10.gerakan tanah, kegempaan, dan gunungapi
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Transcript of 10.gerakan tanah, kegempaan, dan gunungapi
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10. Gerakan Tanah, Kegempaan, dan Gunungapi (Geodinamik)
Geologi Dasar
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Kerangka Materi
• Gerakan Tanah (Mass Wasting)
• Kegempaan (Earthquakes)
• Gunungapi (Volcanism)
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Gerakan Tanah (Mass Wasting)
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Kerangka Materi
• Gerakan Tanah (Mass Wasting)
• Klasifikasi gerakan tanah
• Faktor pengontrol gerakan tanah
• Tipe-tipe umum gerakan tanah
• Pencegahan gerakan tanah
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Gerakan Tanah (Mass Wasting)
• Proses permukaan• Interaksi antara batuan, udara, dan air merespon
gravitasi dekat permukaan bumi
• Gerakan Tanah (mass wasting)• Pergerakan batuan dasar, reruntuhan batuan, atau
tanah, bergerak ke bawah lereng akibat pengaruh gravitasi.
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Klasifikasi gerakan tanah
Dibagi berdasarkan tiga kriteria:
• Kecepatan pergerakan
• Tipe material
• Tipe pergerakan
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• Kecepatan pergerakan• Tipe material• Tipe pergerakan
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Faktor pengontrol gerakan tanah
Ada tiga faktor yang mengontrol gerakan tanah:
• Gravitasi
• Air
• Mekanisme pemicu
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Gravitasi
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Air
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Mekanisme Pemicu
• Gempa bumi
• Beban di bagian atas lereng
• Pemotongan bagian bawah lereng
• Hujan yang deras
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Tipe-tipe umum gerakan tanah
• Creep (rayapan)
• Flow (aliran)
• Rockfalls and Rockslides (jatuhan dan longsoran)
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Creep• Gerakan yang sangat lambat ke arah bawah
lereng dari soil (tanah).
• Shear force hanya sedikit lebih besar daripada shear strengths.
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Creep pada soil
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Flow (aliran)• Pergerakan massa yang bergerak dari material yang tidak
terkonsolidasi atau terkonsolidasi lemah.
• Terdapat beberapa macam flow:• Earthflow,
• Debris flow
• Mudflow
• Debris avalanche
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Flow (aliran)
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Flow (aliran)
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Flow (aliran)
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Rockfalls and Rockslides (jatuhan dan longsoran)• Rockfall (jatuhan) adalah ketika blok batuan jatuh secara bebas dari tebing.
• Rockslide (longsoran) adalah pergeseran dengan cepat massa batuan sepanjang bidang miring yang lemah, seperti permukaan perlapisan (bedding plane), kekar major batuan, atau permukaan foliasi.
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Rockfall
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Rockslide
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Pencegahan gerakan tanah
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Pencegahan gerakan tanah
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Pencegahan gerakan tanah
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Kegempaan (Earthquakes)
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Kerangka Materi
• Gempa bumi (Earthquakes)
• Penyebab gempa
• Gelombang seismik
• Mencari lokasi dan mengukur besar gempa
• Efek gempa bumi
• Distribusi gempa
• Gempa bumi dan lempeng tektonik
• Prediksi gempa
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Gempa bumi (Earthquakes)
• Goncangan atau getaran permukaan bumi yang disebabkan oleh pelepasan energi yang tersimpan di bawah permukaan bumi secara tiba-tiba.
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Penyebab gempa
• Elastic rebound theory
Penyebab gempa lainnya...
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Penyebab gempa
• Elastic rebound theory
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Gelombang seismik
• Focus (hypocenter)
• Epicenter
• Dua jenis gelombang seismik:• Body waves
• P-wave
• S-wave
• Surface waves• Love wave
• Rayleigh wave
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Gelombang seismik
• P-wave
• S-wave
• Love wave
• Rayleigh wave
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Mencari lokasi dan mengukur besar gempa
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Mencari lokasi dan mengukur besar gempa
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Mencari lokasi dan mengukur besar gempa
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Mencari lokasi dan mengukur besar gempa
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Efek gempa bumi
• Gerakan tanah
• Kebakaran
• Tanah longsor
• Likuifaksi (Liquefaction)
• Tsunami
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Efek gempa bumi
• Gerakan tanah
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Efek gempa bumi
• Gerakan tanah
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Efek gempa bumi
• Kebakaran
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Efek gempa bumi
• Tanah longsor
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Efek gempa bumi
• Likuifaksi (Liquefaction)
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Efek gempa bumi
• Tsunami
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Efek gempa bumi
• Tsunami
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Distribusi gempa
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Gempa bumi dan lempeng tektonik
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Gempa bumi dan lempeng tektonik
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Gempa bumi dan lempeng tektonik
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Prediksi gempa
• Precursors (Monitoring pergerakan kecil)
• Animal behavior
• Paleoseismology
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Gunungapi (Volcanism)
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Kerangka Materi
• Siklus batuan
• Gunungapi (Volcanism)
• Reruntuhan piroklastik dan aliran lava
• Tipe gunungapi
• Tipe erupsi gunungapi
• Distribusi gunungapi
• Bentukan lain
• Prediksi letusan gunungapi
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Siklus batuan dan volkanisme
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Volkanisme
• Volkanisme adalah proses naiknya magma melewati kerak bumi dan keluar di permukaan sebagai aliran lava, dan/atau material piroklastik dan gas.
• Volkano/gunungapi, bentukan alam di permukaan bumi
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Reruntuhan piroklastik dan aliran lava
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Tipe Gunungapi (Volcanoes type)
• Shield Volcanoes
• Cinder Cones
• Composite Volcanoes
• Volcanic Domes
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Tipe Gunungapi (Volcanoes type)
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Tipe Gunungapi (Shield volcano)
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Tipe Gunungapi (Composite volcano)
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Tipe Gunungapi (Cinder cone)
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Tipe Gunungapi (volcanic dome)
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Tipe erupsi gunungapi
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Distribusi gunungapi
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Bentukan lain
• Lava flow• Lava tubes
• Pahoehoe lava
• Aa lava
• Plateau basalt
• Columnar joint
• Pillow lava
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Lava Flow
• Lava Tubes
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Lava Flow
• Pahoehoe lava
• Aa lava
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Lava floods
• Plateau basalts
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Lava floods
• Columnar Structure/Columnar jointing
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Lava floods• Columnar Structure/Columnar jointing
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Lava flow under water
• Pillow Lava
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Prediksi letusan gunungapi
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“You can do anYthing,
but not everYthing.”
~David Allen
Monroe, et.al., 2007
Minggu Depan:Sumber daya alam
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Tugas
• Buat resume kuliah hari ini dalam kertas A4 minimal 2 halaman, maksimal 3 halaman. Tulis tangan, boleh berupa paragraf, boleh berupa mindmap. Dikumpulkan pada pertemuan selanjutnya.