17. Optical detectors and displays Optical displaysoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/17-Optical detectors...

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17. Optical detectors and displays Optical displays FPD (Flat panel display)

Transcript of 17. Optical detectors and displays Optical displaysoptics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong/17-Optical detectors...

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17. Optical detectors and displays

Optical displays

FPD (Flat panel display)

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Display Resolutions

High-definition television (HDTV): 720p (1280×720 progressive scan)1080i (1920×1080 split into two interlaced fields of 540 lines)1080p (1920×1080 progressive scan)

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FPD (Flat Panel Display)FPD 이란?

CRT 브라운관 보다 두께가 얇고 가벼운 영상표시 장치로PDP, LCD, ELD, OLED 등으로 나뉠 수 있다.

평판 디스플레이(FPD)

, , ,

PDP OLEDLCD FEDPDP OLEDLCD FED

LCD : Liquid Crystal DisplayPDP : Plasma Display PanelFED : Field-Emitting DisplayOLED O i Li ht E itti Di lOLED : Organic Light Emitting Display

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LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)• LC는 일정 온도 범위에서 유동성을 지닌 액정상태.

• 광학적으로 복굴절성을 나타내는 결정임.

• 액체와고체의중간적인특성을가지는액정의전기ㆍ광학적성질을표시장치에응용한것.

• LCD는 외부의빛을 이용하는 Passive Type의 Display.

VV

Applied volatage 증가

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LCD 제품

삼성전자가 국내 벤처기업인 소프트픽셀과 투명 플라스틱 기판에 아몰포스실리콘(a―Si) 기술을

적용한 세계 최대 투과형 플렉시블 5인치, 해상도 qSVGA급(400 x 300 RGB, 100ppi) 투과형 제품으로

플라스틱 TFT LCD 기술구현에 성공했다.(2005.01.11) 틱 했 ( )

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PDP (Plasma Display Panel)• 기체 방전을 이용한 표시 장치.

• 방전이 일어나면 이온과 전자로 분리 되는 플라즈마 상태일 때 나오는 빛을 이용.

• 단색표시 PDP는 오렌지색을 나타내는 Ne.

• Full color 표시 PDP는 적색,녹색, 청색을 나타내는 Kr, Xe 등을 이용.

장점• 방전광을 이용한 자발광• 방전광을 이용한 자발광.• 0.1~0.3mm의 방전 갭을 가지므로 패널형이 가능.• 형광체를 이용한 컬러 발광이 가능.• 대화면 패널 제작이 용이.

단점• 소비전력이 커서 전지구동이 어려움.• 컬러 발광효율이 나쁨. plasma

• 구동 전압이 높음.

PDP 발광원리PDP 발광원리

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PDP 제품

삼성전자 102인치 PDP TV : 가로 2m31cm, 세로 1m33cm (CES 2005)

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OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)OLED는 유기물(단분자/저분자 또는 고분자) 박막에 양극과 음극을 통하여 주입된 전자와 정공이 재결합하여 여기자를 형성하고, 형성된 여기자로 부터의 에너지에 의해 특정한 파장의 빛이 발생하는 현상을 이용한자체 발광형 디스플레이 소자.

• 자체 발광형. (어두운 곳이나 외부의 빛이 들어 올 때도 시인성이 좋은 특성을 갖음.)

• 넓은 시야각 (일반 브라운관 같이 바로 옆에서 보아도 화질이 변하지 않음 )• 넓은 시야각. (일반 브라운관 같이 바로 옆에서 보아도 화질이 변하지 않음.)

• 빠른 응답속도. 텔레비전 화면 수준의 동화상 재생에도 자연스러운 영상을 표현. (LCD의 약 1,000배 )

• 초박, 저전력. 백라이트라 필요 없기 때문에 저소비전력(약 LCD의 ½ )과 초박형(약 LCD의 1/3 )이 가능.

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OLED 제품

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FED (Field Emission Display)FED는 상하 Glass기판 사이에 진공으로 채워진 구조.

상판(Anode판)에는 형광체가 도포되어 있고, 하판(Cathode판)에는 미세한 마이크로 이하 사이즈의 Tip들이 무수히 형성.

전자 방출 원리는 뾰족한 끝에 전자가 집중되고, 전자방출이 용이한 점에서 피뢰침의 원리와 기본적으로 유사.

Gate와 Emitter사이에 전압을 인가하여 전자를 방출시키고, 상하 양 Glass사이에 강한 전계를,걸어주면 전자는 전계에 의해 가속되어 강한 운동에너지를 보유.

가속된 전자는 Anode 판 내부의 형광체를 치고 발광시켜 빛을 내게 됨.

수 과CRT의 우수한 화질 특성과 PDP의 평판 특성을 동시에 가지는 Flat Panel Display 로

저가격ㆍ고품질 가능한 차세대 기술로 평가.

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LCD (liquid crystal display)LCD (liquid crystal display)

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Display Modes• Transmissive type TFT LCD: the light travels from the backlight through color filter and LC

then appears on the panel. (high brightness but more power consumption).

• Reflective type TFT LCD contains a reflective mirror, utilizing the external light for image display. power saving, and light-weight

(without backlight). Ideal for viewing with external light sources. ( g ) g g

• Transflective type TFT LCD is a promising displaying device for both outdoor and indoor applications.

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Driving Methods of LCDPassive Matrix: (PM-LCD)

Simple matrix type was used in the first stage of LCDs. In this method, the transparent electrodes are set on X and Y axis. There is not switching device.

( C )Active Matrix: (AM-LCD)A switching device and a storage capacitor are integrated at the each cross point of the electrodesat the each cross point of the electrodes

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TFT LCDTFT LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) has a sandwich-like structure with liquid crystal filled between two glass plates.

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LC (liquid crystal)( q y )

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Twisted Nematic LC ( TN-LC )( )

Operation of twisted nematicOperation of twisted nematicfield effect mode liquid crystal cell.

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Super Twisted Nematic :STNSuper Twisted Nematic :STN

적은 전압변화에 큰 투과율을 보이는STN가 보다 효율적인 display 장치라

고 생각한다고 생각한다.

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(참고)

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(참고) TNLC as a polarization rotator

(counterclockwise rotation in x-y plane)

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Photon detection devices

Photons to thermal energy

(phototube)

Metal-Semicon. photoconductor(Schottky-barrier photodiode)( y p )

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5 basic steps of optical/IR photon detection1. Get light into the detector

Anti-reflection coatings Quantumg2. Charge generation

Popular materials: Silicon, HgCdTe, InSb3 Charge collection

Efficiency

(#e/#p)3. Charge collection

Electrical fields within the materialcollect photoelectrons into pixels. Point

ity

4. Charge transferIf infrared, no charge transfer required.For CCD move photoelectrons to the edge

Spread

Function

Sens

itvi

For CCD, move photoelectrons to the edgewhere amplifiers are located.

5. Charge amplification & digitization

S

Amplification process is noisy. In general CCDs have lowest noise, CMOS and IR detectors have higher noiseCMOS and IR detectors have higher noise.

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Detector zoology0.26.0

AlN Direct gapIndirect gapIII-Nitrides

(c ~ 1.6 a0)

5.0E(eV)=1.24/ λ(㎛)AlN

Theory

p (e

V)

0.3

0 4

4.0

th(㎛

)

GaN

ZnSZincblendGaN

Ban

dga 0.4

0.50 6

3.0

2 0 avel

engt

AlP

GaP AlAs

ZnSeCdS ZnTe

InN

GaN

0.60.7

1.0

2.0

1 0

Wa

InNGaP

GaAs InPAlSb

CdSe

CdTeSi

Theory

2.05.0

0.0

1.0

6H-S

iC

ZnO GaSb

InSb

GeInAsA

l 2O3

3C-S

iC

Al 2O

3

3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 52 5

Lattice Constant (Å)3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.52.5

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2D Image Detectors2D Image Detectors

X-ray Visible NIR MIR

[m]0.3 1.10.9 2.5 5 200.1

Silicon CCD & CMOS

HgCdTeHgCdTe

InSb

STJ Si:As

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Image Sensor - Digital Filmg gCCD Sensor CMOS Sensor

Conventional Cameras use photographic films to record image.

Digital cameras use a solidDigital cameras use a solid-state device called an image sensor to record image in f f di i l i f i form of digital information.

CCD = Charge Coupled Device. CMOS = Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

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Image Sensors (2D detectors)g ( )

In most of the consumer digital cameras image In most of the consumer digital cameras image sensor is much smaller than a 35 mm film.

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Charge-coupled devices (CCD) image sensors

Based on charge transfer to next pixel cellBased on charge transfer to next pixel cell

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CCD (Charge coupled device)CCD (Charge coupled device)• Vertical charge transfer• Horizontal charge transferHorizontal charge transfer• Output capacitor reset

CCD

H i t l Shift R i t

Output capacitor Amp

Horizontal Shift Register

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CCD IMAGERSCCD IMAGERS

QualitiesQualities

■ Text book performance for all parameters (QE, read noise, MTF, dark current, linearity, etc.)., , y, )

Deficiencies

■ Low high-energy radiation damage tolerance.

e.g. proton bulk damage and resultant CTE degradation.

■■ Significant off-chip electronic support required.

■ Difficulty with high-speed readout (inherently a serial read out device)device).

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CMOS image sensorsCMOS image sensors• Based on• Based on

standard production pprocess for CMOS chips, ll i t tiallows integration

with other componentscomponents.

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CMOS IMAGERSCMOS IMAGERS

Q litiQualities

■ Very tolerant to high-energy radiation sources (long life time).

■ On- chip system integration (low power, low weight and compact designs).

■ High speed / low noise operation (inherently a parallel-■ High speed / low noise operation (inherently a parallel-random access readout device).

DeficienciesDeficiencies

■ Currently lacks performance in most areas compared to the CCD (charge generation, charge collection, charge transfer and ( g g , g , gcharge measurement).

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Comparison CCD/CMOS sensorsComparison CCD/CMOS sensorsCMOS: low cost

CCD: medium to high endmedium to high end

Source: B. Diericks: CMOS image sensor concepts. Photonics West 2000 Short course (Web)