1. Prehistoria
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LA VIDA EN LA PREHISTORIA
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ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DE
LA HUMANIDAD
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• El ser humano actual es una evolución de los primates.
• Los primates, a grandes rasgos, se dividen en:
a) Grandes simios
b) Homínidos. Estos incluyen al ser humano actual
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• Diferencias entre hominidos y simios:
a) Bipedismo y posición erguida (fabricar instrumentos)
b) Pulgar separado de las mano y oponible. (mejor capacidad para
sujetar objetos y elaborar instrumentos)
c) Aumento del tamaño del cerebro y cráneo. (mayor inteligencia)
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• La hominización fue el proceso mediante el cual los homínidos
adquieren sus rasgos propios en un largo proceso evolutivo.
• Causa: cambio climático que obligó a ciertos primates a buscar
comida teniendo que bajar de los árboles.
• Implica a diversos géneros (Ardipithecus, Australopithecus). La
aparición del género Homo marcará el inicio de la Humanidad.
• El proceso comenzó en África.
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EL MODO DE VIDA EN EL
PALEOLÍTICO
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• El Paleolítico abarca desde la aparición del género Homo, hace
4,4 m.a. hasta el descubrimiento de la agricultura y la ganadería
(Neolítico) en el 10.000 a.C. aproximadamente.
• Su economía se basaba en la caza, pesca y recolección.
• De los animales obtenían:
a) Carne
b) Pieles
c) Tendones
d) Cuero
e) Huesos
• Sus instrumentos eran en piedra, madera o hueso.
• El dominio del fuego les permitió obtener luz, calor, protegerse
de los animales salvajes, cocinar y favoreció las relaciones
sociales.
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• La talla en piedra puede ser:
a) Núcleo.
b) Lascas.
c) Láminas.
• El percutor usado (el objeto con el que golpeamos la piedra que
queremos tallar) puede ser:
a) Duro. Otra piedra
b) Blando. Madera, hueso. En este caso requerirá ablandar la
piedra por medio del calor.
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• Vivian de forma nómada, siguiendo por estaciones a los animales
y buscando frutos que recolectar.
• Habitaban en cuevas y chozas.
• Adoraban a las fuerzas de la Naturaleza y tenían animales
totémicos.
• Los primeros enterramientos se dan en el paleolítico medio y
contaban con ajuar funerario.
• Entre sus obras artísticas destacamos:
a) Arte mueble
b) Pinturas rupestres.
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EL MODO DE VIDA EN EL
NEOLÍTICO
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• Abarca un periodo aproximado desde el 10.000 a.C. hasta el 4500
a.C.
• Se pasa de una economía depredadora (caza y recolección) a una
productora (agricultura y ganadería)
• Surge por un cambio climático y un aumento poblacional que es
causa y consecuencia.
• Implicó cambios en los modos de vida, que pasaron a ser
sedentarios.
• Cambios en la economía, la dieta, la organización social, tipos de
vivienda, nuevos útiles.
• Distinta relación entre el ser humano y su entorno.
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• Aparición de la cerámica.
• Útiles pulimentados.
• Especialización del trabajo.
• Culto a la fertilidad.
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EL MODO DE VIDA EN LA
EDAD DE LOS METALES
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MENHIR
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DOLMEN
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CROMLECH
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EL NEOLITICO Y LA EDAD DE
LOS METALES EN LA
PENINSULA IBÉRICA
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• El neolítico llega a la P. Ibérica hacia el 5000 a. C.
• Destaca la cerámica cardial.
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EDAD DEL COBRE: CULTURA DE LOS MILLARES.
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EDAD DEL BRONCEE: CULTURA DEL ARGAR.