .
-
2.3
2.2 . .
. . . .
-
2.4
2.2
. ' , 2.2 :
1. . 2. .
1 , 2 ...
3. ,
( ). 4. . 5. () , '
. 6. '
. 7. ,
. , , , , .
8. . ,
...
2.3 2.4
. : 1. ' (,
, , ..) 2. ,
, .
3. . ' . (, , , ..) , .
-
2.5
4. .
() .
2.4
:
1. , , , .
2. 2.3 :
) (), . ) (),
. ) (), ,
. ) (), . ) (), . ) ' () ,
.
2.3 3. ,
, .. 4. .
-
2.6
2.5
, . , , . :
1. . .
o ' 2600 - 2800 mm 1350 - 1450 kg. ( ), , .
, . .
2. .
. . . , . . ( ), .
3. . .
, . . , . . . .
- , .
-
2.7
2.3.
2.3.1
, , ( 2.4). , ( ).
2.4: ' : ) .
) . (c.m) ,
:
Rfr = Rfl = 0.5 ma g ( b/L ) (2.1)
Rrr = Rrl = 0.5 ma g ( a/L ) (2.2) :
ma , a, b
, L (L= a + b).
. , , , ' . '
-
2.8
. .
, , :
h0 = ftf + fsf (Bf/Sf ) + Bf (ftr/Br + fsr/Sr ) (2.3)
: ftf ftr , fsf fsr , Bf Br Sf Sr .
, :
h0 = ftf + fsf ( Bf/Sf ) + Bf (ftr/Br + fsr/Sr + ) (2.4)
:
ft = R/ct , fs = RB/(csS) , = RB/(2c) (2.5)
( c ), (2.4) :
1 1 Bf
2 1 Br Bf h0 = R[ + + Bf ( + + )] (2.6)
ctf csf Sf 2 ctrBr ctrS
2r 2c
h0
h , , :
= 0.5 RB (2.7)
: R .
h0 h', :
T = 0.5 RB h'/h0 (2.8)
h 200 300 mm
.
-
2.9
, ( ), f/(2c) (2.6) ( T = 0.5 RB). ( ), Bf/(2c) . ( T 0.5 RB).
, : .
, , , , ( T = 0.5 RB) :
Rfr = 0 (2.9)
Rfl = ma g b/L (2.10)
Rrr = ma/(2L) g ( a + b Bf/Br ) (2.11)
Rrl = ma/(2L) g ( a - b Bf/Br ) (2.12)
[ T = 0.5 RB(h'/h0)] :
Rfr = (ma/2) g b/L (1 - h'/h0 ) (2.13)
Rfl = (ma/2) g b/L ( 1 + h'/h0 ) (2.14)
Rrr = (ma/2) (g /L) [a + b(Bf/Br)(h'/h0)] (2.15)
Rrl = (ma/2) (g /L) [a - b (Bf/Br)(h'/h0)] (2.16)
. , 2.5 g . : = ma g b Bf / (2L). , S B cs .
-
2.10
2.3.2
' , , . , , . , .
, . Nm/deg.
. N/mm.
( CJt ). , , . Nm2/deg.
( E ). , , . Nm3/mm.
, ( , ) ( ) . .
2.3.3
- . , . . . , (, , , ).
-
2.11
. , , , . . . , , . . . . ( ) .
2.5 . m a. H max min :
m= (max + min)/2 (2.17)
a= (max - min)/2 (2.18)
, min=0
m=max/2 =a (2.19)
m=0
max=-min=a (2.20) T 2.6 .
-
2.12
2.5: (= ,=)
2.6: ) )
Wohler
( 2.7) : m a
-
2.13
. m a. Wohler a(N) m .
2.7: Wohler
m (N ). , , .
(N ) , = 107 , Wohler . ( > 107) .
m a Smith Haigh 2.8. 2.8.a m. Smith ( 2.8.b) . Haigh ( 2.8.c). Smith Haigh B.
-
2.14
2.8: a) Wohler b) Smith c) Haigh i
. ni/Ni . 1, 2, ..., i n1, n2, ... ni , :
n1/N1 + n2/N2 + ... + ni/Ni =
(2.21) ni/Ni =
. = 1.0.
. , .
-
2.15
, , , ..
, , . , , , .
2.3.5
. , , ( ) .
, ( ) ( ). ( ) .
.
f(y) f(w) y w 2.9. n y w , III . , . . y w, :
M = y - w < 0 (2.22)
.
, , , M .
-
2.16
2.9: . : _ _ _
M = y - w , 2 = y2 + w2 (2.23)
f(M). . . I II . .
_ 1 (Mi - M)2
f(M) = exp [ - ] (2.24) 2(2)1/2 2 2 : _ 1 (Mi - M)2
F(M) = exp [ - ] dM (2.25) +
2(2)1/2 2 2 : _
(Mi - M ) / = z (2.26)
-
2.17
F(z) = 1/(2)1/2 + exp [ - z2/2 ] dz (2.27)
up. (quantile). :
_ (Mi - M )/M = up (2.28)
_
Mi = M + up M (2.29) i = 0 . _ _ _
up = - ( M/M ) = - ( y - w )/(y2 + w2 )1/2 (2.30) vy vw : _ _ _
vy = y/y , vw = w/w (2.31) (2.38) (2.39) :
up = ( 1 - n )/( n2 vy
2+ vw2) 1/2 (2.32)
, n,
up P. (2.32) -oo up,
F(z) = 1/(2)1/2 + exp [ - z2/r ] dz (2.33)
F(z) .
. :
vy, vw P, ' .
up = ( 1 - n ) / ( n
2 vy2+ vw
2) (2.34)
, (2.34)
-
2.18
n2 ( 1 - up2 vy2 ) - 2n + ( 1 - up2 vw2 ) = 0 (2.35)
2.4.
2.4.1
. . . .
, ( , . ) , , . 0 - 100%.
. , , , , , . , , , .
, . , , .
. . .
2.10. . . .
-
2.19
. , . 2.10.
2.10
.
-. .
-
2.20
2.4.2
: , , , ( ), . .
20. 08 . , 3 - 4 mm. ( ).
l, , Kevlar . , , . ' .
"" . 370 . , . ', , , . . 67% , , . , "", . , . (Mg) (Si) , . .
, , . , 100 . , . () ( ) , . , .
-
2.21
. , , , . . , , 77 (kWh) .
, 18 kWh , , . ' , ' . . ', , , , , 50%. .
2.4.3
: 1.
. . .
2. . . , ,
, , , . , .
- , . , , , 3Nm. , .
-
2.22
. :
1) . , , .
2) . . .
3) . , . . "" .
( ) :
1. . .
2. , , ' 300 mm.
, , , , , . , , .
- - . . ( ). ' () .
. , .
-
2.23
, . , . .
2.11: .
2.11,
. , . , , :
TI:TII:...:TV:T1:T2:...:T4 = JpI:JpII:...:JpV:Jp1:Jp2:...:Jp4 (2.36)
:
, ,... , ,..., JpI, JpII,... ,,..., 1, 2,... ,
,..., Jp1, Jp2,...
, ,...
-
2.24
2.12: . ,
, 2.11.
:
RL - ( TI + TII + TIII + TIV + TV ) + QII l1 - QIII ( l1 + l2 ) -
- QIV ( l1 + l2 + l3 ) - QV ( l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 ) = 0 (2.37)
:
TII = TI ( JpII/JpJ ) , TIII = TI ( JpIII/JpJ ) ,...
TI = TI ( JpI/JpJ ) , T2 = TI ( Jp2/JpJ ) ,... (2.38) QI = ( 2T1/C ) = ( 2T1/C ) ( JpI/JpJ ) QII = 2 ( T2 - T1 )/C = ( 2TI/CJkI ) (Jp2 - Jp1 ) :
(2.39)
RLJ pJT =I
JV 4 pn + (2 / c) (J lpm )m
1
1
-
2.25
: n m . ,
(2.38) .
2.13 Wartburg 353W 1000 cc, 55 HP. 1965 1990.
-
4
4.1.
. , .
, . , , .
' , . , , . , . ( ), ( ) ( ), , .
.
4.1. Peugeot 405, , .
-
4.2
.
, . , , .
. . : , . : , .
: )
. , .
) . ,
. , , .
) . ,
. , , , .
. . , . . ' , , .
() () .
: i) . ii) ,
-
4.3
4.2. ( )
-
4.4
'
, - , ' - , . .
4.3. .
-
4.5
4.2. 4.2.1. .
, , , .
, . ' 3 - 3.5 m/sec, , . , , , .
4.1.
) )
-
4.6
, , , .
, , , , " - - " () .
4.1.
( m/s2) , :
tu =j dec
u = ( ) m/s t ( , 0.1 sec).
4.2.
-
4.7
. .
. , 4.2.
tr , . 0.4 - 1 sec. , tr 0.8 sec.
To tdr , . , . tdr , 0.2 - 0.4 sec 0.6 - 0.8 sec . () tdr 1 - 2 sec.
tin ( ) , ( ) . tin , , . tin ( sec) .
0.05-0.2 0.05-0.4 () 4500 g 0.15-1.2 4500 g 0.20-1,5 0.20-1.3 tin
, tin. tin .
tbr . tr+tdr u tin . tbr .
, ( ).
-
4.8
13 71/320 ( ) :
22.2 m/s 500 ( m) :
10u =S
2
br
, 13.8
m/s, 700 .
2br 0.1u0.54u =S +
11.5 m/s.
2br 0.113u + 0.65u =S
, , .
4.2.2. .
, , Mbr , Pbr .
Pbr max . ( 4.4), ( ) :
)Z+(Z =Z +Z =P+P=P 21x2x1xbr2br1xma br
a21 G=Z+Z
: (4.1) a G = P xbrmax
0.8 - 0.9, , 80 - 90% .
, br,
-
4.9
.
4.2.3. .
, :
(4.2) 0 =P-P+P+P+P+P =P-P+P+P+P+P+P+P+P inhfeairrdbrinhfeairgr2r1br2br1
P+ P+ P=P
P+ P=P
r2r1rd
br2br1br
Pfe = ().
4.4. '
Mfe, Pfe ( )
:
rev
trfe
rev
trfefe n
iP =
rniM
=P (4.3)
( m) , :
cylhmfe iVp8.0=M:
-
4.10
pm = (N/m2). Vh = ,(m3) icyl = . ,
Pfe = 0. (4.2) jdec (m/s2):
a MP+P+P+P
=jrot.b
hairrdbrdec
: Ma = (Kg), rot.b = . ,
Pair=0. Ph Pbr, . , , (4.2) :
0=P-P+P inrdbr
(4.1) :
0 =jM -G +G decrot.bax a a (4.4)
:
0 = jg - + dec
rot.bx
(4.5)
4.2.4. .
, jdec (m/s2), t ( sec) Sbr ( m). .
(4.5) jdec (m/s2) :
-
4.11
g =jrot.b
xdec
+ (4.6)
x , (4.6) .
' :
g =jrot.b
xdec
(4.7)
rot.b g=10m/s2, , 8 - 9 m/s2. , , 1.5 - 2.5 m/s2 ( ). , , .
, ( 4.3).
jdec = f(u) (4.4). ' , jdec = f(u) . , t t, . tbr = f(u) 4.3.
(4.2) tst , . tin . tin 0.5 jdec,max . ( m/sec) :
2
tj=u indec.max (4.8)
( m/sec) jdec,max. :
2
tj -u =u -u =u indec.max ' (4.9)
-
4.12
jdec,max , t , u' . br
:
u'= jdec,max tbr (4.10)
(4.10) tbr ( sec) u' (4.9), :
t = u'j
= uj
- tbrdec max dec max
in (4.11)
', ( sec) :
t = t + t + t + t = t + t + t2
+ uj
= t + ujst r dr in br r dr
in
dec maxtot
dec max
(4.12)
, , (4.7). , 1 rot.b , :
g
u + ttx
totst (4.13)
= f(u) . t = f(u) , S , . S , . (4.3) = f(u), Pr, Pair Ph .
t br
S
br
br
Sbr
, , , 4.2.
-
4.13
' , u u', 0.5 . , :
jdec .max
dec.max
22
dec.maxm
min j
)(u' -u =j 0.51
2)u'-(u )u'+(u =
juu =S (4.14)
4.3.
) ,
) 1,2,3 ( - , - )
u' ( m) :
j dec .max
dec.max
2
br j2)u( =S
(4.15)
S . ( m)
br
t br Sst
-
4.14
, , .
Sbr
S = u (t + t ) + S + S = u (t + t ) + uj
- (u' )2 jst r dr in br r dr
2
dec.max
2
dec.max
(4.16)
(4.16) u' (4.9) t , : 2 in
dec.max
2
2ju
totst + tu =S (4.17)
, , (4.4) = = 0, :
PfePh
g2
u g2)(u'
]airP +sin G +cos G +[ 2
)u'( M =S
x
2
x
2rot.b
x
2 rot.b
br
a
a (4.18)
'
. ( 4.3). , :
Sbr
g2
u + tu tot =x
2
st S (4.19)
S (4.12) (4.17) , . , (4.3) (4.19)
tst st
tst Sst
x .
4.2.5. .
' , ( 4.4) : .
Pinhg.c
-
4.15
, , , , . '
1 2
2G G1
m mr1 r2 . x , m mr1 r2 :
g.cxx h -1 =
bh
r2g.c m r1 +1 =m (4.20)
m mr1 r2 , 1.5 - 2 0.5 - 0.7, .
m m r1 r2 , N:
Z = m G = m G2 r2 2 1 r1 1
. P Pbr2
0
br1 , , ' ,
Pbr
. .
0 , , :
br1
br2
br
br10 P
P -1 =PP =
. 0 :
L
h +b = g.c00
.
, , 20 - 40%
-
4.16
. , Keff , , . Keff , , 1.2 1.4 - 1.6 .
' :
g2u K +u t =S
g2u K
=S
guK + t=t
x
2
efftotst
x
2eff
br
xefftotst
4.2.6. -
, . , .
, . , , , , ... , , . , , . , , , (...) .
. ' , .
: .
ssk
x .
-
4.17
. Keff , (4.7) , . , ' , ( ) . ' ( m/s) , :
0 =s - t0.5 -1 skin2
dec.maxuu
j2 (4.9), (4.15)
t : in2
dec.maxskindec.maxj0.5
kn
j2s +t =u (4.21) ,
( 4.5). .
sp
' S, .
4.5 . ( ) ( V). . () s .
sskp
' , .
, t . > t ' .
p
t knpt
t kn < t p .
. , ( m/s) :
ssk
dec.maxknkn j2s = (4.22)
-
4.18
(4.21), , (4.19) ( sec) :
sst
dec.max
knindrrkn j
- +0.5t +t +t =t (4.23) ,
. ( sec) , :
p
pp
s=t (4.24)
: (4.25) t kn p t
t , t kn p
( 4.5).
, , ( sec).
t = (4.26) t - tdel p kn ,
, : deldel t =s (4.27)
-
4.19
4.5. .
4.5, s
, : (4.28) l -s -s +s = s kndelst l
. s
, , , . s
-
4.20
( ). , , . , . () . .
PfeP' fe
. . , (4.2) :
jdec.com.brjdec.br
aM
P+P+P+P+P 1 =j trfeairrdbr
rotdec.com.br (4.29)
: Ptr = ,
, ().
rot = . :
rot.brot = . ' :
aM
P+P+P+P 1 =j hairrdbr
rotdec.br (4.30)
H , ,
, :
dec.br dec.com.br j >j
rot.bhairrdbr
rot
trfeairrdbr P+P+P+P > P+P+P+P+P
,
,
-
4.21
, P , P , P , P , Prd air tr h ferot.b
brP
rot . 1, 2 3 4.3
. , , ( ) ( ). , , . ' .
Pbr
jdec.com.brj
dec.br
4.3.2.
. , . , ' , .
, . , , , , , . , , , .
, . (A.B.S. - ntilock Braking Systems) . .
4.4. 4.4.1 ()
. ( 4.6). , () . fN , rd .
-
4.22
4.6. ()
. b. - c. -
d.
,
. : (
) . :
, .
: .
f, , , () . () .
:
-
4.23
)rP(TK d11T1e = )rP(TK d22T2e = ]r)PP[(TK d21Te += TT1, TT2 TT
, , . 1P 2P
. , f , , .
1eK 2eK
4.6 . ' 1PP 21 < . 1 = 2 , . . , (0,60 - 0,80). , ( 10 tn ).
4.6b . , ' , .
. f = 0,35 e = 0,81, 116% ( 4.6). 1 - 2 , . .
4.6c . . . () ( ) ( ). ( 4.3b) .
)PP( 2T1T >
-
4.24
4.6d. () , . . , , . (). .
4.4.2
, , , . , , .
.
4.7. .
a . b . ()
() . ( 4.7) .
1y
1A
-
4.25
' , , .
1A
( ) . , . ,
. :
1O
11EE
1OO
11B OB
11BB 1
11111 cosC =
: )(90 11
1 += max1111 ==
() : )sin( 11max1
1 +
(4.31) )sin( 11max2
2 +
1max 2max : 1, y1
1 OB1 OB1 OO1 ( ), x1 .
1y
. ' , A1 d ( . 4.4b). ' 1 11BB . , OB1, 1C1.
d :
0111 90BBA =
dsinsinBBCB 11
11111 ===
-
4.26
, 11/sina = rd/sin. :
drOBOA == 11 11OBA
= dsinrd1 (4.32) = sinqq max11
, () , (4.31) (4.32).
.
umax qq= (4.33)
, . .
uq
maxq
4.4.3
.
4.8. 4.9.
-
4.27
TT , y .
, b ( 4.8). ,
addbr
adabrqdabrqdN ddu sinmax==
(4.34) fdN adasinbrqdNfrdT dmaxdT == . , : (4.35) )cos(cosbrqT dmaxT = (4.36) = dbrqdN du )(fbrqT duT = (4.35) (4.36)
. .
()
1
111 = f (4.37) 1 1
( 4.9). 1fN ( 4.35 )
. 1, 1,
:
0)sinf(cosNSacosP 111x101 =+ (4.38) 0NfcSP 11x11 =+
-
4.28
1 x 1,S1x x .
( 4.38 ) N1 : ]f)sinf(cosc[PhN 111
11 += (4.39)
() , (4.37) : 11111
111 BP]f)sinf(cosc[hfP =+= (4.40)
, (4.37) : 22222
222 BP]f)sinf(cosc[hfP =+= (4.41)
. d ( 4.8) dx dy , (4.34) :
N x= = dNsin dbrqmax dNsin2 =
= ( ) 42sinsin2brq dmax + (4.42)
N y = = dNcos dcossinbrq dmax =
dNcossin
= ( ) 42cos2cosbrq dmax (4.43)
'O, ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ == 2sin2sin22cos2cosarctgNNarctg xy
= ( 4.35 ) ( 4.37 ) :
2y2x1 NNN +=
:
22d )2sin2sin2()2cos2(cos/coscos4r ++=
-
4.29
' '' , , . , , :
221121 BPBP +=+= 1 = 2. : 21 )BB(P +=
:
11 B5.0P = 22 P5.0P =
. (4.40). (4.40) .
0f)sinfsco(c 111 =+
)sinc()cosc(f 1
11 <
(4.35) (4.40)
() :
]f)sinf(cosc)[cos(cosbrhPq
1112
d
11max 1 +
=
4.4.4
. . .
:
-
4.30
maxg
maxg
zr
zf
Tr
Tf
hahb
RR
PP
+== (4.44)
' (4.44),
asd. 1.3 - 1.6 , 0.5 - 0.7 = 0.40 - 0.55.
.
dTfTP rPT f = maxzfTf RP = dTrTP rPT r = maxzrTr RP =
.
rd, , () , , 20-30 mm.
90-120. x ( ) , . b , 2.5 a. , , p , (15), 0.25 a 11 tons 0.3 a 11 tons:
[ ]p)AA(qm rfa + (4.45) , am rf A,A
.
- () .
1 1 . , :
avq
=avq 1/1 < 2 a
-
4.31
, : A
[ ]fr2maxaa LA2m , Lfr .
1000-1500 2cmJ . 600 800 2cmJ .
() . , , . , .
, ( 4.10). ( 4.10b) 1 2, . ( ) 3 ( 4.10c) . , . 4 , , dc. . 12-25 cm 30-40 cm .
-
4.32
4.10. . b. c.
, , , :
( ) LtCmCm rrdd + md mr o
, . Cd Cr ( C = 482 J/(KgK), C = 880 J/(KgK), t (' , = 30 Km/h , 15C) L , .
, . ' , , . ':
++=ba
gbha2
vmL gd.s
2a
af
+=
bahaga
2v
mL gd.s2a
ar
, a b ,
() . gh
d.sa :
( 4.11 4.12). ( 4.9) .
, , . , , - .
-
4.33
4.11. 1. 2. ()
3. 4. 5. () 6.
-
4.34
4.12.
-
4.35
4.13. 1. 2.
3. 4.
-
4.36
4.14. ( )
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. ()
(, , ). ()
( 4.12). ( ), . ' 4 ( 4.13), 7 ( 4.14) .
-
4.37
45 (). () . .
, . , 5 ( 4.14) 9, , 1, () .
: , . . . . , . () . () ( 4.11) 2 . , () . 5 (). 6 45 , .
: 4.12, 2, 6, 4 5. . 3 . . ' : , . 4.15 . , (. 4.15) 1 2 3 . , 1 , , . , , , 2 . ( 4.15b 4.15c).
. , ~ 12 .
-
4.38
, FW
( 4.15d).
)(Ptg2F 2aw = FW , ,
.
4.15. .
a. b.
c. ( ) d.
4.4.6
( ). .
4.16 . :
avT rNfi=T
f (-),
N
-
4.39
rav .
4.16. a) ,
b) (Pb )
,
p, i dc .
:
=
=n
1i
2c idp25.0N
, rav = ( rex + rin) /2. rex rin .
(
12-16% )
-
4.40
: ) ( 4.17) ) ( 4.18)
4.17.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
4.18. . a. b.
-
4.41
4.6. & .
4.6.1.
.
4.6.2.
. . (). . , Diesel . 0.5-0.9 bar. . , . , . .
. .
, , . 4.6.3.
. . , ( ) ( ). . (ABS), . ,
-
4.42
. , . ( ). ( ), ( ) ( ).
4.19. ( ) 1. 2. ,
3. 4. 5. () 6.
7. ().
, .
.
-
4.43
4.6.4. .
. .
4.1. (DIN 74 000)
-
4.44
4.6.5. ()
, . i :
0E
AF -F
F = tana = i ( 4.4.)
. , . , , . 4.20. , .
4.20. . 1. ( )
2. 3. ( ) 4. 5.
-
4.45
4.4. (BOSCH Handbook 1996)
' , , (.. ) 4.21.
(1) . 5 6 . 8, 3 . .
(10), , (9) 1.5 bar . .
-
4.46
. , 3 5 (1) .
:
6 8 , .
4.21. . 1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
6 ( 4 5 4.21.). .
,
-
4.47
.
, . , . , .. . , , . , . , :
- . - .
4.5. .
,
.
-
4.48
.
' .
, , , , .
4.22. . 1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
4.7. 4.7.1.
. . , . . T : .
-
4.49
- , .
-
4.50
4.23.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
. , .
' . , , .
, . . .
-
4.51
4.24.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (/)
4.6.
-
4.52
, . , . , .
4.25.
1. 2. 3. 4.
4.7.
-
4.53
. .
:
-
4.8.
- -
- - .
. , . .
-
4.54
' . . , . .
, , . . , .
' , ( )
- -. ( ) . . . , , .
4.26. , 1. 2. 3. , 4. 5. 6. . 7. 8. , 9. , 10. , 11.
-
4.55
4.27.
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. ,
6. , 7. , 8. ,
9. ,10. ( ),
11. , 12. , 13. ,
14. - , 15. , 16. - ,
17. ,18. , 19. , 20., 21. ,
22. , 23. ,24. ,
25 , 26 , 27. , 28. ,
29. .
-
4.56
4.28.
4.29.
-
4.57
4.30.
4.31.
-
4.58
4.7.2.
: - - - ( - ) ,
. .
. :
- .
- .
, , . , .
4.32. 1. 2. 3.
-
4.59
,
, , , ( ). , .
: , 7 10 bar ( ) 14 20 bar ( ). , 6 8 bar.
. , 00C. , , .
: - (.. ) - (.. ) - (.. ) - (..
) -
.
, .
, . .
, . '
-
4.60
( ) .
. , . , . . , , .
-
. (
) ( ). . .
.
. , . ( ), . , . .
( ). .
-
4.61
4.9. ( )
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. VA , HA (Bosch
Hanbook 1996(
, , , . .
-
4.62
. .
. , . . . , ( ) ( ). , . . . . , , . . , 2:1.
4.34. 1. E 2. 3. K 1
4. K 5. K 2 6. A 7. E
-
4.63
8. K 1 9. B 10. K 2
4.35. 1. 2. , 3. ,
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. .
4.36. 1. 1 2.
3. 2 4. 5. 6. 7.
-
4.64
8. 9.
, . , .
, . 1 () 2 ( ) .
1 2. .
. .
4.37. . 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
.
.
-
4.65
. . .
- - ( 4.36). . , . , . , . .
, , . . , , .
4.38. ABS 3 (Bosch).
1. 2. 3&4. 5.
6. 7.
-
4.66
8. 9. 10. ABS, (Bosch Handbook 1996).
-
4
4.1.
. , .
, . , , .
' , . , , . , . ( ), ( ) ( ), , .
.
4.1. Peugeot 405, , .
-
4.2
.
, . , , .
. . : , . : , .
: )
. , .
) . ,
. , , .
) . ,
. , , , .
. . , . . ' , , .
() () .
: i) . ii) ,
-
4.3
4.2. ( )
-
4.4
'
, - , ' - , . .
4.3. .
-
4.5
4.2. 4.2.1. .
, , , .
, . ' 3 - 3.5 m/sec, , . , , , .
4.1.
) )
-
4.6
, , , .
, , , , " - - " () .
4.1.
( m/s2) , :
tu =j dec
u = ( ) m/s t ( , 0.1 sec).
4.2.
-
4.7
. .
. , 4.2.
tr , . 0.4 - 1 sec. , tr 0.8 sec.
To tdr , . , . tdr , 0.2 - 0.4 sec 0.6 - 0.8 sec . () tdr 1 - 2 sec.
tin ( ) , ( ) . tin , , . tin ( sec) .
0.05-0.2 0.05-0.4 () 4500 g 0.15-1.2 4500 g 0.20-1,5 0.20-1.3 tin
, tin. tin .
tbr . tr+tdr u tin . tbr .
, ( ).
-
4.8
13 71/320 ( ) :
22.2 m/s 500 ( m) :
10u =S
2
br
, 13.8
m/s, 700 .
2br 0.1u0.54u =S +
11.5 m/s.
2br 0.113u + 0.65u =S
, , .
4.2.2. .
, , Mbr , Pbr .
Pbr max . ( 4.4), ( ) :
)Z+(Z =Z +Z =P+P=P 21x2x1xbr2br1xma br
a21 G=Z+Z
: (4.1) a G = P xbrmax
0.8 - 0.9, , 80 - 90% .
, br,
-
4.9
.
4.2.3. .
, :
(4.2) 0 =P-P+P+P+P+P =P-P+P+P+P+P+P+P+P inhfeairrdbrinhfeairgr2r1br2br1
P+ P+ P=P
P+ P=P
r2r1rd
br2br1br
Pfe = ().
4.4. '
Mfe, Pfe ( )
:
rev
trfe
rev
trfefe n
iP =
rniM
=P (4.3)
( m) , :
cylhmfe iVp8.0=M:
-
4.10
pm = (N/m2). Vh = ,(m3) icyl = . ,
Pfe = 0. (4.2) jdec (m/s2):
a MP+P+P+P
=jrot.b
hairrdbrdec
: Ma = (Kg), rot.b = . ,
Pair=0. Ph Pbr, . , , (4.2) :
0=P-P+P inrdbr
(4.1) :
0 =jM -G +G decrot.bax a a (4.4)
:
0 = jg - + dec
rot.bx
(4.5)
4.2.4. .
, jdec (m/s2), t ( sec) Sbr ( m). .
(4.5) jdec (m/s2) :
-
4.11
g =jrot.b
xdec
+ (4.6)
x , (4.6) .
' :
g =jrot.b
xdec
(4.7)
rot.b g=10m/s2, , 8 - 9 m/s2. , , 1.5 - 2.5 m/s2 ( ). , , .
, ( 4.3).
jdec = f(u) (4.4). ' , jdec = f(u) . , t t, . tbr = f(u) 4.3.
(4.2) tst , . tin . tin 0.5 jdec,max . ( m/sec) :
2
tj=u indec.max (4.8)
( m/sec) jdec,max. :
2
tj -u =u -u =u indec.max ' (4.9)
-
4.12
jdec,max , t , u' . br
:
u'= jdec,max tbr (4.10)
(4.10) tbr ( sec) u' (4.9), :
t = u'j
= uj
- tbrdec max dec max
in (4.11)
', ( sec) :
t = t + t + t + t = t + t + t2
+ uj
= t + ujst r dr in br r dr
in
dec maxtot
dec max
(4.12)
, , (4.7). , 1 rot.b , :
g
u + ttx
totst (4.13)
= f(u) . t = f(u) , S , . S , . (4.3) = f(u), Pr, Pair Ph .
t br
S
br
br
Sbr
, , , 4.2.
-
4.13
' , u u', 0.5 . , :
jdec .max
dec.max
22
dec.maxm
min j
)(u' -u =j 0.51
2)u'-(u )u'+(u =
juu =S (4.14)
4.3.
) ,
) 1,2,3 ( - , - )
u' ( m) :
j dec .max
dec.max
2
br j2)u( =S
(4.15)
S . ( m)
br
t br Sst
-
4.14
, , .
Sbr
S = u (t + t ) + S + S = u (t + t ) + uj
- (u' )2 jst r dr in br r dr
2
dec.max
2
dec.max
(4.16)
(4.16) u' (4.9) t , : 2 in
dec.max
2
2ju
totst + tu =S (4.17)
, , (4.4) = = 0, :
PfePh
g2
u g2)(u'
]airP +sin G +cos G +[ 2
)u'( M =S
x
2
x
2rot.b
x
2 rot.b
br
a
a (4.18)
'
. ( 4.3). , :
Sbr
g2
u + tu tot =x
2
st S (4.19)
S (4.12) (4.17) , . , (4.3) (4.19)
tst st
tst Sst
x .
4.2.5. .
' , ( 4.4) : .
Pinhg.c
-
4.15
, , , , . '
1 2
2G G1
m mr1 r2 . x , m mr1 r2 :
g.cxx h -1 =
bh
r2g.c m r1 +1 =m (4.20)
m mr1 r2 , 1.5 - 2 0.5 - 0.7, .
m m r1 r2 , N:
Z = m G = m G2 r2 2 1 r1 1
. P Pbr2
0
br1 , , ' ,
Pbr
. .
0 , , :
br1
br2
br
br10 P
P -1 =PP =
. 0 :
L
h +b = g.c00
.
, , 20 - 40%
-
4.16
. , Keff , , . Keff , , 1.2 1.4 - 1.6 .
' :
g2u K +u t =S
g2u K
=S
guK + t=t
x
2
efftotst
x
2eff
br
xefftotst
4.2.6. -
, . , .
, . , , , , ... , , . , , . , , , (...) .
. ' , .
: .
ssk
x .
-
4.17
. Keff , (4.7) , . , ' , ( ) . ' ( m/s) , :
0 =s - t0.5 -1 skin2
dec.maxuu
j2 (4.9), (4.15)
t : in2
dec.maxskindec.maxj0.5
kn
j2s +t =u (4.21) ,
( 4.5). .
sp
' S, .
4.5 . ( ) ( V). . () s .
sskp
' , .
, t . > t ' .
p
t knpt
t kn < t p .
. , ( m/s) :
ssk
dec.maxknkn j2s = (4.22)
-
4.18
(4.21), , (4.19) ( sec) :
sst
dec.max
knindrrkn j
- +0.5t +t +t =t (4.23) ,
. ( sec) , :
p
pp
s=t (4.24)
: (4.25) t kn p t
t , t kn p
( 4.5).
, , ( sec).
t = (4.26) t - tdel p kn ,
, : deldel t =s (4.27)
-
4.19
4.5. .
4.5, s
, : (4.28) l -s -s +s = s kndelst l
. s
, , , . s
-
4.20
( ). , , . , . () . .
PfeP' fe
. . , (4.2) :
jdec.com.brjdec.br
aM
P+P+P+P+P 1 =j trfeairrdbr
rotdec.com.br (4.29)
: Ptr = ,
, ().
rot = . :
rot.brot = . ' :
aM
P+P+P+P 1 =j hairrdbr
rotdec.br (4.30)
H , ,
, :
dec.br dec.com.br j >j
rot.bhairrdbr
rot
trfeairrdbr P+P+P+P > P+P+P+P+P
,
,
-
4.21
, P , P , P , P , Prd air tr h ferot.b
brP
rot . 1, 2 3 4.3
. , , ( ) ( ). , , . ' .
Pbr
jdec.com.brj
dec.br
4.3.2.
. , . , ' , .
, . , , , , , . , , , .
, . (A.B.S. - ntilock Braking Systems) . .
4.4. 4.4.1 ()
. ( 4.6). , () . fN , rd .
-
4.22
4.6. ()
. b. - c. -
d.
,
. : (
) . :
, .
: .
f, , , () . () .
:
-
4.23
)rP(TK d11T1e = )rP(TK d22T2e = ]r)PP[(TK d21Te += TT1, TT2 TT
, , . 1P 2P
. , f , , .
1eK 2eK
4.6 . ' 1PP 21 < . 1 = 2 , . . , (0,60 - 0,80). , ( 10 tn ).
4.6b . , ' , .
. f = 0,35 e = 0,81, 116% ( 4.6). 1 - 2 , . .
4.6c . . . () ( ) ( ). ( 4.3b) .
)PP( 2T1T >
-
4.24
4.6d. () , . . , , . (). .
4.4.2
, , , . , , .
.
4.7. .
a . b . ()
() . ( 4.7) .
1y
1A
-
4.25
' , , .
1A
( ) . , . ,
. :
1O
11EE
1OO
11B OB
11BB 1
11111 cosC =
: )(90 11
1 += max1111 ==
() : )sin( 11max1
1 +
(4.31) )sin( 11max2
2 +
1max 2max : 1, y1
1 OB1 OB1 OO1 ( ), x1 .
1y
. ' , A1 d ( . 4.4b). ' 1 11BB . , OB1, 1C1.
d :
0111 90BBA =
dsinsinBBCB 11
11111 ===
-
4.26
, 11/sina = rd/sin. :
drOBOA == 11 11OBA
= dsinrd1 (4.32) = sinqq max11
, () , (4.31) (4.32).
.
umax qq= (4.33)
, . .
uq
maxq
4.4.3
.
4.8. 4.9.
-
4.27
TT , y .
, b ( 4.8). ,
addbr
adabrqdabrqdN ddu sinmax==
(4.34) fdN adasinbrqdNfrdT dmaxdT == . , : (4.35) )cos(cosbrqT dmaxT = (4.36) = dbrqdN du )(fbrqT duT = (4.35) (4.36)
. .
()
1
111 = f (4.37) 1 1
( 4.9). 1fN ( 4.35 )
. 1, 1,
:
0)sinf(cosNSacosP 111x101 =+ (4.38) 0NfcSP 11x11 =+
-
4.28
1 x 1,S1x x .
( 4.38 ) N1 : ]f)sinf(cosc[PhN 111
11 += (4.39)
() , (4.37) : 11111
111 BP]f)sinf(cosc[hfP =+= (4.40)
, (4.37) : 22222
222 BP]f)sinf(cosc[hfP =+= (4.41)
. d ( 4.8) dx dy , (4.34) :
N x= = dNsin dbrqmax dNsin2 =
= ( ) 42sinsin2brq dmax + (4.42)
N y = = dNcos dcossinbrq dmax =
dNcossin
= ( ) 42cos2cosbrq dmax (4.43)
'O, ( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ == 2sin2sin22cos2cosarctgNNarctg xy
= ( 4.35 ) ( 4.37 ) :
2y2x1 NNN +=
:
22d )2sin2sin2()2cos2(cos/coscos4r ++=
-
4.29
' '' , , . , , :
221121 BPBP +=+= 1 = 2. : 21 )BB(P +=
:
11 B5.0P = 22 P5.0P =
. (4.40). (4.40) .
0f)sinfsco(c 111 =+
)sinc()cosc(f 1
11 <
(4.35) (4.40)
() :
]f)sinf(cosc)[cos(cosbrhPq
1112
d
11max 1 +
=
4.4.4
. . .
:
-
4.30
maxg
maxg
zr
zf
Tr
Tf
hahb
RR
PP
+== (4.44)
' (4.44),
asd. 1.3 - 1.6 , 0.5 - 0.7 = 0.40 - 0.55.
.
dTfTP rPT f = maxzfTf RP = dTrTP rPT r = maxzrTr RP =
.
rd, , () , , 20-30 mm.
90-120. x ( ) , . b , 2.5 a. , , p , (15), 0.25 a 11 tons 0.3 a 11 tons:
[ ]p)AA(qm rfa + (4.45) , am rf A,A
.
- () .
1 1 . , :
avq
=avq 1/1 < 2 a
-
4.31
, : A
[ ]fr2maxaa LA2m , Lfr .
1000-1500 2cmJ . 600 800 2cmJ .
() . , , . , .
, ( 4.10). ( 4.10b) 1 2, . ( ) 3 ( 4.10c) . , . 4 , , dc. . 12-25 cm 30-40 cm .
-
4.32
4.10. . b. c.
, , , :
( ) LtCmCm rrdd + md mr o
, . Cd Cr ( C = 482 J/(KgK), C = 880 J/(KgK), t (' , = 30 Km/h , 15C) L , .
, . ' , , . ':
++=ba
gbha2
vmL gd.s
2a
af
+=
bahaga
2v
mL gd.s2a
ar
, a b ,
() . gh
d.sa :
( 4.11 4.12). ( 4.9) .
, , . , , - .
-
4.33
4.11. 1. 2. ()
3. 4. 5. () 6.
-
4.34
4.12.
-
4.35
4.13. 1. 2.
3. 4.
-
4.36
4.14. ( )
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. ()
(, , ). ()
( 4.12). ( ), . ' 4 ( 4.13), 7 ( 4.14) .
-
4.37
45 (). () . .
, . , 5 ( 4.14) 9, , 1, () .
: , . . . . , . () . () ( 4.11) 2 . , () . 5 (). 6 45 , .
: 4.12, 2, 6, 4 5. . 3 . . ' : , . 4.15 . , (. 4.15) 1 2 3 . , 1 , , . , , , 2 . ( 4.15b 4.15c).
. , ~ 12 .
-
4.38
, FW