1 The introduction( 绪论 )2 Rock （岩石）3 Soils formation and soils engineering properties （土的形成和土的工程性质）4 Geological structure （地质构造）5 Groundwater （地下水）6 The analyses of engineering geology problems （工程地质问题分析）7 Engineering investigation( 工程勘察 )

The main topics of engineering geology

Introduction 绪 论

1 the definition of civil engineering geology 土木工程地质的基本概念 2 The position of engineering geology in the civi

l engineering course system( 工程地质在土木学科体系中的位置 )

3 the main substance about engineering geolog

y

( 工程地质学研究的具体内容 ) 4 Demands(requirements) （要求）

The main topics

1 the definition of engineering geology

（工程地质学的基本概念）

(1) Engineering geology is about applying all bra

nches of the geosciences( 地质学 ) to assure

the safety, efficiency, and economy of engine

ering and environ mental projects.

(2) Engineering Geology is devoted to the inve

stigation （勘察） , study and solution of the en

gineering and environmental problems which m

ay arise as the result of the interaction between

geology and the works and activities of man as

well as to the prediction and the development of

measures for prevention or mediation of geolog

ical hazards （地质灾害）

(3) Which are mainly concerned with the

geological problems encountered in civil

engineering. Its main tasks is to investigate and

evaluate the geological engineering problems ,

provide the basic information for the plan ,design

and construction of the civil engineering.

2 The position of engineering geology in the civil engineering course system

( 工程地质在土木专业课程体系中的位置 )

→ Differential and integral

→algebra

→probability and statistics

→ engineering math

→Physics

→Chemical

◈Core course （基础课程）

→ Surveying

→engineering mapping

→civil engineering materials

→surveying and engineering （工程测量）

→engineering geology

◈ Technological core course （专业基础课程）

→soil(rock)mechanics （岩土力学）

→ theoretical mechanics （理论力学）

→ material mechanics （材料力学）

→structure mechanics （结构力学）

→ elastic or plastic mechanics （弹塑性力学）→ hydrolic- mechanics （水力学）

→concrete or laying body structure （砌体结构） →steel structure （钢结构） →road engineering （道路工程） (subgradeand pavement engineering)

→the design of road survey （道路勘测设计）

◈ Specialized course （专业课程）

→bridge engineering （桥梁工程）

→traffic engineering （交通工程 ）

→ foundation engineering （基础工程）

→ construction technology(building…) 施工技术

→ engineering management and budgetestimation

→ engineering bidding rehabilitation (building 、

brigde 、 road…) （工程招投标）

3 the main substance about engineering geology

( 工程地质学研究的具体内容 )

The purpose of studying GE is to provide good geologic

al environment for engineering or to evaluate and forecast

the engineering geological problems that may occurred in

the period of the service time （服务期） of the building. o

n this base, to give the effective engineering prevention m

ethods.

1 ◆ the study about topography and landforms （地形地貌） 2 ◆ the study about the fundamental engineering properties(physical and mechanics) of soils and rock( 岩土性质） 3 ◆ geological structure （地质构造） 4 ◆ hydrogeology( 水文地质：地下水条件 ) ◆ the analyses of engineering geological problems( 工程地质问题分析 ) ◆ the engineering investigation （工程勘察）

Geological environment (geological condition)

4 Demands(requirements) （要求）

1 to master the basic concept about EG

2 to comprehend the main geological problems

occurred in engineering. knowing that how the

problems happened ,how can we prevent it.

3 class discipline

4 finish the homework on time

Chapter 1 The basic information of earth( 地球的基本知识 )

SECTION 1-1 Inner structure of earth

地球的内部结构

This region is thin compared to the other layers in

the Earth.  It varies in thickness from 10km deep to

65km deep.  The crust is made up of lighter rocks

that "float" on top of the mantle. This layer includes

the continents as well as the rock under the oceans. 

we have built many deep mines but NONE have yet

reached the mantle!

The Crust( 地壳 )

软流圈

岩石圈

上地慢

有关岩石圈 (lithosphere)

Structure of the Earth‘s crust and top most layer of the upper mantle （上地慢） . The lithosphere （岩石圈） consists of the oceanic crust, continental crust, and uppermost mantle. Beneath the lithosphereis the asthenosphere （软流圈） . This layer, which is also part of the upper mantle, extends to a depth of about 200 kilometers. Sedimentary deposits are commonly found at the boundaries between the continental and oceanic crust.

This region lies under the crust and is approximately

2900km thick.  The mantle is much denser than the cru

st (which is why the crust floats on top) and has a textu

re much like tar.  The rock in this region is rich in com

pounds made from iron, magnesium, and silicon which

accounts for why it is denser than the crust.

The Mantle （地幔） :

The Core:

This region is divided into two parts.  The outer

part is called the Outer Core.  It is about

2100km thick and made of liquid nickel and

iron.  The inner part is called the Inner Core and

it is the real centre of the Earth.  This part is

about 2800km in diameter and is made of solid

iron and nickel.

SECTION 1-2 Plate Structure Theory

板块构造理论

1 Pacific Plate( 太平洋板块 )

2 North American Plate （北美板块）3 South American Plate （南美板块）4 Eurasian Plate （欧亚板块）5 African Plate （非洲板块） 6 Indo Australian Plate （澳印板块）7 Antarctic Plate （南极州板块）

1 Pacific Plate 2 North American Plate3 South American Plate 4 Eurasian Plate5 African Plate 6 Indo Australian Plate7 Antarctic Plate

板块构造理论

板块的形成（大陆漂移）

德国气象学家阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳（Alfred Wegener）

海底扩张理论

（ Theory of Ocean Floor Spreading ）

海底扩张的证据（沉积物的年龄）

海底扩张的结果（喜马拉雅山的形成）

海沟的形成

岩石循环的概念

SECTION 1-3 :The concept of Geological Action

地质作用的概念

1 What is geological action: mean the actions that make alteration for the composition ， structure, shape of the rock cycle because of the natural dynamics.

Crust movement

Sun

natural dynamics Wind

glacier

gravitation

water

2        The classification of the Geo. Action （地质作用分类）

(1) outer-dynamics geological action( 外动力地质作用 ) dynamic source is from the sun , gravity, attraction force between sun and moon.

▶ Weathering （风化作用） →the Rock is destroyed at the place where it was formed because of the outer dynamics .

▶ Erosion （剥蚀作用） → Rock body 岩体 is separated from its mother rock （母岩） because of the water, wind, glacier.

▶ Carrying( 搬运作用 ) →the process that rock is carried from one place to anther place. Because of…

▶ Sedimentation （沉积作用） → the process in which the carrying materials sink to the bottom of ground when the power of gravity of the materials is bigger than the carrying force.

▶ Rock-formation action （成岩作用） →the process that the materials sunk to ground surface to become hard or solid rock body.

▶ Crust movement （地壳运动） ▶ B: Magmatism (magmatic activities) 岩浆作用 (magmatic intrusion and volcanic eruption)

▶ Earthquake （地震作用）

(2) Inner-dynamics geological action( 内动力地质作用 )

( the dynamics source is from earth

▶ Metamorphism （变质作用）

Because of the high pressure and or temperature, the rock is changed to a new kind of rock, This rock is called metamorphic rock..

Every geological phenomena is the result of geological action. Including: A mineral ,rock, Land shape (mountain, river, plain..) Tectonics