By Cheryl Ngiam/Mohd Adib Ramli Taylors School of Architecture, Building, Design

At the end of this lecture students should be able to : Know and understand the different

documentation types in the various stages of a professional design services

Understand in detail the principles, format, conventions used in a working drawing

Documentation Architectural services Architectural working drawings Objectives Drawing schedule Programming Equipment Format Drawing conventions

Definition: material that provides official information or evidence or that serves as a record

Can be in written, printed, online, digital or analog media

In architecture, mainly in the form of drawings, tender and contract documents

The work of an architect generally involves the following phases: Schematic design Design development Construction documents Bidding & Contract negotiation Construction administration

Develop feasible concept and to present it in a form that the client can accept and understand

Projects function, goals, design expectations, budget, site requirements, exploration of alternative designs, etc.

Usually in a form of concept sketches, either by hand or CAD

Typical documentation developed by the end of this phase:

Site and floor plans Exterior elevations ( not all ) Building sections of critical areas Landscape plan Preliminary construction cost estimate Hand sketches or CAD 3D renderings Most of the works performed by architect

Design is refined into a clear, coordinated set of drawings

Involves C&S and M&E engineers Decide on structure, materials, detailing,

servicing, special requirements, etc. The drawings may or may not include

dimensions and notes Subject to revisions and refinements The drawings become the basis for

submission drawings submitted for local authoritys approval

At earlier stage the drawings usually done by architect but later the draftsmen will add all information required i.e. dimensions, scales, sheet titles, etc.

The set of drawings typically includes: Fully developed site and floor plans Exterior elevations and building sections Reflected ceiling plans, roof plan, details, etc The documentation typically does not contain

as many details, dimensions and notes compared to construction drawings

During this stage, there are two types of submission drawings:

Planning submission to obtain Development Order

Building submission to obtain Building Plan Approval

Planning submission requires a town planner if the size of the land is more than 5 acres and the town planner need to submit Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan ( LCP )

Building Plans Approval need to be submitted to nine authorities namely:

Jabatan Bangunan Jabatan Perancang Jabatan Kejuruteraan BOMBA Tenaga Nasional Berhad Telekom Berhad Jabatan Alam Sekitar ( Department of Environment ),

if necessary Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembetungan/IWK Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, if necessary

Example of a submission drawing

Preparation of documents for tenders or bidding which consist of:

Drawings: working drawings & details Documents instruction to tenderers, form

of tender, preliminaries, preambles and specifications, bills of quantities (BQ), etc.

Every aspect of how a project is to be put together must be included

Contractor(s) will use these documents to determine construction cost

The documents has to be accurate

If changes are required, addendums are simply added to the drawings and documents and submitted for approval

Specifications should be of minimum standard

Example of a construction document

The architect will serve as the manager of the bidding/tender

Contractors will be invited to bid for a project i.e. through a tender notice

The contractors will pick/buy a set of construction documents, study the project to determine the cost of construction and place a bid on the project

Sometimes the project owner will look for the lowest bidder

Lowest bidder does not ensure winning project

Example of a tender notice

Example of the content of a Construction Document

Monitoring the progress of a building during its construction

Questions and problems arise which require architects attention

Architect and other consultants need to ensure that the project is being built according to plan

When a project is complete to the satisfaction of architect and other consultants, CCC (previously CF) will be issued.

Working drawings are prepared for: Approval of a building by authorities

(submission drawings) Contractor to price the work (tender

drawings) Contractor to build a building

(construction drawings) Documenting a building after its

completion (as-built drawings)

Title block main sewer line

notes

owner

architect

project title

drawing title

Scale, drawn by, ref. no. etc.

Drainage surface, underground, sump, etc.

specifications

grid lines & dimensions

setback

sewerage & sanitary

door & window types

floor levels and finishes room name

section lines

You need to understand: Who the drawing is for What the drawing is for i.e.: for a new building,

renovation, built-in cabinets, etc.

the clients not too happy with the way I interpreted the drawings

The needs of the person who will read the drawing to carry out the work excellently

Several things that need to be considered when starting a working drawing: Drawing schedule Programming Equipment Sheet set out Specifications The golden rules

List the different drawings you will need to do

Estimate how long each drawing will take considering what needs to be drawn

Make a time chart as this will indicate if you can finish in the allowable time

Allow time for checking and making necessary ammendments

Allow time for printing and folding the drawings, etc.

Computer drawings Computer software & hardware Means of printing the drawing

Lettering best left until last Try to keep all the text to one side Advisable to use Layout Mode (Paper

Space) to set the drawing in AutoCAD Benefits of using layout view: Multiple drawings with/without similar scale can

be arranged easily on the same sheet Text height can be standardized even when the

scale of drawings are different A better idea of how the printed documents look

like Allow time to test prints

Things that could not be drawn, i.e. coats of paint, specific brand for sanitary fittings go into the specifications

Example of specifications: 110mm thk. brickwall with 20mm plaster to be

painted on bothsides 100mm x 50mm UPVC RWDP Alumn. Frame sliding door to manufs detail 1500mm high ceramic wall tiles all round

internally for kitchen