131, T4, Ch7 Axial Skeleton _14
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Transcript of 131, T4, Ch7 Axial Skeleton _14
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Axial Skeleton Chapter 7
IB 131 Instructor: Tom Carlson
Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley
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The Skeleton Consists of:
bones joints cartilage ligaments
Composed of 206 named bones grouped into two divisions axial skeleton: 80 bones appendicular skeleton: 126 bones
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The Axial Skeleton
(in green)
Formed from 80 named bones
Consists of skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax
Figure 7.1a
Skull
Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)
(a) Anterior view
Facial bones Cranium
Sacrum
Vertebral column
Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna
Carpals
Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula
Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges 3
The Axial
Skeleton (in green)
Figure 7.1b (b) Posterior view
Cranium
Clavicle Bones of pectoral girdle
Bones of pelvic girdle
Upper limb
Scapula
Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna
Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur
Lower limb
Tibia Fibula
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Figure 7.6a
The Skull Formed by cranial and facial bones
Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
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Skull Bodys most complex bony structure Skull: formed by cranial and facial bones 8 Cranial bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital,
sphenoid, parietal (2), temporal (2) 14 Facial bones: mandible, vomer, inferior
nasal conchae (2), lacrimal (2), maxilla (2), nasal (2), palantine (2), zygomatic (2)
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The cranial & facial bones Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Lambdoid suture
Facial bones
Squamous suture
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Coronal suture
Figure 7.2a 7
Skull Facial bones
Form framework of face Form cavities for sense organs of sight, taste,
and smell Provide opening for passage of air and food Hold teeth Anchor facial muscles
The cranium (cranial bones) Encloses and protects brain Provides attachment for head and neck
muscles 8
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
Frontal lobe of cerebrum
Temporal lobe of cerebrum Cerebellum
Posterior Middle Anterior
Cranial fossae
(c) Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained brain regions
Cranial Fossae Internally, prominent bony ridges divide skull into
distinct fossae Anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe of cerebrum Middle cranial fossa: temporal lobe of cerebrum Posterior cranial fossa: cerebellum
Figure 7.2b, c 9
Small Cavities of Skull
Middle and inner ear cavitiesin lateral aspect of cranial base
Nasal cavitylies in and posterior to the nose
Orbitshouse the eyeballs Air-filled sinusesoccur in several
bones around the nasal cavity
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Skull contains approximately 85 named openings
Foramina, canals, and fissures Provide openings for important structures
Spinal cord Blood vessels serving the brain Cranial nerves
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Lateral aspect of skull
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Cranial Bones Formed from eight bones
Paired bones include Temporal bones Parietal bones
Unpaired bones include Frontal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone
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Figure 7.6a
The Skull Formed by cranial and facial bones
Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
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Cranial cavity floor
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Lateral aspect of skull
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The Cranium Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Lambdoid suture
Facial bones
Squamous suture
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Coronal suture
Figure 7.2a 17
Parietal Bones & associated Sutures Parietal bones form superior and lateral parts
of skull Coronal sutureruns in the coronal plane
and is located where parietal bones meet frontal bone
Squamous sutureoccurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly
Sagittal sutureoccurs where right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
Lambdoid sutureoccurs where parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
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Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Sutural bone
Inferior nuchal line
Occipital condyle
External occipital crest Occipitomastoid suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture The Skull Posterior View
Figure 7.5 19
Sutural Bones
Small bones that occur within sutures Irregular in shape, size, and location Not all people have sutural bones
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Frontal Bone
Forms the forehead and roofs of orbits Supraorbital marginsuperior margin
of orbits Glabellasmooth part of frontal bone
between superciliary (eyebrow) arches Frontal sinuses within frontal bone Contributes to anterior cranial fossa
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Figure 7.6a
Cranial & Facial Bones of Skull
Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
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Cranial and Facial Bones of Skull
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Occipital Bone
Forms the posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base
Articulates with the temporal bones and parietal bones
Forms the posterior cranial fossa
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Maxilla (palatine process)
Hard palate
Zygomatic bone
Incisive fossa
Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
Foramen ovale Pterygoid process
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Mandibular fossa
Vomer
Styloid process
External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone
Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Foramen spinosum
Inferior Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.7a 25
Inferior Aspect of Skull
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Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Sutural bone
Inferior nuchal line
Occipital condyle
External occipital crest Occipitomastoid suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture The Skull Posterior View
Figure 7.5 27
Occipital Bone structures
Superior and inferior nuchal lines Occipital condyles Hypoglossal canal through which CN XII
runs Foramen magnum located at its base
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Cranial cavity floor
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Temporal Bones Lie inferior to parietal bones Contributes to the middle and
posterior cranial fossae Form the inferolateral portion of the
skull
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(b) Photograph of right side of skull
Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone Squamous suture
Zygomatic process
Temporal bone
Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
External occipital protuberance Occipitomastoid suture External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Styloid
process Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle
Mental foramen
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Lacrimal fossa Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Coronoid process
Alveolar margins
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Lateral Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.4b 31
Lateral aspect of skull
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Regions of Temporal Bones Squamous region flat area of bone which
contains bar-like zygomatic process; zygomatic process projects anteriorly to meet zygomatic bone of face and contributions of these two bones to make up the zygomatic arch
Tympanic region surrounds the external acoustical meatus (= external ear canal)
Styloid process extends down from inferior temporal bone and is muscle attachment site
Mastoid region Petrous region 33
The Temporal Bone
Figure 7.8
Mastoid region
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process Tympanic region
Mandibular fossa
Zygomatic process
Squamous region
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Lateral aspect of skull
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The Temporal Bone Mastoid region/mastoid process
Site for neck muscle attachment Contains air sinuses
Petrous region Projects medially, contributes to cranial base Appears as a boney wedge between
occipetal bone posteriorly and sphenoid bone anteriorly
Houses cavities of middle and internal ear
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Maxilla (palatine process)
Hard palate
Zygomatic bone
Incisive fossa
Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
Foramen ovale Pterygoid process
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Mandibular fossa
Vomer
Styloid process
External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone
Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Foramen spinosum
Inferior Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.7a 37
Foramina of Temporal Bone Carotid canal Jugular foramen (at boundary with
occipital bone) Foramen lacerum (at boundary with
sphenoid bone and occipital bone) Internal & external acoustic meatus
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Cranial cavity floor
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Cranial cavity floor
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Inferior Aspect of Skull
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The Sphenoid Bone Spans the width of the cranial floor Resembles a butterfly or bat Has a body Has three pairs of processes Contains five important openings Is the keystone of the cranium and forms
a central wedge that articulates with multiple other cranial bones
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Cranial cavity floor
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The Sphenoid Bone Body
The superior part of the body bears a saddle-shaped prominence called a sella turcica
The seat of this saddle contains the hypophyseal fossa, which holds the pituitary gland (= hypophysis)
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The Sphenoid Bone Processes
Greater wings Lesser wings Pterygoid processes
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Greater wing
Body of sphenoid
Superior orbital fissure
Lesser wing
Pterygoid process
(b) Posterior view
Sphenoid Bone posterior view
Figure 7.10b 46
(a) Superior view, as in Figure 7.9
Optic canal
Greater wing Sella turcica
Lesser wing
Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum
Body of sphenoid
Sphenoid Bone superior view
Figure 7.10a 47
Sphenoid Bone Openings Superior orbital fissure: long slit between
greater and lesser wings Optic canal: lies just anterior to sella tursica Foramen rotundum: in medial part of greater
wing Foramen ovale: posteriolateral to foramen
rotundum Foramen spinosum: posteriolateral to foramen
ovale (at boundary with temporal bone) Foramen lacerum (at boundary with temporal
bone and occipital bone) 48
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Cranial cavity floor
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Lateral aspect of skull
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Figure 7.6a
Cranial & Facial Bones of Skull
Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
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The Ethmoid Bone
Lies between nasal and sphenoid bones
Forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits
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Midsagittal section through skull
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Lateral aspect of skull
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Figure 7.6a
Cranial & Facial Bones of Skull
Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
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Midsagittal section through skull
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Orbital plate
Ethmoidal air cells
Perpendicular plate
Middle nasal concha
Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina
Crista galli
Left lateral mass
Figure 7.12
The Ethmoid Bone, anterior view
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The Ethmoid Bone Cribriform platesuperior surface of the
ethmoid bone Contain olfactory foramina
Crista galliattachment for falx cerebri, the large vertical sheet of connective tissue which lies in between cerebral hemispheres
Perpendicular plateforms superior part of nasal septum
Lateral massescontain air cells 58
Partitions of dura mater in the cranial cavity and the dural venous sinuses
Figure 13.27a
Falx cerebri
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus Crista galli of the ethmoid bone
Pituitary gland Falx cerebelli
(a) Midsagittal view
Tentorium cerebelli
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The Ethmoid Bone
Superior and middle nasal conchae Extend medially from lateral masses
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Left lateral wall of nasal cavity
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Bones of Nasal Cavity
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Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
Skull Bones
Figure 7.6a 63
The Facial Bones Form framework of the face Form cavities for the sense organs of
sight, taste, and smell Provide openings for the passage of air
and food Hold the teeth in place Anchor muscles of the face
64
Facial Bones Unpaired bones
Mandible Vomer
Paired bones Maxillae Zygomatic Nasal Lacrimal Inferior nasal conchae Palatine 65
Mandible
The lower jawbone is the largest and strongest facial bone
Composed of two main parts Horizontal body Two upright rami
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Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen
Mental foramen
Mandibular angle
Ramus of mandible
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular fossa of temporal bone
Body of mandible
Alveolar margin
(a) Mandible, right lateral view
Temporomandibular joint
Mandible
Figure 7.13a 67
Mandible Mandibular condyle Temporomandibular joint: interface of mandibular
condyle with mandibular fossa of temporal bone Mandibular notch Coronoid process Ramus of mandible Mandibular angle Body of mandible Alveolar margin Mental foramen Mandibular foramen
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Lateral aspect of skull
69
Maxillary Bones
Figure 7.13b
Frontal process
Articulates with frontal bone
Anterior nasal spine
Infraorbital foramen
Alveolar margin
(b) Maxilla, right lateral view
Orbital surface
Zygomatic process (cut)
70
Maxillary Bones Articulate with all other facial bones except
the mandible Are the keystone bones of the face Contain maxillary sinuseslargest
paranasal sinuses Forms part of the inferior orbital fissure Alveolar margin Inferiomedial surface of orbit Infraorbital foramen
71
Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
Skull Bones, anterior view
Figure 7.6a 72
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Maxilla (palatine process)
Hard palate
Zygomatic bone
Incisive fossa
Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
Foramen ovale Pterygoid process
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Mandibular fossa
Vomer
Styloid process
External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone
Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Foramen spinosum
Skull Bones, inferior view
Figure 7.7a 73
Skull bones, lateral view
74
Paired Bones of the Face Maxilla bone Zygomatic bones: form lateral wall of
orbits Lacrimal bones: located in the medial
orbital walls Nasal bones: form bridge of nose Inferior nasal conchae: thin, curved
bones that project medially and form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
Palatine bones: complete the posterior part of the hard palate 75
Nasal Cavity
Figure 7.14a
Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha
Ethmoid bone
Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone
Maxillary bone (palatine process)
Palatine bone (perpendicular plate)
Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Pterygoid process
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed)
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoid bone
Superior, middle, and inferior meatus
Anterior nasal spine
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Maxilla (palatine process)
Hard palate
Zygomatic bone
Incisive fossa
Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
Foramen ovale Pterygoid process
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Mandibular fossa
Vomer
Styloid process
External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone
Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Foramen spinosum
Skull Bones, inferior view
Figure 7.7a 77
Other Bones of the Face
Vomer: forms the inferior part of the nasal septum and is an unpaired bone
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Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
Skull Bones, anterior view
Figure 7.6a 79
Special Parts of the Skull
Orbits Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses
80
Nasal septum
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Vomer bone Septal cartilage
81
Vomer
Crista galli Cribriform plate
Ethmoid bone Frontal sinus
Nasal bone
Septal cartilage
Alveolar margin of maxilla
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Sella turcica
Sphenoid sinus
Palatine bone
Palatine process of maxilla
(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
Hard palate
Nasal Septum
Figure 7.14b 82
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled sinuses are located within Frontal bone Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Maxillary bones
Lined with mucous membrane
83
Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 7.15a, b
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus)
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
(b) Medial aspect 84
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Orbit walls
Roof Lateral wall Medial wall Floor
85
Orbit walls formed by parts of seven bones
Frontal Sphenoid Zygomatic Maxillary Palatine Lacrimal Ethmoid
86
Orbits
87
Orbit
88
Orbit wall openings
Superior orbital fissures Inferior orbital fissures Optic canals
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Parietal bone
Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
(a) Anterior view of skull
Mental protuberance
Frontal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha Vomer
Optic canal
Perpendicular plate Ethmoid bone
Skull Bones, anterior view
Figure 7.6a 90
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Figure 7.17
The Hyoid Bone Associated with skull
but not directly in contact with any other bone
Lies inferior to the mandible in anterior neck
The only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone
Acts as a movable base for the tongue
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
91
The Vertebral Column
Formed from 26 bones in the adult Transmits weight of trunk to the lower
limbs Surrounds and protects the spinal cord Serves as attachment sites for muscles
of the neck and back
92
Five Major Regions of Vertebral Column
7 cervical vertebrae of the neck region 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 1 sacrum (5 fused bones = 1 bone) 1 coccyxinferior to sacrum
93
Normal Curvatures of Vertebral Columns
Cervical and lumbar curvatures: concave posteriorly
Thoracic and sacral curvatures: convex posteriority
94
The Vertebral Column
Figure 7.18
Cervical curvature (concave)
7 vertebrae, C1 C7
Thoracic curvature
(convex) 12 vertebrae,
T1 T12
Lumbar curvature (concave)
5 vertebrae, L1 L5
Sacral curvature
(convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum
Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view Right lateral view
C1
T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12
L 1 2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5 6 7
Spinous process Transverse processes
Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen
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Ligaments which Stabilize The Vertebral Column
Anterior longitudinal ligaments: wide and attach strongly to both boney vertebrae and intervertebral discs and prevents hyperextension of back
Posterior longitudinal ligaments: narrow, relatively weak, and attaches only to intervertebral discs and prevents hyperflexion of back
Ligamentum flavum: contains elastic connective tissue and connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae
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Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Body of a vertebra
Intervertebral disc
(b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column
Ligaments of the Spine Supraspinous ligament
Intervertebral disc
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Intervertebral foramen Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus
Sectioned body of vertebra
Transverse process
Sectioned spinous process
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Inferior articular process
(a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments
Figure 7.19a, b 97
Intervertebral Discs: cushion-like pads between vertebrae
Nucleus pulposus
Gelatinous inner sphere Absorbs compressive stresses
Anulus fibrosus Outer rings formed of ligament Inner rings formed of fibrocartilage These rings function to contain the nucleus
pulposus 98
Intervertebral Discs of Spine Herniated Intervertebral Disc
Figure 7.19c, d
Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra)
Spinal nerve root
Anulus fibrosus of disc
Herniated portion of disc
Nucleus pulposus of disc
Spinal cord
(c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc
Transverse process
(d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing normal and herniated discs
Nucleus pulposus of intact disc
Herniated nucleus pulposus
99
General Structure of Vertebrae
PLAY Spine (horizontal)
Figure 7.20
Posterior
Anterior
Lamina
Superior articular process and facet
Transverse process
Pedicle
Spinous process
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Body (centrum)
100
Common Structures of Vertebrae Body Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Spinous process Transverse process Superior and inferior articular processes Intervertebral foramena: between every pair
of vertebrae are two apertures (openings) which allow for the passage of the spinal nerve root, dorsal root ganglion
101
Vertebral Region Characteristics Specific regions of the spine perform
specific functions Types of movement that may occur
between vertebrae Flexion and extension Lateral flexion Rotation in the long axis
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Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Body of a vertebra
Intervertebral disc
(b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column
Ligaments of the Spine Supraspinous ligament
Intervertebral disc
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Intervertebral foramen Posterior longitudinal ligament
Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus
Sectioned body of vertebra
Transverse process
Sectioned spinous process
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament
Inferior articular process
(a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments
Figure 7.19a, b 103
Cervical Vertebrae
Seven cervical vertebrae (C1 C7) are the lightest vertebrae in the spine
104
Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3
Bifid spinous process Transverse processes
C7 (vertebra prominens)
(a) Cervical vertebrae
Inferior articular process
Cervical Vertebrae
Figure 7.22a 105
Cervical Vertebrae
Table 7.2a 106
The Atlas, C1
C1 is termed the atlas Lacks a body and spinous process Supports the skull
Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles
Allows flexion and extension of neck Nodding the head yes
107
The Atlas C1, superior view
Figure 7.21a
Anterior arch
Superior articular facet
Transverse foramen
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle
Anterior tubercle
Posterior
Lateral masses
(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)
C1
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Lambdoid suture Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital protuberance
Sutural bone
Inferior nuchal line
Occipital condyle
External occipital crest Occipitomastoid suture
Parietal bone
Sagittal suture Occipital condyles at base of skull
Figure 7.5 109
Maxilla (palatine process)
Hard palate
Zygomatic bone
Incisive fossa
Median palatine suture Intermaxillary suture
Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing)
Foramen ovale Pterygoid process
Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line
Temporal bone (zygomatic process)
Mandibular fossa
Vomer
Styloid process
External occipital crest External occipital protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone
Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Foramen spinosum
Inferior Aspect of the Skull
Figure 7.7a 110
The Atlas C1, Inferior View
Figure 7.21b
Facet for dens
Transverse process Lateral
masses
Transverse foramen
Posterior arch
Posterior tubercle Posterior
Anterior tubercle
Anterior arch
(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Inferior articular facet
C1
111
The Axis, C2 Has a body and a spinous process Dens (odontoid process tooth) is a
knoblike structure which projects superiorly from the body of axis (C2) and is cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas
112
The Axis, C2 Dens acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas
and skull Dens participates in rotating the head from
side to side The name axis for the 2nd cervical vertebral
body is appropriate since its dens allows the head to rotate on the necks axis.
113
The Axis
Figure 7.21c
C2 Posterior
Dens (c) Superior view of axis (C2)
Inferior articular process
Body
Superior articular facet Transverse process
Pedicle
Lamina Spinous process
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Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3
Bifid spinous process Transverse processes
C7 (vertebra prominens)
(a) Cervical vertebrae
Inferior articular process
Cervical Vertebrae
Figure 7.22a 115
Cervical Vertebrae C3 C7 Body: small and wide laterally (side to side) Spinous process: short and bifid (except C7) and
project posteriorally Vertebral foramen: triangular and large Transverse processes contain foramina Superior facets directed superposteriorly Inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly Spine region with the greatest range of motion
with the following movement allowed: flexion & extension, lateral flexion, rotation
116
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Superior View
117
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Right Lateral View
118
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae
119
Thoracic vertebrae
120
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Thoracic Vertebrae All articulate with ribs Body: larger than cervical bodies and heart-
shaped from superior view Spinous processes are long and point
inferiorly Vertebral foramen are circular
121
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Superior View
122
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Right Lateral View
123
Costal Facets of Thoracic Vertebrae which interface with ribs
Inferior costal facet for head of rib Superior costal facet for head of rib Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib (except
for T11 T12) Each of these above three facets are present on
both sides of vertebrae, so each vertebrae has a total of six facets which interface with ribs
Usually, the head of a rib is attached to the bodies of two vertebrae, the inferior costal facet of the superior vertebra and the superior costal facet of the inferior vertebra
124
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Right Lateral View
125
Ribs
Figure 7.25a, b
Junction with costal cartilage
Shaft Head Neck Articular facet on tubercle
Costal angle Costal groove
Facets for articulation with vertebrae
(a) A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view
Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Superior costal facet
(for head of rib) Body of vertebra Head of rib
Intervertebral disc
Tubercle of rib Neck of rib
Shaft Sternum
Angle of rib
Cross- section of rib Costal groove
(b) Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib Costal cartilage 126
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Spinous process Articular facet on tubercle of rib
Shaft
Ligaments
Neck of rib
Head of rib Body of thoracic vertebra
Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib)
Superior costal facet (for head of rib)
(c) Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a thoracic vertebra
Ribs
Figure 7.25c 127
Connections between Thoracic Vertebral Bodies
Laterally each side of the vertebral body bears two facets (demifacets), one at the superior edge and one at the inferior edge
These demifacets interface with vertebral bodies above and below
Superior articular facets point posteriorly Inferior articular processes point anteriorly Allows rotation and limits flexion and
extension 128
Thoracic vertebrae
129
Thoracic Vertebrae
Table 7.2b 130
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Superior View
131
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Right Lateral View
132
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The Thoracic Cage Forms the framework of the chest Components
Thoracic vertebraeposteriorly Ribslaterally Sternum and costal cartilageanteriorly
Protects thoracic organs Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Provides attachment sites for muscles
133
Intercostal spaces
True ribs (17
False ribs (812)
Jugular notch Clavicular notch
Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process
L1 Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Sternum
Costal cartilage Costal margin
The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.24a 134
The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.24b
Xiphisternal Xiphisternal joint
Heart
Sternal angle
Jugular notch
(b) Midsagittal section through the thorax, showing the relationship of surface anatomical landmarks of the thorax to the vertebral column
T2
T4
T3
T9
135
Sternum Formed from three sections
Manubriumsuperior section Articulates with medial end of clavicles and
rib 1 Bodybulk of sternum
Sides are notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 27
Xiphoid processinferior end of sternum Ossifies around age 40
136
Intercostal spaces
True ribs (17
False ribs (812)
Jugular notch Clavicular notch
Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process
L1 Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Sternum
Costal cartilage Costal margin
The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.24a 137
Sternum Anatomical landmarks
Jugular notch Central indentation at superior border of
the manubrium Sternal angle
A horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the body of the sternum
Xiphisternal joint Where sternal body and xiphoid process
fuse Lies at the level of the 9th thoracic
vertebra 138
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Ribs attach to vertebral column posteriorly
Rib pairs 1-7 (vertebrosternal ribs) - superior seven pairs of ribs which attach to sternum by costal cartilage
Rib pairs 8-10, (vertebrochondral ribs) pairs of ribs which attach to the sternum indirectly
Ribs pairs 1112 (floating ribs) are not attached to the sternum
Ribs 8-12 are sometimes called false ribs because they attach to the sternum indirectly (ribs 8-10) or not at all (ribs 11-12)
139
Intercostal spaces
True ribs (17
False ribs (812)
Jugular notch Clavicular notch
Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process
L1 Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Sternum
Costal cartilage Costal margin
The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.24a 140
Superior articular process
Transverse process
Spinous process
Intervertebral disc
Body
Inferior articular process
(c) Lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7.22c 141
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1L5) Bodies are thick and robust Transverse processes are thin and tapered and
nearly perpendicular to spinous process Spinous processes are thick, blunt, and point
posteriorly Vertebral foramina are triangular Superior articular facets face posteromedially or
medially Inferior articular facets face anterolaterally or
laterally Allows flexion and extensionrotation prevented
142
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Superior View
143
Cervical, Thoracic, & Lumbar Vertebrae Right Lateral View
144
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Sacrum (S1S5) Shapes the posterior wall of pelvis Formed from 5 fused vertebrae Superior surface articulates with L5 Inferiorly articulates with coccyx
145
Sacrum (S1S5) Anterior View Sacral promontory: Where the
anterosuperior margin of the first sacral vertebrae bulges into pelvic cavity
Human bodys center of gravity is 1 cm posterior to sacral promontory
Four transverse ridges cross the anterior surface of the sacrum, marking the lines of fusion of sacral vertebrae
sacral spinal nerves pass through the sacral foramina
146
Sacrum
Figure 7.23
Body of first sacral vertebra
Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion)
Coccyx Coccyx
Anterior sacral foramina Apex
Posterior sacral foramina
Median sacral crest
Sacral promontory Sacral canal
Sacral hiatus
Body Facet of superior articular process
Lateral sacral crest
Auricular surface
Ala
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
147
Sacrum (S1S5) Posterior View Facets of superior articular processes On the posterior surface in the midline is the bumpy
median sacral crest which represents the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae
Lateral to the medial sacral crest are the sacral foramina through which sacral spinal nerves pass
Just lateral to these is the lateral sacral crest Ala (wing) are in superior lateral part of sacrum The alae articulate with the hip bones and form the
sacroiliac joints which are sites where the axial skeleton bone (sacrum) interfaces with an appendicular skeleton bone (ileum of coxal)
148
The Axial
Skeleton (in green)
Figure 7.1b (b) Posterior view
Cranium
Clavicle Bones of pectoral girdle
Bones of pelvic girdle
Upper limb
Scapula
Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna
Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur
Lower limb
Tibia Fibula
149
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Figure 8.8a
PLAY Pelvis
Coxal bone (os coxae or hip bone)
llium
Sacroiliac joint
Iliac fossa
Pubis
Ischium
Sacrum
Base of sacrum
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim Acetabulum
Pubic crest Pubic symphysis
Iliac crest
Coccyx
Pubic arch
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Anterior superior iliac spine
Pubic tubercle
(a) Pelvic girdle
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Sacrum
Figure 7.23
Body of first sacral vertebra
Transverse ridges (sites of vertebral fusion)
Coccyx Coccyx
Anterior sacral foramina Apex
Posterior sacral foramina
Median sacral crest
Sacral promontory Sacral canal
Sacral hiatus
Body Facet of superior articular process
Lateral sacral crest
Auricular surface
Ala
(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view
151
Coccyx
Is the tailbone Formed from 35 fused vertebrae Offers only slight support to pelvic
organs Long filament of connective tissue (filum
terminale) attaches to coccyx which helps anchor spinal cord in place
152
Fontanelles Fontanelles are unossified remnants of
membranes present at birth Anterior, posterior, mastoid, and sphenoidal
fontanelles Allows skull to be safely compressed and molded
as infant passes through narrow birth canal A visible arterial pulse may be seen in the
fontanelles and can look like a fountain Fontanelles tend to be replaced by bone by the
end of the 1st year, however, the anterior fontanelle may take 1.5 to 2 years to ossify and close 153
Fontanelles
Figure 7.28a
Occipital bone
Parietal bone
Anterior fontanelle
Frontal suture Frontal bone
Ossification center
(a) Superior view
Posterior fontanelle
154
Fontanelles
Figure 7.28b
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal fontanelle
(b) Lateral view
Posterior fontanelle
Mastoid fontanelle
Parietal bone
Ossification center
Occipital bone
Temporal bone (squamous portion)
155
Skull and face growth
9 months of age: skull adult size 2 years of age: skull adult size 8-9 years: cranium almost adult size 6-13 years: accelerated growth of jaws,
cheekbones, large permanent teeth, nose, and paranasal sinuses
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The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life
Water content of the intervertebral discs decreases with age
By age 55, loss of a few centimeters in height is common
Thorax becomes more rigid as costal cartilage gradually ossifies
Bones lose mass with age
157