1 Vcb3053 Vbb2063 Hydrology
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8/17/2019 1 Vcb3053 Vbb2063 Hydrology
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UNIVERSITI
TEKNOLOGI
P
ETRONAS
COURSE
DATE
TIME
VBB2O63
/ VCB3O53-
HYDROLOGY
2ND
MAY 2013
(THURSDAY)
9.00 AM
-
12.00 NOON(3
hours)
INSTRUCTIONS
TO
CAN
DI DATES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answer ALL
questions
from
the
Question
Booklet.
Begin
EACH
answer on a new
page
in
the Answer Booklet.
lndicate
clearly
answers that are
cancelled, if
any.
Where applicable, show clearly steps taken
in
arriving
at
the solutions
and
indicate ALL
assumptions.
Do
not open
this
Question
Booklet
until instructed.
.
Note
:
There
are
TEN
(10) pages
in
this
Question
Booklet
including
the cover
page
and
APPENDIX
.
ONE
(f
)
graph papers
will
be
provided
Universiti
Teknologi-
PETRoNAS
I
FINAL EXAMINATION
JANUARY 2013
SEMESTER
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1.
vcB3053A/882063
a.
Discuss hydrological
phenomenon
using
schematic
representation.
[3
marks]
b.
A
river reach had a flood
wave
passing
through it.
At a
given
instant
the
stor,age
of
water in
the
reach
was
estimated as
14.2
ha.m.
Calculate
the
storage in the
reach
after an
interval
of
3
hours if the average
inflow
and
outflow during
the
time
period
are
13.1
m3/s and 9.5 m3/s, respectively.
[3
marks]
c.
TABLE
Ql
shows
rainfall
data at 10 stations of Larut Matang
District.
Calculate
the
average
precipitation
over
the
catchment
area
using
Thiessen's method.
[7
marks]
TABLE
Q1
Gauqe
Stations
Catchment lkm') Rainfall
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
I
10
40
150
190
80
60
50
30
110
40
200
62
97
67
104
85
38
99
60
105
72
ln
March, a
water
reservoir
with
surface
area
of
300
ha
experienced
an
aÍr
temperature
of 22 C,
a relative
humidity of
45%
and a
wind
velocity
of
12 kmlhr
at
1 m above the ground. Estimate the volume of evaporated water
from the
reservoir during
the
month in m3 using Meyer's equation.
Assume
K¡a
as 0.5.
[7
marks]
d.
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2.
vc83053ru882063
a.
Suggest
and
illustrate
a method for the measurement of evapotranspiration.
Provide
a
sketch
of
the apparatus for
the
ease
of
illustration.
[4
marks]
b.
TABLE
Q2b
presents
the mean
monthly temperatures of
Kota Kinabalu,
Malaysia
(060
00'
N, 1160
04' E).
TABLE
Q2b
Month
June
July
Auq
sep Oct
Temoerature l'C)
31.5
32.4
33.4 32.8 32.0
Estimate
the
potential evapotranspiration (PET)
of the
cíty
for
season
June
to October
in
which
rice ís
grown
by using the Blaney-Criddle formula.
[8
marks]
Compare the
typical variation of
the infiltration capacity
for
dry sandy
loam,
dry clay loam
and
wet
clay loam, with
the aid
of a
plot
of
ínfiltration rate
and
time.
[3
marks]
d. An isolated
storm in
a catchment
of
50 ha
produced
rainfall excess
with
a
volume
of 30,000
m3. The average rainfall intensity over
the catchment
is
shown
in TABLE
Q2d.
Calculate
the @-index
for
the
storm.
[5
marks]
TABLE
Q2d
Time
(hr)
0 1 2
3
4
5
6
7
Rainfall
intensity
(mm/hr)
0
5 10
38
25
13
5
0
c.
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3.
vc83053ru882063
a.
What
criteria
should be
adopted
to
,select
a
gauging
site
for discharge
measurement
using
the
area velocity
method?
[2
marks]
b.
Stage-discharge
data
at
a
particular
section
of
a
river
by
stream
gauging
operation
is
given
in TABLE
Q3.
TABLE
Q3
Gauge
Reading
(m)
Discharge
lm'/s)
Gauge Reading
(m)
6.65
6.70
6.77
6.80
6.90
6.91
7.08
15
30
57
39
60
100
150
7.48
7.98
8.30
8.50
9.50
10.10
10.70
180
280
550
970
1900
1600
1200
Develop
a
gauge
discharge
relationship
for this
stream at
this
section
for
use
in estimating
the
discharge
for
a
known
gauge
reading.
Calculate
the
coefficient
of
correlation
of
the
derived relationship.
Use
a
value
of a
=
6.50 m for
the
gauge
reading corresponding to
zero
discharge.
[6
marks]
Estimate
the discharge
corresponding
to
a
gauge
reading of 9.3 m at
this
gauging
section.
[2
marks]
il
4
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vcB3053A/882063
4. a. With
the help of a single
sketch, distinguish
between
i.
confined and
unconfined aquifer,
and
¡i.
artesian well
and
spring.
[2
marks]
b.
A
20
cm diameter
well completely
penetrates
an unconfined
aquifer of
saturated
depth
30
m.
After
a long
period
of
pumping
at
a steady rate
of
21OO
lpm,
the
drawdown in
two
observation
wells
10
and
100
m
from the
pumping
wellwere
found
to
be
7.5
and 0.5 m, respectively. Predict the
i. drawdown at
the
pumping
well,
and
[4
marks]
ii.
distance
from
the
wellwhere
the drawdown
is insignifícant.
[2
marks]
5
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5.
vc83053ru882063
Distinguish between
direct
runoff
and base
flow.
[2
marks]
b. With the help of annual
hydrograph,
show how direct
runoff and base
flow
contribute
to
the flow of
perennial
and intermittent
rivers.
[6
marks]
c.
Describe
a
stepwise
procedure
for
deriving
the
ordinates
of
unit hydrograph
from a flood hydrograph.
[4 marks]
d.
Rainfall
of
magnitude
3.5 and 2.5 cm
occurred
on two
consecutive
4-hr
duration on
a
catchment area
of
30
km2. TABLE
Q5
shows
the hydrograph
at the
outlet
of
the
catchment.
Assuming
a base
flow
of
5 m3/s, estimate the
rainfall
excess and
Ø-index.
[8
marks]
TABLE
Q5
Tíme
(hr)
0
þ 12
18 24
30
36 42 48 54 60
Flow
(m /s)
5
13 26
21
16 12 9
7
5
5
5
6
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vcB3053A/882063
6. a.
Discuss
FOUR
(4)
structural methods of flood control.
[8
marks]
TABLE
Q6
contains the inflow hydrograph of a river reach. At the start
of
the inflow,
the
outflow discharge
is 20
m3/s.
For
the
river
reach,
K
=
12
hr
and
x
=
0.20.
TABLE
Q6
Time
(hr)
0
6
12
18
24
30 36
42
lnflow
(m /s)
20 50 60 55 45 35 27 20
b.
Route the flood
through
the
river
reach
and
generate
the
inflow
and outflow
ii.
Calculate the lag
and
attenuation
of the flood.
-END
OF
PAPER-
using the
Muskingum
method
hydrograph in
a
single
plot.
[10
marks]
[2
marks]
7
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vcB3053ru882063
APPENDIX
I
Qz
:
Q7
+
C1(I¡
-
Aì
+
Cz$z-
Iù
Er:rr^.(ï#)
EL
:
Ku(er,
-
eo)(
+n)
Q:
c,(G -
f
Y:Bx+B
Y: Iog
Q
X:
log
(G
- a)
p:
lN(Lxv)-
cÐ(IÐltlN(#)
-
cx)'l
b:
ÍLY
- þ(>Ðl/N
r
:
f(fiy)
-
(DxxI
Ð]/
ÍN(*)
-
(*)l
t/V(I
I2)-(I
r)ltn'
e*,: 4.584exp[17027t/(237.3
+
t)]
mm of Hg,
where
t
:
temperature in
oC
8
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vc83053ru882063
APPENDIX
II
Monthly
daytime
hours
percentage
Ã
values for selected
crops
Monthly
daytime hours
percentages
Pr
(hours)in
north latitude
toruse
in Blaney-Criddle
formula
Mar
Apr
Jul
Oct
Nov
0
8,50
7.66
8.49
8.21
8.50
8.22
8.50 8.49
8.21
8.50
8.22 8.50
10 8.13 7
-47
8.45
8.37 8.81
8-60
8.8ô
8.71
8.25
8.34
7,91
8.10
15
7.94
7.36
B-43
8.M
8.98
8.80 9.05
8.83
8.28
8.26 7.75
7.88
2D 7.74 7.25
8.41 8.52
9.'t5
9.00
9.25 8.96
8.30
8.18 7.58
7.66
-tE
7.53 7.14
8.39
8.61
9.33 9.23
9.45
9.09 8.32
809
7.40
7_42
30
7.30
7.03
8.38 8.72
9.53
9,49
967
9.22
8.33
7.99
7.19
35
7.05
6.88 8.35 8.83
9.76 9.77
002
9.37 8.36
7.87
6.97
6,86
4A
6-76 6.72
8.33 8.95 10.o2
10.08
10.22
9.54
8.39
7.75
6.72 6.52
Values
of
K
for
selected
crops for
use
in Blaney-Criddle formu{a
1.10
Maize
Cotton
0.65
Dense
Medium
Light
I
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Temperature
ioc)
0
5.0
7.5
r0.0
12.5
15.0
17
-5
20.o
22.6
25.O
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
,
45.0
APPENDIX
III
Saturation
vapor
pressure
of water
Saturation vapor
pressure
a .
(mm
of Hg)
vcB3053A/882063
A
(mnrroC)
o.30
0.45
0.54
o.60
o.71
0.80
0.95
1.05
1.24
1.40
't.61
1.85
2.O7
2.35
2.62
2.95
3.66
4.58
6.54
7.78
9.21
J0.87
12.79
15.00
17.54
20.44
23.76
27.U
31.82
36.68
42.81
48.36
55.32
71.20
10