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..
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2006
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2006
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I
......................................................................................................................V ............................................................................................................VIII .. X
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1 : ................................................................................................................2 2 .......................................................................................................6 2.1. ....................................................6
2.2. ........................................................10
2.3.
........................15
2.4. .................19
3 .............................................................................................................................22 3.1. ...........23
3.1.1. Porter .......................................................................................23
3.1.2. Winner .....................................................................................25
3.2. .......................................................28
3.2.1. ......................................................31
-
II
4 .........................................................................................................................36 4.1.
..................................................................................................................40
4.2. .............................46
4.3.
.................................................................................................................52
:
5 ..............................................................................................................65 5.1. ..................................................65
5.2. .....................................................................................................................66
5.3. .............................................................................................72
5.4. ...........................................................................74
5.5. ................................................................................................75
6 ..........................................................................................................77 6.1. ......................................................................................82
6.1.1. - : .......... .........................83
6.1.2. - : .....................85
6.1.3. - : ............88
6.1.4. - : ..................90
6.1.5. : ..................... ................92
6.1.6. : .......................94
6.1.7. : ..............96
6.1.8. : ...................98
6.1.9. ........100
6.1.10. ..........104
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III
7 - ........................................................110 8 .........................................................................127 8.1. ....................................................................................................127
8.2. ............................................................129
...........................................................................................................137 : .1 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS) B / .2 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS) B / .3 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS) / .4 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS) / .5 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS + 17 ) B / .6 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS + 17 ) / .7 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS + 17 ) B / .8 Cronbachs Alpha (SRBCSS + 17 ) / .9 () .10 () .1
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IV
.1 t (Independent Samples t test) .2 t (Independent Samples t test) .3 t (Independent Samples t test) .4 t (Independent Samples t test) .5 t (Independent Samples t test) .6 t (Independent Samples t test) .7 t (Independent Samples t test) .8 t (Independent Samples t test) .9 (Cronbachs Alpha) ( ) .10 (Cronbachs Alpha) B ( )
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V
M 21
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UNESCO, UNICEF, ...,
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VII
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IX
Joseph S
Renzulli,
T (NRCGT) E
T Connecticut Sally Reiss,
Connecticut
CONFRATUTE
(NRCGT)
Connecticut, . , ,
Taisir Subhi Yamin, Arabian Gulf University
(WCGTC), Dr. Rena Subotnik,
(APA), Wendy Stewart,
/ St. Ignatius College
(AAEGT)
Jonathan Linton, Lally School of Managenent and Technology, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute.
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( 3194/2003 267) 2817/2000,
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SRBCSS-R,
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331 ).
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SRBCSS-R.
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XI
ABSTRACT
Gifted students special characteristics have not been assessed and elucidated yet. Recent
modifications in our countrys legislation (Law 3194/2003 FEK 267 ) and the special
passage addition in the Law 2817/2003 anticipate special provision to individuals with
special intellectual abilities and talents. This suggests the urgent need for sensitive and
adequately trained teachers on matters concerning the identification and support of their
pupils special educational needs. The present study explores the characteristics of gifted
children in elementary school, based on which, in service and pre service elementary
teachers perceive and describe the gifted student. For the data collection, a questionnaire
was developed based on the well-known, from the bibliography, SRBCSS-R assessment
scale, which was translated into the greek language and was adapted to the greek
standards. After a pilot study, the final research was conducted on 424 participants, all
elementary school teachers, (93 pre service and 331 in service teachers respectively). The
results indicated that there are differences in between pre service and in service teachers
perceptions as regards the gifted student. However, both groups of participants seem to
draw a marginal distinction between the gifted student and the student they perceive as
average-typical on the gifted behavioral dimensions of SRBCSS-R scale as a whole. Both
pre service and in service teachers were found to focus more on learning and motivational
characteristics. On the contrary, the characteristics of creativity and leadership were not
highly valued by the participants on their perceptions of who the gifted student is.
Key-words: Giftedness
Gifted students characteristics
In service teachers perceptions
Pre service teachers perceptions
-
2
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(1986),
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2.2
Roback (1961) Juan Huarte (1530-1589)
1575,
Trial of Wits, Discovering the Great Difference
of Wits Among Men and What Sort of Learning Suits Best With Each Genious.
-
11
Huarte
. 1860, Francis Galton
(Feldhusen &
Jarwan, 1993).
Guy M.Whipple,
,
( Passow, 1981). ,
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.
(he Three-Ring Conception),
Guilford ,
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Excellence:A case for Developing Americas Talent. ,
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-
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(Corsini,1999)
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(Gardner,1983 Bloom,1985 Sternberg, 1985 Renzulli,1986).
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1989)
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Renzulli & Reis, 1997).
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& , 2003).
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4.1
.
, ,
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1975). Rosenthal Jacobson (1968)
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.
-
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(1980) ,
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-
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(.25).
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Jacobson (1968)
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281)
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(.358),
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Research Center for the Gifted and Talented, University of Connecticut)
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video
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152 -,
, Virginia.
()
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,
.
-
46
4.2
,
.
(Chitwood, 1986).
(Lazow &
Nelson, 1974).
Smutny (1994)
.
Denver Colorado,
66%
(Chitwood, 1986).
-
.
(Smith & Zarate,1992).
(Kolb & Jussim, 1994).
, ,
(Donovan & Cross, 2002).
/
(Coleman & Gallagher,1995)
-
47
(Kanevsky, 2000).
,
,
.
,
(Ford, Harris, Tyson & Trotman,
2002).
,
,
(Bernai, 2000).
, ,
,
, , ,
Sternberg (1985 1986 1995), Gardner (1983 1996) Renzulli (19781986).
,
, (Lim, Plucker & Im, 2002).
(Lynott & Woolfolk, 1994).
(Miller, 2005).
,
(Fennema,1980). , Powell Siegle (2000)
, .
-
48
,
(Sankar-Deleeuw, 2004)
Schack Starko (1990)
,
, . ,
, .
Taylor (1986)
,
,
,
.
,
.
(Moon & Hall,
1998).
,
(Ford,1996 Plucker,1996 Steinberg,
1996).
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: ) -
(Friedman, 1994 Van Tassel-Baska, Patton & Prillaman, 1991), )
, ) , (Janos
& Robinson, 1985), ) (.
, ) (Nielsen, Higgins, Wilkinson & Webb,
1994).
-
49
Hutch Gardner (1986) Gardner (1983)
,
.
,
,
, .
, .
,
,
.
(Alvino & Wieler, 1979).
,
(Klausmeier, Mishra & Maker, 1987).
,
.
,
Schack Starko (1990),
.
.
,
.
Shaklee (1992)
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
-
50
,
.
,
(Shaklee, 1992).
Young Fouts (1993) ,
.
( ) ( ) .
,
().
. ,
. , .
, ,
.
Texas Education Agency
Kent, -,
(Shaklee, 1992).
Texas Identification
Jot Down .
, ,
,
(Hyatt, 1989).
Kent
/
. 4
: ) , )
, ) , )
-
51
.
,
(Shaklee, 1992).
Feldhusen Jarwan (1993)
, . ,
, , ,
, .
.
. Feldhusen Jarwan (1993)
,
: )
/ , )
)
.
.
(Talent pool) Renzulli (1988)
, 15%
.
. Gagne (1985) Renzulli
,
,
SRBCSS (Scale for Rating Behavioral Characteristics of Superior
Students-Revised, Renzulli et al., 2002). O Richert (1987),
..,
.
,
, ,
-
52
,
.
4.3
.
0 86%, 40% (Hoge & Cudmore, 1986)
, 40% .
,
.
.
,
. Hoge Cudmore (1986)
4% 78%,
36%. 36%
, .
Pegnato Birch (1959)
,
. Pyryt (1986)
, . ,
,
(.
), ,
-
53
. ,
, ,
. ,
(.
),
.
.
,
(Pyryt, 1986).
, ()
.
Delisle Renzulli (1982)
, .
Adderholdt-Elliot (1991)
..
90%
.
,
,
, (Feldhusen et al.,
1981).
Hoge Cudmore (1986), ,
,
-
54
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
-
, (Minner, 1989 OTuel,
1994).
,
(Woods & Achey, 1990).
Feldhusen Hoover (1984)
, ,
.
,
,
,
.
, , ,
(Schack & Starko, 1990).
.
Renzulli (1988),
,
,
.
(Baldwin, 1962)
, ,
-
55
, ,
26% .
,
, 6 ,
.
, 7 .
,
,
,
38% .
, Hoge Cudmore (1986),
40%
36%
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
, (
)
.
O Baldwin (1962) ,
, ,
,
. ,
-
56
,
, , .
Guskin, Peng Simon (1992)
,
.
,
,
. Ashman Vukelich (1983)
.
10% 48%.
,
. ,
. ,
(Gear, 1976).
(Baldwin, 1962 Ashman & Vukelich, 1983 Coleman &
Gallagher,1992 Guskin,et al.,1992) : )
, )
, )
, )
)
, .
80% 85%
, (McEachern & Bornot,
2001).
Endepohls-Ulpe (2003) 386
. ,
,
, ,
-
57
,
- .
Frasier (1995) 750 ,
-
.
,
.
Karnes Koch (1985),
. (Archambault et al., 1993)
, .
(Pendulla, Airesian & Madaus,1980).
,
(Schack & Starko, 1990). Rost
Hanses (1997), ,
.
-
(Neber, 2004).
,
,
,
( Kornhaber, 1999).
-
58
Neber (2004)
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, (Ngara & Porath,
2004).
Greene (2004) 132
/ ,
,
.
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.
,
,
. , ,
,
, .
: )
, )
-
59
, )
) .
Brown (2005)
3.000 , ,
, -
..,
.
20 /
.
, : )
, ) , )
)
.
, .
,
. .
,
,
..
(Brown, Renzulli,Gubbins, Siegle
et al., 2005).
,
.. (1999),
: ,
; 1) ,
, , 2) / , 3) -
/ / / , 4)
/ , 5) /
/ / ,
-
60
6) . 16
, 94% , 75% ,
44% , 44% 63% .
Archambault (1993),
3.000
. ..
,
79%, 72%
/ 70%
.
,
Cox, Daniel Boston (1985),
/ (91%),
(90%) . (82%).
Alvino, Mc Donnel Kichert (1981) ,
,
.
Chan (2004) 133
, , .
Gardner (1983) (
, , ).
-
,
.
,
.
, (Chan, 2004)
-
61
, ,
. Guskin, Peng & Simon (1992)
,
,
, .
Freeman (1998) ,
.
, ,
.
Tirri allent-Runnels (2004) 147
, ,
, 160 ...
.
Gagne Nadeau (1985).
,
,
,
.
Ojanen & Freeman (1994) ,
,
, .
(Buse et al., 1986) ,
,
.
-
62
Rosemarin (2002)
. ,
,
. , ,
,
,
.
Ngara Porath (2004)
Shona .
16 ,
Shona. ,
: ,
, , .
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
/ ,
,
.
,
,
,
: ) , ) )
. ,
,
,
-
63
.
, .
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
(Kagan,1992b).
-
65
5
, ,
, ,
.
5.1
,
.
,
/
, :
)
- .
)
)
.
,
- .
.
-
66
5.2
331 / 93
.
(,1993).
:
60.22%
39.78%
58.31%
41.69%
5.1: .
( 5.1)
. 60%
, 40% .
, 58% 42% .
-
67
30262524232221201918
30
20
10
0
1.12.21.13.23.2
14
28
15.1
30.1
2.2
41-5031-4022-30
80
60
40
20
0
23.26%
71.0%
5.74%
5.2:
( 5.2) ,
19 22 (81 93).
, , 312 331 31 50 .
22.58%
77.42%
OXINAI
;
19.57%
80.43%
;
5.3: .
-
68
( 5.3)
, .
, 77%
(72 93) ,
23% (21 93).
, 79% (263 331)
, 19% (64 331).
.
21-3011-206-101-5
50
40
30
20
10
0
11.11%
46.91%
24.69%17.28%
0.31%
2.45%5.81%
91.44%
5.4: .
. 6 20
(232 331 ) ( 5.4).
. (91,4%, 299
331). 5,8 % (19 331), 1,2%
(4 331) ( 5. 4)
-
69
50
40
30
20
10
0
29.96%26.35%
43.68%
-
100
80
60
40
20
0
3.77%2.83%
91.04%
2.36%
5.5 :
( 5.5) , 331 ,
121 , 73
, 83
.
,
, ( ) :
:
)
8 , 17 , 8
)
15 , 49 , 64 , 5 . , 11 , 84 ,
71 , 18 , 1 , 4 , 6 ,
1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 13 ,
132 , 2 , 6 ., 7 , 76 , 138
-
70
:
3 , 4 , 6 , 2 , 2 , , 1 , 3
, , , ,
:
4 , 5 ,
:
4 , 5 , 8 , 23 , 27
/:
, , 3 , 5 , 1
, , 2 ,
:
2 /, 3 /, 6 /, 7 /, 9 /,
12 /, , , , ,
:
500 , 360.
, 331
. ,
.
. (147)
)
5 8 5 17 4 8
)
6 15 3 18 8 2
6 49 5 1 5 3
7 64 5 4 7 13
8 5 . 3 6 4 132
6 11 7 1 7 2
7 84 4 2 3 6 .
4 71 10 1 9 7
5 76 4 138
-
71
. (55)
10 3 3 2 3
9 4 9 2
5 6 6 1 2
2 2 4 3
. (9)
6 4 1 5 2
. (18)
6 4 4 5 3 8
3 23 2 27
. (28)
8 3 2 1
3
11
5
13
4 2
. (69)
2 2 / 10 7 / 3
4
4 3
3 /
6 /
6
4
7
9 /
12 /
5
9
12
2
.
. (5)
5
200
, 116.
93 .
.
, / (27 )
, (20 )
(12 )
. () (12 )
(22 )
-
72
5.3
SRBCSS-R (Scales for Rating the Behavioural Characteristics of
Superior Students-
) Renzulli, Smith, White, Callahan, Hartman & Westberg, (2002).
Renzulli
(National Research Centre on the Gifted and Talented, State University of Connecticut).
. translation back
. SRBCSS (- Likert) 43
4 :
(Learning) 13 , (otivation) 11 , (Creativity) 11 (Leadership) 8 ,
. ,
,
,
.
(Clark, 1995 Davis & Rimm, 1994 Tuttle, 1998).
. ,
SRBCSS Renzulli Hartman (Campbell & Verna, 1998).
SRBCSS 1997 2002.
,
-
73
.. (oge & Cudmore, 1986)
(Kalantan 1991 Srour 1989 Subhi 1997 Chan 2000). Ashman
Vukelich (1983)
SRBCSS. Renzulli, Hartman Callahan (1976)
SRBCSS, .
Hunsaker, Finley Frank (1997)
,
SRBCSS.
SRBCSS
, :
) )
...
( , ),
.
, ,
,
, , (
, .1).
above average
superior student.
:
- -
.
-
.
- .
( ).
-
74
,
,
(Reliability Analysis), Cronbach.
:
A ( - ).
(0,8626 > 0,7) ( , .9). ,
,
.
( ).
(0,8821 > 0,7) ( , .10).
.
5.4
2003
2003.
,
, , .
.
/ .
( :
, :
, )
( ,
)
.
-
75
:
1)
,
.
,
,
.
2) 10
.
3) 30 , ,
.
4) ,
.
, ,
.
5.5
( Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences-SPSS 11).
.
(frequency tables),
(pie charts),
, (bar graphs),
,
. ,
(line charts),
, .
-
76
, , t.
,
. ,
,
.
t (t-test). , Paired Samples Test
t,
. , Independent Sample Test
t,
. , Pearson
.
(Reliability Analysis)
Cronbachs Alpha
.
-
77
6
,
.
,
,
,
.
6.1 : ( )
62% (58
93) ,
37% (34 93 )
.
37%
1%
62%
-
78
;
1 2 1 24 4
20 21
38
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
6.2: ( )
(83 93) -
. , 6 93
, 4
( 6.2).
, 6.3
(82 93)
. , ,
.
1 1 3 3 3
17
24
41
05
1015202530354045
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6.3: ( )
-
79
.
6,96,3
4,1 4,3
7,5 7,3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
6.4: . : ) , ) ) ( 6.4)
:
1)
.
2) .
3)
.
, ( 6,9 6,3 ).
,
,
,
. ,
, ,
-
80
(4,1 4,3 ). , (7,5)
(7,3).
,
t ( Independent samples t- test).
6.1: t (Independent Samples Test) : ) , ) )
Levene
t-test
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)
1,87 0,17 2,14 39 0,03
1,35 0,24 -0,43 33 0,66
-
1,83 0,17 0,76 38 0,44
(.6.1)
(p = 0,003
< 0,05) :
. ,
(6,9) ( )
(6,3).
,
, .
,
, .
,
, .
.
-
81
)
6.2: ,
Pearson 0,265 0,290
Sig. (2-tailed) 0,011 0,005
N 92 92
** 0.01 (2-tailed).
(. 6.2) , ( r = 0,265)
:
, (p = 0,011).
, ,
.
, , (r = 0,290)
:
,
(p = 0,005). ,
, , .
. ,
:
,
.
)
: ,
-
82
:
,
.
6.1
,
( 6.1.1-6.1.4)
( 6.1.5-6.1.8).
4 :
(Learning) 13 . (Creativity) 11 . (Motivation) 11 . (Leadership) 8 . 9 ,
,
.
( 6.1.9)
( 6.1.10).
-
83
6.1.1 -
(Learning) 13 .
6.5 & 6.6: -
4,6 4,4 4,2 4,0 3,8 3,6
.
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10
11 12 13
4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 0
3, 3
4,0 3,8
4,3
3,6
3,9
3.8
3,5
4,2
3,9
4,3
3,5
3,8
3,3
4,1
3,3
4,0
3,6
4,1
3,5
3,9
3,7
4,1
3,7
4,1
3,4
-
84
( 6.5 & 6.6)
13
/ ,
3,75. , 13
3,8. , ,
, 13
. , ,
/
. ,
/
.
2 , t (Independent samples t-
test) ( ,.1).
,
.
B1 B2 , B3 B4
B5 , ,
B6
B7 B8 B9 B10 B11
B12 ,
B13
-
85
6.1.2 -
(Creativity) 11 .
6.7 : -
5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5
.
C14 C15 C16
C17 C18 C19
4,1
3,3
3,5
3,2
3,9
3,4
4,7
2,8
4,0
2,8
4,4
3,7
-
86
6.8 : -
BC14 BC15 O BC16 , BC17 BC18 BC19
BC20
BC21 , BC22 BC23 BC24 ,
( 6.7 & 6.8)
11
/ .
4,6 4,4 4,2 4,0 3,8 3,6 3,4 3,2
.
C20 C21 C22
C23 C24
3,6
3,8
3,4
3,8
4,4
4,1
3,9
3,5
3,8
4,5
-
87
3,8. , 11
3,7.
,
,
11 ,
. , ,
/ ,
.
/
.
2 , t (Independent samples t-
test) ( ,. .2).
: BC14 (p = 0,000 < 0,05) ( ),
BC15 (p = 0,000 < 0,05)( ), BC16 (p = 0,000 < 0,05)(
, ), BC17 (p = 0,000 < 0,05)
( ), BC18 (p = 0,000 < 0,05) ( ), BC19 (p =
0,017 < 0,05) (
), BC20 (p = 0,000 < 0,05) (
).
, 11
/ , 7
.
-
88
6.1.3 -
(Motivation) 11 .
16
6.9: -
5,0 4,8 4,6 4,4 4,2 4,0 3,8 3,6
.
M31 M32 M33
M34 M35
4,9
3,9
4,5
4,1 4,1
4,8
3,9
4,2
4,0
3,9
-
89
( 6.9)
11
/ ,
4,1. , 11
4,15.
,
11
. ,
/
.
/
.
, t (Independent samples
t- test) ( , . .3). O
: B26 (p = 0,012 < 0,05) (
), B33 (p = 0,004 < 0,05) (
, ).
, 11
/ ,
.
B25
B26 B27 B28
B29
B30
B31 B32
B33 ,
B34
B35
-
90
6.1.4 -
(Leadership) 8 .
6.10: -
BL36 ,
BL37 BL38 BL39 O BL40 , BL41 BL42
BL43 ,
4,6 4,4 4,2 4,0 3,6 3,4 3,2 3,0 2,2 2,0
.
L36 L37 L38
L39 L40 L41 L42 L43
4,5 4,3
3,0
3,5
3,3
3,6
4,2
2,9
4,4
4,0
2,9
3,0
3,4
3,5
4,2
3,0
-
91
( 6.10)
8 ,
/ .
3,7.
, 8
3,8.
, ,
8
, .
, ,
/
.
/
.
, t (Independent samples
t- test) ( , . .4).
(p = 0,000 < 0,05) : L36 (
, ).
, (4,37) /
( ) , ,
(3,95).
.
, 4
( . 82).
-
92
6.1.5
(Learning) 13 .
6.11:
6.12: .
5,4 5,2 5,0 4,8 4,6 4 4
CK1 CK2
CK4 CK5 CK6 CK7
5 2
5 0
5 1
5 2
4 9
5 05 2
4,74 8
4 8
4 9
4 6
4 84 7
5,5 5,0 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0
CK8 CK9 CK10
CK11 CK12 CK13
2,
4,
5,
5,
3,
5,
3,
4,
4,5,
4,0
4,
-
93
( 6.11 & 6.12),
13
, ,
,
4,6. ,
13 5.
, ,
,
13 .
- .
, t (Independent samples
t- test). O
(p < 0,05)
( ,..5). , p=
0,000 p=0,019 < 0,05.
CK1 CK2 , CK3 CK4
CK5 , ,
CK6 CK7 CK8 CK9 CK10 CK11
CK12 ,
CK13
-
94
6.1.6 (Creativity) 11 .
6.13 & 6.14:
5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0
CC14 CC15 CC16
CC17 CC18 CC19
5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0
CC20 CC21 CC22
CC23 CC24
5,1
2,9
5,0
2,6
4,6
5,0 5,1
3,1
4,9
2,9
4,5
4,9
3,8
4,9 4,8
5,1
3,2
4,0
4,7
4,7
4,9
3,6
-
95
CC14 CC15 O CC16 , CC17 CC18 CC19
CC20
CC21 , CC22 CC23 CC24 ,
( 6.13 & 6.14)
11
,
.
4,3. ,
11 4,27.
11 , .
, , ,
,
, ,
.
-
.
, t (Independent samples
t- test) ( ,..6).
: CC17 (p = 0,013 < 0,05) ( ), CC23 (p = 0,044 < 0,05)
( ), CC24 (p = 0,019 < 0,05) ( ,
). , 11 ,
-
96
, 3
.
6.1.7 (Motivation) 11 .
6.15 & 6.16:
6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5
.
CM25 CM26 CM27
CM28 CM29 CM30
3,0
4,.5
5,1
5,4
5,2 5,2
3,5
4,3 4,7
5,2
4,9
4,8
6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5
.
CM31 CM32 CM33
CM34 CM35
5,5
4,7
5,3
5,4
3,8
5,2
4,7
5,1
5,2
4,1
-
97
( 6.15 & 6.16),
11
,
,
4,7. ,
11
4,8.
,
11 .
.
, t (Independent samples
t- test) ( ,..7). O
: CM25 (p = 0,008 < 0,05) (
), C27 (p = 0,000 < 0,05) (
), C28 (p = 0,003 < 0,05) (
), C29 (p = 0,022 < 0,05) (
), C31 (p = 0,002 < 0,05) (
), C33 (p = 0,039 < 0,05) (
CM25
CM26 CM27 CM28
CM29
CM30
CM31 CM32
CM33 ,
CM34
CM35
-
98
, ),
C34 (p = 0,020 < 0,05) ( ), C35 (p = 0,028 < 0,05)
(
).
, 11
, 8
.
6.1.8 (Leadership) 8 .
6.17:
6,0 5,5 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0
.
CL36 CL37 CL38 CK39
CL40 CL41 CL42 CL43
5,4 5,1
2,7
2,5
5,0
3,1
5,1 5,2 5,1
4,9
3,1
2,9
4,6
4,7
4,9
-
99
CL36 ,
CL37 CL38 CL39 O CL40 , CL41 CL42
CL43 ,
( 6.17)
8
, .
4,18. ,
8 4,26. , ,
,
8 .
,
-
.
, t (Independent samples t- test)
( ,..8).
(p < 0,05),
, CL37.
p=
0,000 p=0,028 < 0,05.
-
100
6.1.9
, ,
4
/
.
t- (
Paired Samples Test).
,
/
, .
6.3: () ()
N
3,800 13 ,3189
4,523 13 ,5585
3,754 13 ,3431
4,715 13 ,8040
(Paired Samples Test)
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
-,723 ,6685 -3,900 12 ,002
-,962 ,9853 -3,518 12 ,004
6.3 , ,
, / (p = 0,002 < 0,05).
-
101
.
, , ,
/ (p = 0,004 < 0,05).
.
,
/
.
6.4: () ()
N
3,836 11 ,6233 4,300 11 ,7785
3,673 11 ,3663 4,273 11 ,9624
(Paired Samples Test)
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
- -,464 ,6531 -2,354 10 ,040
-,600 ,9592 -2,075 10 ,065
(.6.4) , ,
/ (p = 0,040 < 0,05).
.
, ,
/ (p = 0,065 >
0,05). .
-
102
,
/
.
6.5: () ()
N
4,118 11 ,4191 4,700 11 ,5404
4,182 11 ,3401 4,809 11 ,7803
(Paired Samples Test)
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
- -,582 ,6161 -3,132 10 ,011
-,627 ,7695 -2,703 10 ,022
(.6.5) , ,
/ (p = 0,011 < 0,05).
.
, ,
/ (p = 0,022 <
0,05). .
,
/
.
-
103
6.6: () ()
N
3,725 8 ,4713 4,188 8 ,8919
3,775 8 ,5064 4,263 8 1,2546
(Paired Samples Test)
t df Sig. (2-tailed)
- -,462 ,7444 -1,757 7 ,122
- -,488 ,9906 -1,392 7 ,207
(.6.6) , ,
/ (p = 0,122 > 0,05).
.
, ,
/ (p = 0,207 >
0,05). .
-
104
6.1.10
,
Pearson.
(.6.7- .6.10 )
.
6.7:
BK13 BK10 Pearson 0,209* ,250* Sig. (2-tailed) 0,050 ,01 N 92 92
* 0.05 (2-tailed). ** 0.01 (2-tailed). BK13 ( ) BK10 ( )
(.6.7) , (Pearson < 0,5)
:
BK13 ( ), , 5% (
0,01), (two-tailed)
[
].
BK10 ( ), ,
5% ( 0,01),
(two-tailed).
6.7
/
-
105
,
.
6.8:
CC19 CC20
CC21 CK2 CK7
Pearson 0,229* 0,285** 0,327** 0,246* 0,254* Sig. (2-tailed) 0,028 0,006 0,001 0,019 0,015 N 92 92 92 92 91
CM26 CM27 CM31 CM32 CM34 Pearson 0,215* 0,275*
* 0,225* 0,249* 0,232* 0,212*
Sig. (2-tailed) 0,042 0,008 0,031 0,017 0,026 0,042 N 92 92 92 91 92 92
* 0.05 (2-tailed). ** 0.01 (2-tailed). CK2 ( , ) CK7 ( ) CC19 ( )
CC20 ( ) CC21 ( , ) CM26 ( ) CM27 ( ) CM28 ( ) CM31 ( ) CM32 ( ) CM34 ( )
(.6.8) , (r < 0,5)
:
CK2 ( , ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CK7 ( ), ,
5% (two-tailed).
CC19 ( ), ,
5% (two-tailed).
-
106
CC20 ( ), ,
1% (two-tailed).
CC21 ( , ), ,
1% (two-tailed).
CM26 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CM27 ( ), , 1%
(two-tailed).
CM28 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CM31 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CM32 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CM34 ( ), , 5% (two-tailed).
6.8
, ,
.
-
107
6.9:
BK5 BK7 BC20 Pearson 0,109* 0,121* -0,120* Sig. (2-tailed) 0,047 0,028 0,047 N 329 329 330
* 0.05 (2-tailed). ** 0.01 (2-tailed).
5 ( , , )
B7 ( )
BC20 ( )
(.6.9) ,
(r < 0,5) :
5 ( , , ), ,
5% (two-tailed).
B7 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
BC20 ( ), ,
5% (two-tailed).
6.9
/
,
.
-
108
6.10:
CK5 CK6 CK11 CK13 Pearson 0,129* 0,156* 0,112* 0,120* Sig. (2-tailed) 0,019 0,005 0,041 0,029 N 330 330 330 330
* 0.05 (2-tailed). CC16 CC20 CM28 CM30
Pearson 0,111* -0,115* 0,171* 0,114* Sig. (2-tailed) 0,044 0,038 0,002 0,039 N 330 330 329 330
* 0.05 (2-tailed).
CK5 ( , , )
CK6 ( )
CK11 ( )
CK13 ( )
CC20 ( )
CC16 ( , )
CM28 ( )
CM30 (
)
(.6.10) , (r < 0,5)
:
CK5 ( , , ), ,
5% (two-tailed).
CK6 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CK11 ( ), , 5% (two-tailed).
CK13 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CC20 ( ), ,
5% (two-tailed).
-
109
CC16 ( , ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CM28 ( ), , 5%
(two-tailed).
CM30 ( ),
, 5% (two-tailed).
,
.
-
110
7
-
,
(. 7, .77)
5.1 (.65).
1)
2) -
3) , ,
,
.
, (
) (82/83)
,
, 62%
. , (
)
(83/93).
(Tomlinson,et al.,1995)
,
,
.
,
.
-
111
- (1991),
.
, , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
(79% 77% ).
(Goodman, 1988)
, .
.
,
,
.
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