11 Roci evaporitice. Mineralogie, sistematica, petrogeneza ... · PDF fileDefinitie - roci...
Transcript of 11 Roci evaporitice. Mineralogie, sistematica, petrogeneza ... · PDF fileDefinitie - roci...
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11 Roci evaporitice. Mineralogie,
sistematica, petrogeneza.
12 Roci silicolitice. Mineralogie, sistematica,
petrogeneza.
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• Definitie
• Mineralogie
• Sistematica si petrogeneza
Roci evaporitice:
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Definitie - roci formate prin precipitare chimica, in urma cresterii concentratiei
in saruri a solutiilor, prin evaporare
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Mineralogie: sulfati, cloruri si … cabonati
Principalele minerale evaporitice din grupele sulfatilor si clorurilor, Tucker (1991)
Minerale evaporitice marine Minerale evaporitice non-marine
halit NaCl halit, gips, anhidrit silvină KCl epsomit MgSO4 ∙7H2O
carnalit KMgCl3 ∙6H2O trona Na2CO3 ∙NaHCO3 ∙2H2O
kainit KMgClSO4 ∙3H2O mirabilit Na2SO4 ∙10H2O
anhidrit CaSO4 tenardit Na2SO4
gips CaSO4 ∙2H2O bloedit Na2SO4∙MgSO4∙4H2O
polihalit K2MgCa2(SO4) ∙2H2O gaylussit Na2CO3∙CaCO3 ∙5H2O
kieserit MgSO4∙H2O glauberit CaSO4 ∙Na2SO4
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Criteriul mineralogic: • Depozite sulfatice (gips şi anhidrit) • Depozite salifere (halit şi săruri delicvescente)
Criteriul structural: • Evaporite laminate, ritmice (lamine alternante de gips-anhidrit sau gips/anhidrit cu nivele de calcit, halit, marne sau substanţă organică); • Evaporite nodulare alcătuite din anhidrit format diagenetic prin înlocuirea gipsului în mediile sabkha; • Evaporite clastice rezultate prin resedimentare sau brecifiere (brecia sării); • Evaporite masive (cele salifere).
Criteriul genetic: • Depozite primare (cele ritmice şi masive); marine si non-marine • Depozite secundare (diagenetice: anhidrite nodulare, gips porfirotopic şi fibros, alabastru, cute enterolitice).
Sistematica evaporitelor: criterii
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Medii depozitionale actuale, marine, costiere si continentale (Kendall 1984; Walker 1992; Warren 1989, in Boggs 2009)
Sistematica si petrogeneza
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Compozitia apei marine comparativ cu cea a apei raurilor (la o salinitate de 120 ppm)
Krauskoph (1979)
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Precipitarea din solutii marine Ordinea precipitarii inversa solubilizarii: 4. Saruri de potasiu 3. Cloruri- Halit 2. Sulfati: Gips, Anhidrit 1. Carbonati
In Reading, (1996)
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Clasificarea evaporitelor marine in functie de compozitia mineralogica
Mineral sau roca?
Boggs (2009)
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Structuri si texturi sedimentare specifice pentru diverse medii depozitionale (dupa Kendall, 1984; Walker, 1992; Schreiber et al., 1976, Warren, 1989, in Boggs, 2009)
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Modele evaporitice
Continental: salt pan
Marin
Costier-sabkha
Marin deschis (self, laguna barata intermitent)
Marin barat (self – abisal)
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Continental si saline costiere. Bazine izolate
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Costier-sabkha
Tucker, (1991)
Secvente tipice pt ciclurile sabkha. Au grosimi de ordinul metrilor si al zecilor de m.
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Marin deschis (self, laguna barata intermitent)
Tucker, (1991)
Model asimetric
Tear-drop – Schmaltz (1969)
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Marin barat (self – abisal)
Tucker, (1991)
Secventa ideala formata intr-un bazin barat initial adanc, cu realimentari periodice, Tucker, (1991)
Tucker, (1991)
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Diageneza
Solubilizare
Recristalizare
Inlocuire
Precipitare in spatiul poros: ciment primar
Hidratare/deshidratare: gips/anhidrit
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Evolutia diagenetica a sulfatilor. Schimbari mineralogice si texturale in timpul ingroparii si a exondarii (Tucker, 1991)
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• Definitie
• Mineralogie
• Sistematica si petrogeneza
Roci silicolitice:
Silicolitele sunt roci constituite din silice autigena de origine biogena sau chimica
Desi detin un procent scazut din volumul depozitelor exogene - 1% - ele au mare importanta deoarece se constituie in entitati petrografice reper putand fi utilizate cu succes pentru corelari litostratigrafice.
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Mineralogie
•Opal – amorf
•Opal CT – criptocristalin (CT=crisobalit-tridimit)
•Cuart microcristalin, macrocristalin, calcedonie
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Silice origine
biogena
(bio)chimica
diatomee radiolari o parte dintre spongieri
Izvoare – sintere Lacuri
fixarea silicei
variatia concentratiei si a pH-lui
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Mineralogia scheletelor diverselor organisme. Cercurile umplute reprezintă minarale comune iar cele albe minerale mai puţin comune. După Lowenstam şi Weiner (1989); Flügel (2004).
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Geometria
depozitului
Criteriul genetic
Depozitionale Postdepozitionale
Silicolite
stratiforme
Organogene:
Chimice:
Mecanice:
(hibride)
Diatomite
Radiolarite
Spongolite
Sintere
Gaize
Tufodiatomit
Tripoli
Jaspuri
Novaculite
Menilite
Silicolite
nodulare
Silexuri
Chaille-uri
Chert nectic
Anastasiu, 1988
Sistematica rocilor silicolitice
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Precipitarea silicei: T si pH
Graph showing the solubility of quartz and amorphous silica in water as a function of temperature. The quartz curve is from Rimstidt (1997) and is based on values determined experimentally by Rimstidt plus values reported in the literature. The amorphous silica curve is drawn from data in Gunnarsson and Arnórsson (2000)
Solubilitatea silicei si a cuartului in functie de pH (in Tucker, 1991)
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Sursa silicei
In Boggs, 2009
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Diageneza- transformarea opalului (in Boggs, 2009)
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Distributia rocilor silicolitice in timp geologic (in Boggs, 2009)