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xfjfsf lqmofsnfksf plNnlvt u'0fn] jfo'd08n lgoldt ¿kdfultzLn eO/x]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] If]qsf] t'ngfdftNnf] If]qsf] tfkqmd a9L x'g] x'Fbf jfo'sf] ultzLntf klgtNnf] If]qd} a9L x'G5 . tyflk k[YjLsf] tNnf] ;txdf ePsfljleGg dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgfnufot kxf8 / jghª\unh:tfk|fs[lts ;+/rgfn] jfo'sf] ultzLntfnfO{ clws lgoGq0f ug]{x'Fbf xfjfsf] j]u lgoldt ¿kdf tLj| x'g kfpFb}g . o:t} cj/f]wsfsf/0f jf jfo'd08ndf jfo'sf] sd pkl:ylt ePsf] If]qdf jfo'cf]Ol/g] k|lqmofaf6 jfo' axfj jf x'/Latf;sf] lbzf klg km]l/g]ub{5 .

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klZrd–blIf0f k|zfGt dxf;fu/ -;'dfcf], lkmhL tyfc:6«]lnofsf] pQ/L efu_ .

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;d'b|L cf“wL;d'b|L cfFwL ljgf;sf/L / 8/nfUbf] x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf o;nfO{…lx/]sgÚ elgG5 . o;n] cd]l/sfsf] blIf0fL If]qnfO{ lgs} k|efljtug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;d'b|dflysf] jfo'd08ndf ;fdfGo x'/Lsf] cj:yf


pTkGg ePkl5 o;n] ;d'b|sf] tftf] kfgLdf 7Ss/ lbFbf tfk /zlQm k|fKt ub{5 . o;af6 kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f a9\gfn]] lr;f]afkm x'/Ldf ;dflxt ePkl5 o;n] ;d'b|L cfFwLsf] ¿kwf/0fub{5 . o; cfFwLsf] j]u k|lt3G6f &$ dfOneGbf a9L x'G5 .o;sf] j]un] ;d'b|df 5fn pTkGg u/]/ t6Lo e"–efutkm{ x'TofpF5/ t6Lo aGb/ufx, a;f]af; If]qnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . o:tf] cfFwLn]t6Lo If]qsf] ljzfn e"efudf $–% ld6/;Dd ulx/f] hnfzoklg pTkGg ug{ ;S5 . cd]l/sfsf] 6]S;f; /fHodf * ;]K6]Da/,!()) df cfPsf] o:t} ;d'b|L cfFwLaf6 ^ xhf/ dflg;sf] HofguPsf] lyof] .

;d'b|L cfFwL w]/} zlQmzfnL x'G5 . o;n] cfˆgf] k|efj If]qdf/x]sf ¿v, 3/, lah'nL / 6]lnkmf]gsf vDaf n8fpg], p8fpg] jfx'TofP/ ˆofFlslbg] ub{5 . ;d'b|L cfFwLn] ljZjsf ljleGg efudfjif]{gL lgs} 7"nf] xflg k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sfsf]blIf0fL If]q, rLg ;fu/df cjl:yt rLgsf] k"jL{ tyf blIf0fLt6Lo If]q, hfkfg, lkmlnlkG;, d]lS;sf], ef/t, aª\unfb]z,c:6«]lnofh:tf ;d'b|t6Lo d'n'sdf ;d'b|L cfFwLn] a9L k|efjkfg]{ ub{5 .

;d'b|L cf“wLa]x/L -rqmjft_;d'b|L cfFwL ;d'b|sf] tftf] kfgLdf 7Ss/ vfFbf ToxfFsf] kfgLdf7"nf] ljrng k}bf x'G5 / kfgLsf] 5fn w]/} dfly;Dd p7\b5 .lg/Gt/ pl7/xg] To:tf] kfgLsf 5fndf tfk / zlQm k|fKt u/]sf]cfFwL 7f]lSsFbf o;n] ljgf;sf/L cfFwLa]x/L tyf e'Fj/Lsf] ¿kwf/0fub{5 / jfo' Pp6f uf]nf] rqmsf] ¿k lnP/ a6fl/Fb} cufl8 a9\gyfNb5 . o;k|sf/sf] cfFwLa]x/Ln] ;d'b|sf] 5fn cfk"mdf ;dflxtu/]/ p8fpg] jf ws]Ng] x'Fbf ;d'b|t6Lo If]q 8'Ag] / d';nwf/] jiff{x'g] cj:yf;d]t pTkGg x'G5 . o;sf] k|efjdf k/]sf] If]qsfk|fs[lts tyf dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgf Wj:t x'G5g\ . o:tf] cfFwLa]x/Lsf]ult &$ dfOn k|lt3G6feGbf a9L x'G5 . vf;u/L, tftf] kfgLePsf] ;fu/ jf dxf;fu/af6 pTkGg x'g]x' Fbf e"dWo/]vLopi0fhnjfo'If]qdf cfFwLa]x/L ljgf;sf/L k|s[ltsf] x'g] ub{5 .


x'/Latf;af6 x'g] Iflttyf k|efj

x'/Latf;sf] k|sf/, k|s[lt / ef}uf]lns cj:yfcg';f/ o;af6x'g] Ifltdf cGt/ cfpF5 . ;d'b|L cfFwL tyf cfFwLa]x/L -rqmjft_af6 ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt k'Ug] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf] k|efjIf]qsf 3/, ejg, ;8s, vfg]kfgL, ljB't\ ljt/0f k|0ffnLh:tf;+/rgf eTsg] / ;~rf/;Dks{ ljR5]b x'g], s[life"ld, jghª\ungi6 x'g]h:tf Ifltsf :j¿k b]vf kb{5g\ . k|foM x'/Latf;sf];dod} kg]{ r6Øfªaf6 crfgs cfunfuL eP/ w]/} dflg;n]Hofg u'dfpg] cj:yf;d]t cfpg] ub{5 . o:tf]a]nf p4f/sfo{emg\ hl6n aGb5 / To;sf nflu x'/Latf; yfldg] k|tLIffug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . rqmjftaf6 ljljw k|sf/sfIflt Nofpg] x'/Latf;sf] cGo ¿ksf] t'ngfdf ljs/fnIflt k'Ug] ub{5 .

w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf x'/Latf; rNbf dfgjlgld{t sdhf]/ ;+/rgf,v]taf/L tyf jghª\unsf ¿v, lah'nL tyf 6]lnkmf]gsf vDafcflb n8]/ lsRbf dflg; tyf hgfj/sf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . 3/p8fP/ dfgj ;d'bfo 3/af/ljxLg x'g], u|fdL0fIf]qsf ljBfnoelTsP/ lzIffh{g ug{af6 jl~rt x'g'kg]{, c:ktfn eTs]/ /f]uLn]:jf:Yo;]jf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg]h:tf cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . o;/Lx'/Latf; / cfFwLa]x/Laf6 ljZjdf k|To]s jif{ nfvf}F dflg;n]Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] 5 eg] caf}F ?k}ofFsf] xflg a]xf]g'{ kl//x]sf]5 .

g]kfndf r6\Øfªsf] df/df k/]/ x'/Latf;af6 eGbf klg clwsdflg;sf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . t/ oL k|sf]kdWo] cfly{s Iflt /;fdflhs kl/j]zdf b"/ufdL c;/sf b[li6n] x'/Latf; g} ;a}eGbf


cu|kª\lQmdf /x]sf] 5 .

ljZjsf cf“wLa]x/Lsf k|d'v 36gf / IfltljZjJofkL¿kdf t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] cd]l/sf k|r08 cfFwLa]x/Lcfpg] k|d'v If]qdf kb{5 . cd]l/sfsf] n'l;ofgf k|fGtdf ;g\!(%& df cfPsf] cfFwLa]x/Ln] 7"nf7"nf ¿v, ;dflw:tDe,cfjf;Lo ejgnfO{ #@ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f;Dd x'TofPsf] lyof]eg] %%) dflg; d/]sf lyP . To:t} ;g\ !(&) df 6]S;f;dfcfPsf] cfFwLa]x/Ln] lgs} 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . of]cfFwLa]x/L olt zlQmzfnL lyof] ls !! 6g tf}n ePsf]a]ngfsf/ 7f]; j:t'nfO{ ;d]t !%)) ld6/ k/;Dd x'TofOlbPsf]lyof] . cd]l/sfd} ;g\ !(&@ df cfPsf] cfFwLa]x/Laf6 $ ;odflg; d/]sf lyP eg] Ps nfv ^) xhf/ kl/jf/ 3/af/ljxLgePsf lyP . To:t}, ;g\ !((^ df cfPsf] cfFwLaf6 #! hgfsf]Hofg uPsf] lyof] eg] caf}F 8n/sf] cfly{s Iflt x'g k'u]sf]lyof] . cd]l/sfdf jif{el/ cfpg] sl/a % ;o cfFwLa]x/Lsf36gfdf ;oj6f clt ljgf;sf/L x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

t'ngfTds¿kdf cd]l/sfdf cfFwLa]x/L a9L cfP klg o;sf]k|sf]kaf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v / ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf g} a9L dfgjLoIflt x'g ] ub{5 . sdhf]/ dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgf, df };deljiojf0fLsf] cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] cefj, oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf,;~rf/;]jf ck|fKo, ul/aL / clzIffsf] cj:yfn] x'/Latf; tyfcfFwLa]x/Lsf sf/0f t];|f] d'n's t'ngfTds¿kdf hgwgsf]Iflt cTolws a]xf]g{ afWo 5g\ . ljsl;t d'n'sdf df};deljiojf0fLsf] cfw'lgs Joj:yf, ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿sf] plrtJoj:yf tyf cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; eO;s]sf sf/0f cGoIfltsf] t'ngfdf dfgjLo Iflt Hofb} yf]/} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .;g\ !((@ df cfFwLa]x/Laf6 @% s/f]8 8n/a/fa/sf] IfltePsf] cd]l/sfdf dfgjLo Iflt eg] t'ngfTds lx;fan] cToGtGo"g x'g'nfO{ o;sf] pbxf/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .

jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'sdf df};dsf] eljiojf0fL


ug{] ul/G5 . t/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;~rf/;'ljwfsf] cefj, clzIff, r]tgf, oftfoft / ljsf;sf cGok"jf{wf/sf] cefj x'gfn] tL d'n'ssf u|fdL0f afl;Gbfn] df};dsf]eljiojf0fLaf6 vf;} nfe lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ctM df};dsf];Defljt :j¿k / To;af6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ckgfpg'kg]{pkfosf af/]df ;dod} ;';"lrt x'gaf6 jl~rt u|fdL0f If]q,vf;u/L b'u{d If]qsf dflg;n] cTolws hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug''{kl//x]sf] 5 .

cd]l/sfdf x'/Latf;sf] eljiojf0fLcd]l/sfdf cfFwLa]x/Lsf] eljiojf0fL ToxfFsf] …g];gn x'l/Sofg;]G6/Ú (NHC) n] ub{5 . blIf0ft6Lo ˆnf]l/8f /fHodf /fli6«ohnjfo' ;]jfsf] zfvfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt To; s]Gb|n] blIf0fLP6nflG6s ;fu/,Sof/]laog ;fu/,d ] lS;sf ] vf8Ltyf k"jL{ k|zfGtd x f ; f u / s f ]jfo'sf] ultljlwsf];"Id cWoogaf6p k n A wt Y o f ª \ s s fcfwf/df eljiodf cfpg;Sg] cfFwLa]x/L tyf x'/Latf;sf]eljiojf0fL ub{5 . ;f] s]Gb|n] cfFwLa]x/Lsf ultljlwnfO{ sDKo'6/df]8]naf6 ljZn]if0f u/]/ eljiojf0fL ug]{x'Fbf lgs} e/kbf]{ kfOPsf]5 . o;/L k|efjsf/L k"j{;"rgf k|fKt xF'bf To;af6 k|efljtx'g;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ If]qsf afl;Gbfn] ;'/lIft x'g] cj;/ k|fKtul//x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf x'/Latf;sf] ;d:ofg]kfnsf] e"agf}6 ;d'b|;Fu g5f]OPsf], cyf{t\ of] e"kl/j]li7td'n's ePsfn] oxfF dxfljgf;sf/L k|s[ltsf cfFwL / ;d'b|L

dfgjLo Ifltsf b[li6n] ljZjsf k|d'v cf“wLa]x/L;g\ b]z d[To' ;ª\Vof

!(@# hfkfg @%),)))!(&) aª\unfb]z #)),)))!(&^ aª\unfb]z !)),)))!(&& ef/t %),)))!(*% aª\unfb]z !!,)))!((( ef/t !!,)))


cfFwLa]x/L jf rqmjft cfpg] ;Defjgf 5}g . tyflk, aª\ufnsf]vf8L / c/a ;fu/af6 l;lh{t ;d'b|L cfFwL ;fdfGo x'g]qmdsf]cj:yfdf cfOk'u]/ / t/fO{ If]qdf x'/Latf;sf] ¿kwf/0f ub{5 .klZrd g]kfnsf h'Dnf, x'Dnf, dgfª, d':tfª cflb kxf8LlhNnf;lxt cGo e]udf :yfgLo x'/Latf; lgoldt ¿kdfrNg] ub{5 .

g]kfndf r}tb]lv c;f/–;fpg;Dd x'/Latf; rNg] ub{5 . df};dLkmnk"mn cfFk, lnrL, ;'Gtnf cflbsf] km"n k'mNg] / lrlrnf nfUg]o; df};ddf cfpg] x'/Latf;n] kmnk"mn pTkfbgdf k|lts"nk|efj kfb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm vf;u/L t/fO{ / u|fdL0fIf]qsfsdhf]/ 3/, uf]7 / ljsf;sf ;+/rgf eTsfpg] / dfgjLoIflt;d]t k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf t/fO{ If]qdf o; df};ddf rNg] x'/Latf;n] sRrLk'm;sf 3/, uf]7, lah'nL jf 6]lnkmf]gsf sdhf]/ vDaf eTsfpFbfjf n8fpFbf dflg;/ 3/kfn 'jfhgfj/;d]t dg] {tyf ;~rf/ /ljB't\ ;]jf aGbx'g] u/]sf 5g\ .af6f]df ePsf ¿vn8 ]/ klgoftfoft cj?4x 'g ] / obfsbfofqfdf /x ]sfdf lg;n ] Hofgu'dfpg'kg]{ cj:yfcfpg ] ub {5 .x'/Latf;sf] df};d;'Vvfofddf kg] {

g]kfndf x'/Latf;af6 Iflt;fn Iflt

;g\ d[To' ;ª\Vof Wj:t 3/;ª\Vof cfly{s Iflt -?=_

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;|f]tM g]kfn ;/sf/, u[xdGqfno .


ePsf sf/0f o;n] cfuf] p8fP/ 3/ / hª\undf ;d]t cfunfuLx'g] ;Defjgf w]/} a9\b5 . x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf x'g] cfunfuLn]l;ª\u} ufpF g} ;vfk kf/]sf 36gf klg xfdLsxfF w]/} kfOG5g\ .o; cj:yfdf x'g] cfunfuL lgoGq0f ug{ jf?0foGq tyfclUg;dgssf cGo pkfo k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf hgwgsf]Iflt klg w]/} x'G5 . x'g t cfunfuL x'/Latf;s} sf/0fn] dfqx'Fb}g, dfgjLo c;fjwfgL / cGo sf/0faf6 ;fdfGo cj:yfdfklg cfunfuL x'G5, t/ x'/Latf;;Fu} nfu]sf] cfunfuL a9Lk|nosf/L / ljgf;sf/L x'G5 . x'/Latf; rNbf lah'nL rDsg],r6Øfª kg]{, ljB't\ ljt/0fk|0ffnLdf cj/f]w l;h{gf eP/ pTkGgcfunfuL lj:tfl/t x'g] ;Defjgf a9\b5 . o;/L g]kfndf k|To]sjif{ x'/Latf; / cfunfuLsf sf/0f lgs} 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt x'g]u/]sf] 5 .

x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg] pkfo• x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]k x'g] :yfgdf To;nfO{ 5]Sg] lsl;dsf

af“; jf alnof] sf08 eO{ h/f hldgleq;Dd hfg]] hftsf¿v /f]k]/ x'sf{pg] .

• 3/jl/kl/sf cUnf, sdhf]/ / x'/Latf;af6 n8\g;Sg] ¿vsf “65f “6 ug]{, cyjf x6fpg] .

• sdhf]/ 3/ jf uf]7sf] dd{t;Def/ ug]{ .• cfuf]sf] k|of]u ;fjwfgL; “u ug]{, x'/Latf; nfu]sf] ;dodf

cfuf]sf] k|of]u gug]{ .• x'/Latf; rNbf n8\g;Sg] sdhf]/ ;+/rgf5]p5fp ga:g]

/ 3/aflx/ glg:sg] .


cl;gfg]kfndf cl;gf sflQs–dª\l;/b]lv g} ;'? eP/ r}t–j}zfvlt/a9L kg]{ ub{5 . jfo'd08nsf] ;fdfGo ultzLntfsf] lgodcg';f/tNnf] ;txsf] jfo' sd tfkqmd ePsf] dflyNnf] ;txlt/ hfG5 .hlt prfOtkm{ uof], jfo'sf] tfkqmd ToxL cg'kftdf 36\g] x'Fbfdflylt/ hfg]qmddf hnjfiko'Qm jfo'sf c0f' lr;f]n] ubf{ la:tf/}hDg yfNb5g\ / a/km aGb5 . a/km ag]sf] jfo'sf] 3gTj a9Lx'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] tnlt/ emg{ yfNb5 . o;/L emg]{qmddfjfo'd08ndf a/km ag]/ /x]sf] hnjfik Pscfk;df h]lnFb}hfG5 / uf]nf] l9Ssf aGb5 . jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] ;txdfx'/Latf; klg rNg] ePsfn] a/kmsf l9SsfnfO{ xfjfn] ws]N5 .xfjfsf] ultzLntf, 3gTjsf] rfk / u'?Tjfsif{0fn] ubf{ Tof]emg\ j]ujfg\ eP/ tnlt/ emb{5 . cl;gfsf] cfsf/ slxn]sfxLFlgs} 7"nf] x'g] ub{5 eg] w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf a8\sf}nfh:tf ;fgfcl;gf kg]{ ub{5 . cl;gf aGg] prfO / w/ftnLo tfkqmd;Fusf]leGgtfsf cfwf/df cl;gfsf] cfsf/ klg k/s x'g] ub{5 .w/ftnLo tfkqmd / cl;gf ag]sf] :yfgsf] tfkqmddf vf;}cGt/ 5}g eg] dflyaf6 emg]{qmddf cl;gf kUnFb}g / 7"n}x'G5 . t/, To:tf] tfkqmddf lgs} cGt/ cfPsf] 5 eg] w/ftndfcfOk'Ubf cl;gf klUn;s]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08nsf] a9L prfOdfag]sf] cl;gf tn emg]{qmddf lxdo'Qm jfo'df a9L h]lng kfpF5,o:tf] cj:yfdf klg tfkqmd cGt/ a9L 5 eg] cl;gf hldg;DdcfOk'Ubf w]/} ;fgf] eO;s]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08df lgs}dfly cl;gfag]sf] 5 / ToxfFsf tfkqmd / k[YjLsf] ;tx;Fu hf]l8Psf]jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmddf a9L cGt/ cfPsf] 5}g eg] w]/} 7"nfcl;gf kb{5g\ . jfo'sf] ultljlwsf] vf; sf/0fn] hnjfiko'Qmjfo' sd tfkqmd /x]sf] jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] If]qdf k'u]/hDb5 . jfo'd08nsf] dflyNnf] ;txeGbf tNnf] ;txsf] tfkqmdclws /xg] eP klg o;/L hnjfik hd]/ ag]sf a/kmsf l9sf


e";txdf cfOk'Ubf klUn ;s]sf x'Fb}gg\ / 7f];¿kdf jif{G5g\eg] To:tf] jif{nfO{ cl;gf–jiff{ elgG5 .

;fgf–7"nf cl;gfn] ds} / cGo afnLsf la?jf gi6 x'G5g\ eg]kmnk"mnsf lrlrnf em/]/ ;vfk x'G5g\ . sflQs–dª\\l;/lt/k/]sf] cl;gfn] g]kfnsf] k|d'v vfBfGg afnL wfg gi6 ug]{ x'FbfTo;sf] k|efjaf6 ef]sd/L tyf clgsfnsf] k|sf]k kg]{ ;Defjgf/xG5 . crfgs kg]{ cl;gfaf6 v]tLkftL t gi6 x'G5 g},rl/r/gdf /x]sf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ / 3/aflx/ ePsf dflg;cl;gfsf] lk6fOaf6 3fOt] x'g] jf Hofg} hfg] cj:yf;DdcfpF5 .

cl;gfaf6 v]tLkftLsf] ;'/Iff ug'{ lgs} sl7g sfo{ xf] . t/x'/Latf; rn]/ cfsfz jiff{ xf]nfh:tf] b]lvPdf cl;gf kg]{;Defjgf /xG5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf cfk"m ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g] /a:t'efpnfO{ klg ;'/lIft :yfgdf cf]t nufpgfn] dfgjLo /3/kfn'jf kz'df x'g] Iflt sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

cl;gfaf6 aRg] pkfo• cfsfz w'lDdP/ x'/Latf; ;lxt jiff{ xf]nfh:tf] b]lvgf;fy

tTsfn ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ hfg] .

• r/Lr/gdf ePsf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{{ ;s];Dd ;'/lIft:yfgtkm{ n}hfg] .

• cl;gf kg{ 5f8]kl5 klg x'/Latf; g/f]lsOsg jf cfsfzgpl3|Osg aflx/ glg:sg] .

• g;{/Ldf ePsf la?jf arfpg drfg agfP/ c:yfoL 5fgf]nufpg] .


r6\ofªr6Øfª kg'{ tyf lah'nL rDsg'klg x '/Latf;, cl;gfh:t }jfo'd08nsf] pRrultzLntfsf]pkh xf] . x'/Latf;sf] df};ddfjf jiff {ofddf jfo'd08ndfljk/Lt lbzfaf6 x'OFlsPsf] jfo'Pscfk;df k |r08 j ]un ]7f ] lsG5 . To;af6 k}bf x'g ]cToGt a9L ef]N6sf] ljB'tLonx/ vf; ky agfP/ hfg]ub{5 . o;/L pTkGg ePsf]ljB'tLo nx/ k[YjLsf] ;txtkm{cfPdf To;n] e]6\bf dflg;,hgfj/, af]6la?jf dg]{ tyf 3/, uf]7, ;'s]sf ¿v, k/fnsf]dfrcflbdf cfunfuL x'g] ub{5 . vf;u/L, r'Rrf] u/]/ 7l8Psfdfr, 3/ / cGo a:t'df r6\Øfªsf] ljB't\ 7f]lSsg] ub{5 .o;af6 3/df k|of]u eO/x]sf On]S6«f]lgs ;fdfg tyf pks/0fklg lau|g ;S5 .

r6\Øfªaf6 x'/Latf;n] eGbf klg clws dfgjLo Iflt x'g]ub{5 . o;af6 g]kfndf ;/b/ @& hgf JolQmsf] jif]{gL d[To'x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfgjLo Ifltsf lx;fan] x'/Latf;af6 ;/b/!) hgf eGbf a9Lsf] d[To' x'g] ub{5 . t/, cGo cfly{s Ifltsflx;fan] eg] x'/Latf; g} a9L ljgf;sf/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

cfsfz u8Øfªu'8'ª ug{ yfn]kl5 r6Øfª kg{ ;S5 . To:tf];dodf ;s];Dd ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g' kb{5 . 3/df k|of]ueO/x]sf On]S6«f]lgs ;fdfg aGb ug'{ kb{5 . 3/df cly{ª ul/Psf]

r6\Øfªaf6 Iflt

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r6\ofªaf6 aRg] pkfo• 3/df pko'Qm lsl;dn] cly{ª ug]{ .• x'/Latf; cfpg] / cfsfz w'lDdP/ u8Øfªu'8'ª ug{ yfn]kl5

tTsfn ;'/lIft :yfgtkm{ hfg] .• r/Lr/gdf ePsf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{ ;s];Dd ;'/lIft

:yfgtkm{ n}hfg] .

Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfopknAw tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfndf x'/Latf;af6 lgs}7"nf] Iflt x'g]u/]sf] kfOG5 . x'/Latf;sf] pTklQ, axfj cj:yf/ ef}uf]lns cjl:yltcg';f/ g]kfn ;ª\s6fled'v If]qdf gkg]{x'Fbf o;af6 x'g]u/]sf] Ifltsf] sf/0f d"ntM dfgjLo c;fjwfgLnfO{g} dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfndf x'/Latf; / r6\Øfªaf6 l;lh{tcfunfuLsf 36gfsf] 5'§} tYofª\s pknAw geP klg cfunfuLsfclwsf+z 36gf o;} df};ddf x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;cy{dfx'/Latf; / cfunfuLaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"g ug{ PsLs[t k|of; ug'{cfjZos x'G5 . w]/}h;f] sf7sf] k|of]u u/L k/fnn] 5fPsfu|fdL0fIf]q 3/–a:tLdf x'/Latf; / cfunfuLaf6 w]/} Iflt x'g]ub{5 . o:tf] Iflt sd ug{ k"j{tof/Lsf sfo{ ug'{ h?/L 5 .x'/Latf;af6 k'Ug] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;fdflhs r]tgf clej[l4ug'{ g} klxnf] / k|efjsf/L pkfo x'g]5 .

hgr]tgf clej[l4


x'/Latf; / cfunfuLsf] k|efj ;x/LIf]qdf kb}{ gkg]{ xf]Og, t/g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]q o;af6 a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .clzIff / ul/aLn] u|:t u|fdL0f hgtfdf k|sf]kaf6 aRg ug'{kg]{k"j{tof/L tyf ;ts{tfsf] 1fg gx'gfn] o;af6 cTolws Ifltx'g] u/]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . ctM o:tf 36gfaf6 ;dfhdf x'g] Ifltsd ug{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{qmddfkm{t\k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf ;dfhnfO{ ;hu agfpg' cfjZos5 eg] cf}krfl/s kf7Øqmddf g} k|sf]ksf] k"j{tof/L / Joj:yfkgljifonfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{tkm{ lzIffljb\x¿sf] Wofg k'Ug' klg cfjZos5 .

;"rgfk|jfx

x'/Latf;, cl;gfjiff{ / r6Øfª jfo'd08nLo ultljlwaf6 l;h{gfeO{ cfpg] k|sf]k ePsfn] /fHon] o:tf] k|sf]k cfpg] ;Defjgfsf]eljiojf0fL ug{ cTofw'lgs pks/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .g]kfndf hnjfo'sf] eljiojf0fL df};d lj1fg ljefun] ub}{cfPsf] 5 . t/, pks/0f / bIftfsf] cefjsf sf/0f ljefun]ug]{ hnjfo' k"jf{g'dfg Tolt k|efjsf/L b]lvFb}g . x'/Latf;cfpg] ;Defjgf ePdf To;sf] ;"rgf ;ª\s6fled'v If]qdftTsfn} k|jfx ug]{ / p4f/ sfo{sf nflu ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{;ts{ u/fpg] bfloTj ;/sf/n] axg u/] w]/}xb;Dd Iflt Go"gug{ ;lsg]5 .

j[If/f]k0f tyf sf“65f“6

au}Frf jf 3/nfO{ 5]Sg]u/L lglZrt b"/Ldf nufOPsf h/fulxl/P/ hfg], em\ofDd km}lng], alnof] sf08 x'g] hftsf afF;,ljleGg hftsf ¿v tyf xf]rf af]6 x'g] s]/fh:tf jg:kltn]x'/Lsf] tLj| ultnfO{ /f]Sg] x'Fbf au}+rf / 3/df x'/Lsf] bafa sdx'G5 . t/ 3/5]p5fp sdnf] sf08 x'g] cUnf hftsf ¿v


nufpg'x'Fb}g . o:tf ¿v xfjfsf] ;fgf] emf]Ssfn] g} 9fNg] x'Fbf;8s, lah'nLsf vDaf ePsf If]qdf klg g/f]Kg' /fd|f] x'G5 .3/glhs jf ;8saf6 k'/fgf, ;'s]/ dlSsPsf jf x'/Latf;n]9fNg] ;Defjgf ePsf ¿v ;dod} x6fpg' / sf “65f “6 ug'{kb{5 .

dd{t;Def/

x'/Latf;k|efljt If]qdf To;sf] k|lt/f]w ug{;Sg] vfnsf 3/lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 . sf7sf jf sRrL 3/ w]/} cUnf] agfpg'x'Fb}g .k'/fgf Pjd\ sdhf]/ 3/nfO{ ;dod} dd{t ug'{ kb{5 . x'/Ln]p8fpg;Sg] 5fgf jf j:t'nfO{ ux|f}F j:t'n] lyr]/ jf alnof]8f]/Ln] afFw]/ x'/Laf6 k'Ug;Sg]] Iflt 36fpg ;lsG5 .

cfunfuLk|lt ;ts{tf

x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf cfunfuL pTkGg x'g] / km}ng] ;Defjgfa9L x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, of] df};d ;'Vvf x'g] x'gfn] cfuf]rfF8f] ;lNsG5 . ;'Vvf / x'/Latf;sf] o; df};ddf ;ts{tfsf;fy cfuf]sf] k|of]u u/L o;sf] sfd ;lsPkl5 /fd|/L lgefpg'kb{5 . x'/Latf; rn]sf] ;dodf cfuf]sf] k|of]u gug]{, r'/f]6–laF8L hyfefjL glkpg]], nfO6/, ;nfO{ / cfuf] pTkGg x'g] j:t's]6fs]6Ln] ge]6\g] 7fpFdf /fVg], 3/jl/kl/af6 3'¥ofg ;kmf ug]{cflb sfo{ cfunfuLaf6 aRg] ;fdfGo pkfo x'g\ . x'/Latf;rn]sf]a]nf r6\Øfªkg]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . ;s];Dd x'/Latf;nfu]sf a]nf 3/af6 aflx/ lg:sg] ug{' x'Fb}g . d§Lt]n, k]6«f]n,Uof;nufot k|HjngzLn kbfy{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVgfn]cfunfuLsf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . ;fy}, cfuf] jf 6'sLafNbf 3/sf] 5fgf], af/, k|HHjngzLn j:t'sf] glhs gafNg'pQd x'G5 .


clUglgoGq0f

slxn]sfxLF cfunfuLaf6 ;ts{ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfunfuLsf] 36gfpTkGg x'g ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/L lgsfo, jf?0foGqnfO{va/ ug]{ / ;fd'bflos ¿kdf pknAw hgzlQm Pjd\ kfgLsf];|f]t k|of]u u/L tTsfn} p4f/ / clUg lgoGq0f sfo{df h'6\g'kb{5 .

gful/s clwsf/ / /fHo

cGo k|sf]kh:t} x'/Latf;, r6Øfª / o;af6 km}ng] cfunfuLaf6g]kfndf jif]{gL hgwgsf] 7"n} Iflt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cfunfuLsfclwsfª\z 36gf t/fO{sf em'k|fem'k|L ePsf a:tLx¿df a9L x'g]/ o;af6 ljkGg ju{ g} a9L k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

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k|sf]kaf6 k|tfl8t ePsf x/]s gful/sdf cfd gful/s;/x


;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . k|sf]k kLl8tnfO{bofsf kfqsf ¿kdf xf]Og, ;xL xs k|bfg ug]{ st{Jo :j¿k/fHon] p4f/, /fxt / ;du| k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ ;~rfngug'{ kb{5 .

pk;+xf/

x'/Latf; lgoldt ¿kdf rNg]] df};dL k|sf]khGo 36gf xf] .jfo'd08nLo k|ltlqmofsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] x'/Latf; /cfFwLa]x/LnfO{ jfojLo k|sf]ksf ¿kdf lnOG5 . g]kfndf vf;u/Lkmfu'gb]lv ;fpg dlxgf;Dd k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dds} t/fO{ e]udfo; k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd /x]sf] x'G5 . o; k|sf]khGo 36gfn] klgd'n'sdf lgs} 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofO/x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ePsftYofª\sn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .

x'/Latf; dflg;sf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/sf] 36gf xf] . To;}n]o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsFb}g . x'/Latf;;Fu} cfpg] cl;gf /r6\ofªaf6 klg Iflt lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf sf/0f k|sf]ksf oL tLg36gfaLr cGt;{DaGw /x]sf]n] oL 36gfaf6 x'g] Ifltsf] ;fdgfug{ dflg;n] ;b}j tof/ x'g' k5{ . cfjZos k"j{tof/L tyfk|sf]kkl5sf ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; g} o;k|sf]kaf6 /fxt kfpg] pkfo x'g ;S5 . To;}n] k|sf]ksf o:tf36gf lsg x'G5g\ / o;af6 Iflt Go"g ug]{ pkfo s] x'G5g\eGg] hfgsf/L lng' h?/L 7flgPsf] 5 . k|sf]kkLl8tsf] ;xof]u/ ltgLx?sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'{klg ;a} ju{sf] bfloTj ePsfn] o;tkm{ ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] ;r]t /xg' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

11. windstromet dks 11

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