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Transcript of 1 Pertemuan 2 PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI Matakuliah: H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER Tahun:...
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Pertemuan 2PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
Matakuliah : H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER
Tahun : 2005
Versi : 1/0
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Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Mengidentifikasikan penggunaan teknologi informasi yang ada saat ini
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Outline Materi
• Informasi pada perusahaan
• Managerial support system
• E-commerce system
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• Interorganizational Systems– e-Business applications
• B2C – link businesses with their end consumers
• B2B – link businesses with other business customers or suppliers
• Electronic data interchange (EDI) systems
APPLICATION AREAS
Informasi pada perusahaan
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APPLICATION AREAS• Intraorganizational Systems
– Enterprise systems – support all or most of the organization
– Managerial support systems – support a specific manager or group of managers
Informasi pada perusahaan
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CRITICAL CONCEPTSBatch Processing versus Online Processing
Batch Processing – group (or batch) of transactions are accumulated, then processed all at one time
Informasi pada perusahaan
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Batch Processing versus Online Processing
Online Processing – each transaction is entered directly into computer when it occurs
CRITICAL CONCEPTS
Informasi pada perusahaan
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• Interactive system – a fully functional online system where computer quickly provides a user response
• In-line system – provides for online data entry, but processing of transactions deferred for batch processing
Batch Processing versus Online Processing
CRITICAL CONCEPTS
Informasi pada perusahaan
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• Functional information systems – information systems framework based on organization’s primary business functions
Functional Information Systems
ExampleBusiness Functions
Production Marketing Accounting Personnel Engineering
CRITICAL CONCEPTS
Informasi pada perusahaan
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• Vertically integrated information system – serves more than one vertical level in an organization or industry
Vertical Integration of Systems
CRITICAL CONCEPTS
Top Management
Long-term trend analysis
Middle Management
Weekly data analysis to track slow-moving items
and productive salespeople
Produce invoices
Capture initial sales data
Example Sales System
Informasi pada perusahaan
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• Distributed systems – mode of delivery where processing power is distributed to multiple sites, which are then tied together via telecommunication lines
– Client-server system – a type of distributed system where processing power is distributed between a central server computer and a number of client computers (usually PCs)
Distributed Systems and Client/Server Systems
CRITICAL CONCEPTS
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Client/Server Systems
• Handles user interface
• Accesses distributed services through a network
Client
• Runs on bigger machine
• Handles data storage for applications …– Databases– Web pages– Groupware
Server Middleware
• Software to support clients and server interaction– Microsoft
Windows 2003 Server
– Novell NetWare– UNIX, Linux
CRITICAL CONCEPTSInformasi pada
perusahaan
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Client/Server Systems• Two-tier configuration
• Three-tier configuration
Client
Server
Client
Application Server
Database Server
CRITICAL CONCEPTS
Informasi pada perusahaan
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• Fat client/thin server – most processing done on client
• Thin client/fat server – most processing done on server
Note:• Web and groupware servers usually thin clients• Database servers usually thin servers
Client/Server Systems
CRITICAL CONCEPTS
Informasi pada perusahaan
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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
• Designed to assist decision makers with unstructured problems
• Usually interactive• Incorporates data and
models• Data often comes from
transaction processing systems or data warehouse
Managerial support system
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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Three major components
Managerial support system
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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
• Specific DSSs – actual DSS applications that directly assist in decision making
• DSS generator – a software package used to build a specific DSS quickly and easily
– Examples: Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1-2-3
DSS generator
DSS model 1
DSS model 2
DSS model 3
used to create
Managerial support system
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• Type of DSS to support a group rather than an individual
• Specialized type of groupware• Attempt to make group meetings more
productive• Now focus on supporting team in all its
endeavors, including “different time, different place” mode – virtual teams
GROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Middle managers spend 35%, and top managers
spend 50-80% of time in meetings!
Managerial support system
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GISs – systems based on manipulation of relationships in space that use geographic data
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
– Early GIS users:
• Natural resource management• Public administration• NASA and the military• Urban planning• Forestry• Map makers
Managerial support system
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Business Adopts Geographic Technologies
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
– Business uses:• Determining site locations• Market analysis and planning• Logistics and routing• Environmental engineering• Geographic pattern analysis
Managerial support system
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• Approaches to representing spatial data:
– Raster-based GISs – rely on dividing space into small, uniform cells (rasters) in a grid
– Vector-based GISs – associate features in the landscape with a point, line, or polygon
– Geodatabase model – uses object-oriented data concepts
What’s Behind Geographic Technologies
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Managerial support system
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• Questions geographic analysis can answer:
– What is adjacent to this feature?
– Which site is the nearest one?
– What is contained within this area?
– Which features does this element cross?
– How many features are within a certain distance of a site?
What’s Behind Geographic Technologies
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Managerial support system
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EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS/BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
Where does EIS data come from?– Filtered and summarized transaction data (internal)– Collected competitive information (internal and external)
EISs – a hands-on tool that focuses, filters, and organizes an executive’s information so he or she can make more effective use of it
Managerial support system
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EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS/BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS
• Executive information system (EIS):– Delivers online current information about business conditions
in aggregate form
– Easily accessible to senior executives and other managers
– Designed to be used without intermediary assistance
– Uses state-of-the-art graphics, communications and data storage methods
Managerial support system
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• Knowledge management (KM):
– Set of practical and action-oriented management practices
– Involves strategies and processes of identifying, creating, capturing, organizing, transferring, and leveraging knowledge to help compete
– Relies on recognizing knowledge held by individuals and the firm
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Managerial support system
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• Knowledge management system (KMS):
– System for managing organizational knowledge
– Technology or vehicle that facilitates the sharing and transferring of knowledge so that valuable knowledge can be reused
– Enable people and organizations to enhance learning, improve performance, and produce long-term competitive advantage
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Managerial support system
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Six areas:• Natural languages• Robotics• Perceptive systems • Genetic programming • Expert systems • Neural networks
AI – the study of how to make computers do things that are currently done better by people
Most relevant for managerial support
Managerial support system
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Expert systems – attempt to capture the expertise of humans in a computer program
EXPERT SYSTEMS
• Knowledge engineer: – A specially trained systems analyst who works closely
with one or more experts in the area of study
– Tries to learn about how experts make decisions
– Loads information (what learned) into module called knowledge base
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EXPERT SYSTEMS
Figure 7.6 Architecture of an Expert System
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EXPERT SYSTEMS
• Approaches:
– Buy a fully developed system created for a specific application
– Develop using a purchased expert system shell (basic framework) and user-friendly special language
– Have knowledge engineers custom build using special-purpose language (such as Prolog or Lisp)
Obtaining an Expert System
Managerial support system
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• Standford University’s MYCIN – to diagnose and prescribe treatment for meningitis and blood diseases
• General Electric’s CATS-1 to diagnose mechanical problems in diesel locomotives• AT&T’s ACE to locate faults in telephone cables• Market Surveillance software – to detect insider trading • FAST software – for credit analysis, used by banking industry• Nestle Food’s developed system to provide employees information on pension
fund status
EXPERT SYSTEMS
Examples of Expert Systems
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Neural networks – attempt to tease out meaningful patterns from vast amounts of data
• Process:1. Program given set of data2. Program analyzed data, works out correlations, selects variables to create
patterns3. Pattern used to predict outcomes, then results compared to known results4. Program changes pattern by adjusting variable weights or variables themselves5. Repeats process over and over to adjust pattern6. When no further adjustment possible, ready to be used to make predictions for
future cases
NEURAL NETWORKS
Managerial support system
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NEURAL NETWORKS
Managerial support system
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VIRTUAL REALITY
Virtual reality – use of a computer-based system to create an environment that seems real to one or more senses of users
• Non-entertainment categories:– Training– Design– Marketing
Managerial support system
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Training U.S. Army to train tank crews
Amoco for training its drivers
Duracell for training factory workers on using new equipment
Design Design of automobiles
Walk-throughs of air conditioning/ furnace units
Marketing Interactive 3-D images of products (used on the Web)
Virtual tours used by real estate companies or resort hotels
VIRTUAL REALITY
Managerial support system
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Training U.S. Army to train tank crews
Amoco for training its drivers
Duracell for training factory workers on using new equipment
Design Design of automobiles
Walk-throughs of air conditioning/ furnace units
Marketing Interactive 3-D images of products (used on the Web)
Virtual tours used by real estate companies or resort hotels
VIRTUAL REALITY
Managerial support system
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VIRTUAL REALITY
(Courtesy of Homestore, Inc. Copyright © 2004 Homestore, Inc.)
Managerial support system
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
Electronic commerce – the electronic transmission of buyer/seller transactions and related information between individuals and businesses or between two or more businesses that are trading partners
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
• Will we see continued growth in e-commerce (Internet) applications?
• Consider Metcalfe’s Law:
The value of a network to each of its members is proportional to the number of other users, expressed as (n2 – n) / 2
– There are increasing returns to be gained as more organizations and people use the Web
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
Commercial History of the Internet
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
• Improvements for online sales or auction bidding
• New channels for customer service• Collection of clickstream metrics and
personal data from Web site users• Acceptance of Web “cookies” stored on
user’s hard drive to enable customization of Web sites
• Web browser improvements with multimedia
Technologies for B2C Applications
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
Technologies for B2B Applications• Most important technological advance for
B2B applications – XML markup language– Now have accepted standards– Can be used for a flexible, low-entry form of EDI
Electronic data interchange (EDI) – proprietary applications for communicating with trading partners based on agreed-upon standards for business document transmission
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIESTechnologies for B2B Applications• EDI Benefits:
– Reduced cycle times for doing business– Cost savings for automated transaction handling
and elimination of paper documents– Improved interfirm coordination and reduced
interfirm coordination costs
• EDI Constraints:– Start-up coordination challenges (EDI standards
agreement and legal issues)– Start-up and ongoing IT costs
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
Technologies for B2B Applications
• Prediction:– Web forms using XML and extranet applications
will continue to grow!
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
• Potential constraint to e-commerce: lack of security for Internet transactions
• Issues:– How to control access to a computer that is
physically networked to the Internet– How to ensure that security of a given
communication is not violated
Technologies for IT Security
E-Commerce System
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E-COMMERCE TECHNOLOGIES
How to control access to a computer that is physically networked to the Internet?
• Use of a firewall – devices that sit between the Internet and an organization’s internal network to block intrusions from unauthorized users and hackers
How to ensure that security of a given communication is not violated?
• Encryption – based on two decoding keys and mathematical principles for factoring a product into its two prime numbers, where one key codes a message and the other decodes it
Technologies for IT Security
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Figure 8.2 E-Commerce Framework
(Adapted from Applegate, Holsapple, et al. 1996; Kalakota and Whinston, 1996)
E-Commerce System
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<< CLOSING>>
• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
• Managerial Support System
• E-Commerce system
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• APPLICATION AREAS• CRITICAL CONCEPTS• MANAGERIAL SUPPORT SYSTEM• E-COMMERCE SYSTEM
PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI