1680 x Ristian Oi
6
¶ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎfi “π™∆√ƒπ∫∞ £∂ª∞ ∆ ∞” ∆‡¯Ô˜ 30, IÔ‡ÏÈÔ˜ 2004 √È ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ÛÙÔÓ ÚˆÌ·˚ Îfi ÛÙÚ·Ùfi ŒÓ· ËıÈÎfi ‰›ÏËÌÌ· ÙˆÓ ÚˆÙÔ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ¢∂™¶√π¡∞ πø™∏º ¢Ú πÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ˘ √È ÚÒÙÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓË ·¤¯ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ Î·È ÙË ‚›·, Î·È ·¤Ê¢Á·Ó Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο Î·È ÂÈÛÌ·ÙÈο Ó· ÛÙÚ·Ù¢ıÔ‡Ó. ¶ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Âı¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ú¿ Ó· ÚÔ‰ÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ›¯·Ó Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÔÈ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ› ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÚ ÈÒÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ·ÈÒÓˆÓ . ∏ ›‰È· ÂÈÎfiÓ· ·Ú·Ì ¤ÓÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ Ì ¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·. ∂Í·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ ‡Ì ӷ ÂÈηÏԇ̷ÛÙ ÙËÓ «·ÁÓfiÙËÙ·» ÙˆÓ ÚÒÙˆÓ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ Î·È Ó· ÂÓÔ¯ÔÔ Èԇ̠ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ· ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ fiÙÈ ‰‹ıÂÓ ·˘Ùfi˜ ¢ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٿوÛË Ù˘ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ Û ÔÏÂÌÈΤ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜. EÓ·˜ ƒˆÌ·›Ô ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ˘Ô¯Úˆ̤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ÔÚΛ˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂȉˆÏÔÏ¿ÙÚ˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ˜, Ó· ˘·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ ÂȉˆÏÔÏ·ÙÚÒÓ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ, Ó· Û˘Ó·Ó·ÛÙÚ¤ ÊÂÙ·È ÂȉˆÏÔÏ¿ÙÚ˜, Ó· ·Ú¢ڛÛÎÂÙ·È (ˆ˜ ·Ïfi˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙ˘) ‹ Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÈ (ˆ˜ ˘„ËÏfi‚ ·ıÌÔ˜ ·ÍȈ̷ÙÔ‡¯Ô˜) ı˘Û›Â˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÈÌ‹Ó ÙˆÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ıÂÒÓ, Ó· ˙ÂÈ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈ̤وԘ Ì ÂÈÚ·ÛÌÔ‡˜, Ó· ηٷʇÁÂÈ ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜ (Èı·Ófiٷٷ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÙÔÓ›·). ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ›¯Â ηÙÔÚıÒÛÂÈ Ó· ˘Âڂ› Ù· ÛÙÂÓ¿ fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ·ÁÚÔÙÈ΋ ˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È Â›¯Â ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÌÔÚʈı› Î·È Ó· ·Ó¤ÏıÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·. ∞ÔÏ¿Ì‚·Ó  ¤Ó·Ó ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi ÌÈÛıfi, ·Ó·¿ÓÙ¯ · ‰ÒÚ· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ˜, ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹, ÚÔ˘¯ÈÛÌfi, È·ÙÚÈ΋ ÂÚ›ı·Ï„Ë, ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÁÈ· ÏÂËϷۛ˜, ÚÔÓÔÌȷ΋ ı¤ÛË ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÓfiÌÔ, ÊÔÚÔ··ÏÏ·Á¤˜, ·Ô‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÙÚÈ΋ ΢ÚÈ·Ú¯›· Î·È ¿ÏÂÙÔ ÂχıÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ. ªÂ ÙË Û˘ÌÏ‹ÚˆÛË 25 ¯ÚfiÓˆ Ó ıËÙ›·˜, Û˘ÓÙ·ÍÈÔ‰ÔÙ›ÙÔ Ì ÁË ‰ÂηϿÛÈ·˜ ·Í›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÂÙ‹ÛÈÔ˘ ÌÈÛıÔ‡ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË Ù˘ ڈ̷˚΋˜ ˘ËÎÔfiÙËÙ·˜. ∂ÈÙÚÂfiÙ·Ó, ¿Ú·ÁÂ, Û’ ¤Ó·Ó ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·Ófi Ó · Â›Ó·È ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙ˘ Î·È Û’ ¤Ó·Ó ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙË Ó· Â›Ó·È ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·Ófi˜ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ Â›ÛËÌË ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ΋˜ ıÚËÛΛ·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ· ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ (307-337); ™¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘ ÓÔÌÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÛÙÚ¿Ù¢Û˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ú·ÌÔÓ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ƒˆ Ì·˚Îfi ™ÙÚ·Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ¯˘ı› Ôχ ÌÂÏ¿ÓÈ, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆÓ ¶ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ Î·È ÙȘ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ 1960-1980 (1). √π ∞¶√æ∂π ™ ∆ø¡ ¶∞§∞π√∆∂ƒø¡ Ãπ™∆π∞¡ø¡ ™À°°ƒ∞º∂ø¡ ∏ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Ë ¿Ô„Ë ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ ·ÈÒÓ· ‹Ù·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÚÒÙÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Î·È fiÙÈ ¤ÎÚÈÓ·Ó ÙÔ ıÚ‹ÛÎÂ˘Ì¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ôχو˜ ·Û˘Ì‚›‚·ÛÙÔ Ì ÙË ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ȉÈfiÙËÙ·. ∏ ÂÓÙ‡ˆÛË ·˘Ù‹ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËΠηıÒ˜ ÔÈ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ› Î·È ÔÈ ıÂÔÏfiÁ ÔÈ ÂÈΤÓÙÚˆÓ·Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌfiÓÔ Û ¤ÚÁ· «ÂÈÚËÓÈÛÙÒÓ» ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ Û˘ÁÁڷʤˆÓ: ÙÔ˘ øÚÈÁ¤ÓË, ÙÔ˘ ∆ ÂÚÙ˘ÏÏÈ·ÓÔ‡, ÙÔ˘ πÔχÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ §·ÎÙ·ÓÙ›Ô˘, Î·È Û ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ÌfiÓÔ ¶Ú¿ÍÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÒÓ Ì·ÚÙ‡ÚˆÓ . ¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÂÚÌ‹Ó¢·Ó ÙȘ ¢·ÁÁÂÏÈΤ˜ Ú‹ÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Á¿Ë Ô˘ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÓıÚÒ Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ·ÔÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈÎfi ¿ÁÁÂÏÌ·. ∂ÈϤÔÓ, ıˆÚÔ‡Û·Ó ·‚¿ÛÈÌÔ (2) ÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ÚÔ¤Ú¯ ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙȘ ηÙÒÙÂÚ˜ Ù¿ÍÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ‰ÈηÈÔ‡ÓÙÔ Ó· ÛÙÚ·Ù‡ÔÓÙ·È, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ·Ó ÙÔ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Û·Ó . ∂›Û˘, ·Ú¤‚ÏÂ·Ó ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓ fi˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈÒÙ˜ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ‡·ÈıÚÔ, ÂÓÒ Ô ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÓÙÏÔ‡Û ÙÔ˘˜ Ô·‰Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙȘ fiÏÂȘ (3). ∆ ¤ÏÔ˜, ·Ú·ÁÓÒÚÈ˙·Ó ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô ÛÙÚ·Ùfi˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ôχ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ÔÏÈÁ¿ÚÈıÌÔÈ (¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛı› fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ 3Ô˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Ô ÛÙÚ·Ùfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡Û ÂÚ›Ô˘ 450.000 ¿Ó‰Ú˜ ‹ ÙÔ 0,75% ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ƒˆÌ·˚΋˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜ (4) Î·È Ô ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÂÚ›Ô˘ 216.000 ̤ÏË -fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ËÏÈÎÈÒÓ Î·È Ê‡ÏˆÓ- ‹ ÙÔ 0,36% ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ (5)).
-
Upload
mario-kent -
Category
Documents
-
view
4 -
download
0
Transcript of 1680 x Ristian Oi
-
30, I 2004
, . . . . .
E , , , ( ) ( ) , , ( ). , . , , , , , , ,, . 25 , . , , (307-337); , 1960-1980 (1).
20
. : , , , . , . , (2) , . , , (3). , ( 3 450.000 0,75% (4) 216.000 - - 0,36% (5)).
-
. . , , , , (6). , , . , , . , , (7). (8) , (9).
, , . (10). comillito , . , .. , , (11).
, , ( , 6.11-17) (12). , . , (13). .
2
.. . 3 . 4 . , . , ( , 6.24, ,16.13) ( , 22.21, 12.17, 20.25), ( ) . , . , , , , . , : : ;. , . ,, : . . , , , , , . ,
-
, , . , , , . 434-435 , , . .
2 . 172. , , , (161-180), , . , , . . , . , . , , . . 197 , , , , , , . 252 , , . , . 4 , , . . , , . . , , , .
, , ,
, ( ) . , , 3 . , (14). , o. , . , . , , , .
-
, . 30 23 . . , , , . .
, (E) ( ), , . 1931/1932 (15). , 3 , . , , . . 232/233 , (domusecclesiae). . 3 .., . . , .
, . , , . , . 4 , , , , , , , , (16). , , . (17). , . . , . . , , . . , , .
, , , , . . , ,
-
, , , . , , ., , , . , ( ).
314 , 100
. , , . (,, ). 325 (308-324) , . . . , . . . 4 . , . .
.
, . , , , . . , . , . , , , ,, .
1. John Cecil Cadoux, The Early Christian Attitude to War. A Contribution to theHistory of Early Christian Ethics, 1919, A. Harnack, Militia Christi. The Christian Religion and the Military inthe First Three Centuries (. David McInnes), 1981 (1905 - .) L.J. Swift, The EarlyFathers on War and Military Service, Message of the Fathers of the Church . 19 (. Thomas Halton),, 1983.2. . . ( G.E.M. De Ste. Croix, . ), . , 1992, .3. R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire AD 100-400, 1984, . 44-5.4. Peter Garnsey Richard Saller, The Early Principate. Augustus to Trajan, Greece and Rome, New
-
Surveys in the Classics, . 15 (1982), . 25.5. Keith Hopkins, "Christian Number and its Implication", Journal of Early Christian Studies 6:2 (1998), . 185-226.6. , 14.7. X, .Helen K. Bond, Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation, Cambridge University Press, 1998 2000.8. , 4 5.9. , 45.10. , 25, , 3 , 2.11. Stephen Gero, "Miles Gloriosus: the Christians and Military Service according to Tertullian", Church History . 39(1970), . 285-98 (, . 288).12. . , 8 , 4.13. , 1 , 13-15, , 1 , 1-3.14. Thomas Drew-Bear, "Les voyages d Aurelius Gaius, soldat de Diocletien", La gegraphie administrative etpolitique d Alexandre a Mahomet: Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 14-16 Juin 1979, 1981, . 93-141 (, . 97-8).15. . . , 2004.16. ( ), ( ).17. , .
