1 A High-Statistics Neutrino Scattering Experiment Using an On-Axis, Fine-grained Detector in the NuMI Beam Quantitative Study of Low-energy - Nucleus Interactions Indiana University 19 May 2006 Jorge G. Morfn Fermilab MINER A (Main INjector ExpeRiment -A) 2 Neutrinos Are Everywhere! Neutrinos outnumber ordinary matter particles in the Universe (electrons, protons, neutrons) by a huge factor. Depending on their masses they may account for a fraction (few % ?) of the dark matter Neutrinos are important for stellar dynamics: ~ 6.6 cm -2 s -1 stream through the Earth from the sun. Neutrinos also govern Supernovae dynamics, and hence heavy element production. If there is CP Violation in the neutrino sector, then neutrino physics might ultimately be responsible for Baryogenesis. To understand the nature of the Universe in which we live we must understand the properties of the neutrino. 3 What are the Open Questions in Neutrino Physics From the APS Multi-Divisional Study on the Physics of Neutrinos What are the masses of the neutrinos? What is the pattern of mixing among the different types of neutrinos? Are neutrinos their own antiparticles? Do neutrinos violate the symmetry CP? Are there sterile neutrinos? Do neutrinos have unexpected or exotic properties? What can neutrinos tell us about the models of new physics beyond the Standard Model? The answer to almost every one of these questions involves understanding how neutrinos interact with matter! Among the APS study assumptions about the current and future program: determination of the neutrino reaction and production cross sections required for a precise understanding of neutrino-oscillation physics and the neutrino astronomy of astrophysical and cosmological sources. Our broad and exacting program of neutrino physics is built upon precise knowledge of how neutrinos interact with matter. 4 The MINER A Experiment Objectives of the Experiment Bring together the experts from two communities To use a uniquely intense and well-understood beam And a fine-grained, fully-active neutrino detector To collect a large sample of and scattering events To perform a wide variety of physics studies 1) The MINER A Collaboration 2) Beam and Statistics 3) Survey of Physics Topics 4) Description and Performance of the Detector 5) Cost and Schedule 6) Summary 5 Bringing together experts from two communities to study low-energy - Nucleus Physics Red = HEP, Blue = NP, Black = Theorist D. Drakoulakos, P. Stamoulis, G. Tzanakos, M. Zois University of Athens, Athens, Greece D. Casper, J. Dunmore, C. Regis, B. Ziemer University of California, Irvine, California E. Paschos University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany M. Andrews, D. Boehnlein, N. Grossman, D. A. Harris, J. Kilmer, J.G. Morfin, A. Pla-Dalmau, P. Rubinov, P. Shanahan, P. Spentzouris Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois I.Albayrak, M..E. Christy, C.E.Keppel, V. Tvaskis Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia R. Burnstein, O. Kamaev, N. Solomey Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois S.Kulagin Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia I. Niculescu. G..Niculescu James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia W.K. Brooks, A. Bruell, R. Ent, D. Gaskell,, W. Melnitchouk, S. Wood Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia R. Gran University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth Minnesota G. Blazey, M.A.C. Cummings, V. Rykalin Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois D. Buchholtz, H. Schellman Northwestern University, Evanston, IL S. Boyd, S. Dytman, M.-S. K, D. Naples, V. Paolone University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania L. Aliaga, J.L. Bazo, A. Gago, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima, Peru A. Bodek, R. Bradford, H. Budd, J. Chvojka, P. de Babaro, S. Manly, K. McFarland, J. Park, W. Sakumoto, J. Seger, J. Steinman University of Rochester, Rochester, New York R. Gilman, C. Glasshausser, X. Jiang, G. Kumbartzki, R. Ransome, E. Schulte Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey D. Cherdack, H. Gallagher, T. Kafka, W.A. Mann, W. Oliver Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts R. Ochoa, O. Pereyra, J. Solano Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria. Lima, Peru J. Nelson, F.X.Yumiceva William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia 6 HEP/NP Partnership This partnership is truly a two-way street t significant NP participation in MINERvA because of overlap of physics with Jefferson Lab community JLab program (JUPITER) t data for neutrino cross-section modeling t already one dedicated experiment 7 To use a uniquely intense and well-understood beam. The NuMI Beam. 8 The NuMI Beam Configurations. For MINOS, the majority of the running will be in the low-energy (LE) configuration. Post-MINOS: NO A would use the ME beam, MINER A would prefer the ME and HME beam 9 LE-configuration: Events- (E >0.35 GeV) E peak = 3.0 GeV, = 10.2 GeV, rate = 60 K events/ton pot ME-configuration: Events- E peak = 7.0 GeV, = 8.0 GeV, rate = 230 K events/ton pot HE-configuration: Events- E peak = 12.0 GeV, = 14.0 GeV, rate = 525 K events/ton pot To collect a large sample of and scattering events With E-907 at Fermilab to measure particle spectra from the NuMI target, expect to know neutrino flux to 4 - 5%. 10 Why study low-energy scattering physics? Motivation: NP - Compliment Jlab study of the nucleon and nucleus Significant overlap with JLab physics kinematic region and introduces the axial-vector current Four major topics: Nucleon Form Factors - particularly the axial vector FF Duality - transition from resonance to DIS (non-perturbative to perturbative QCD) Parton Distribution Functions - particularly high-x BJ Generalized Parton Distributions - multi-dimensional description of partons within the nucleon 11 MINOS: Neutrino Beam NuMI Off-axis Neutrino Beam We need to improve our understanding of low energy -Nucleus interactions for oscillation experiments! Why study low-energy scattering physics? Motivation: EPP - Neutrino Oscillation Experiment Systematics 101 12 How MINER A Would Help MINOS - How Nuclear Effects enter m 2 Measurement Measurement of m 2 with MINOS Need to understand the relationship between the incoming neutrino energy and the visible energy in the detector Expected from MINER A t Improve understanding of pion and nucleon absorption t Understand intra-nuclear scattering effects t Understand how to extrapolate these effects from one A to another t Improve measurement of pion production cross-sections Understand low- shadowing with neutrinos 13 How MINER A Would Help NO A/T2K Current Accuracy of Low-energy Cross-sections QE = 20% RES DIS COH Fe With MINER A Measurements of QE = 5% RES (CC, NC) DIS COH Fe Total fractional error in the predictions as a function of Near Detector off-axis Angle 14 Further Motivation - Current Data Sample Exclusive Cross-sections at Low E : Quasi-elastic - DISMAL World sample statistics is still fairly miserable! Cross-section important for understanding low-energy atmospheric neutrino oscillation results. Needed for all low energy neutrino monte carlos. Best way to accurately measure the axial-vector form factors S. Zeller - NuInt04 K2K and MiniBooNe Iff MiniBooNe runs 15 n p 0 n n + p p + Typical samples of NC 1- ANL p n + (7 events) n n 0 (7 events) Gargamelle t p p 0 (240 evts) t n n 0 (31 evts) K2K and MiniBooNe t Should produce interesting analysis of single 0 production. Strange Particle Production Gargamelle-PS - 15 events. FNAL - 100 events ZGS - 30 events BNL - 8 events Larger NOMAD sample expected CC Exclusive Cross-sections at Low E : 1-Pion and Strange Particle- DISMAL S. Zeller - NuInt04 16 How about Tot ? Low energy (< 10 GeV) primarily from the 70s and 80s suffering from low statistics and large systematics (mainly from flux measurements). Mainly bubble chamber results --> larger correction for missing neutrals. How well do we model Tot ? D. Naples - NuInt02 17 F 2 / nucleon changes as a function of A. Measured in /e - A not in Good reason to consider nuclear effects are DIFFERENT in - A. t Presence of axial-vector current. SPECULATION: Much stronger shadowing for -A but somewhat weaker EMC effect. t Different nuclear effects for valance and sea --> different shadowing for xF 3 compared to F 2. t Different nuclear effects for d and u quarks. Knowledge of Nuclear Effects with Neutrinos: essentially NON-EXISTENT EMC NMC E139 E665 shadowing EMC effect Fermi motion x sea quark valence quark 18 Nuclear Effects A Difference in Nuclear Effects of Valence and Sea Quarks? Nuclear effects similar in Drell-Yan and DIS for x < 0.1. Then no anti-shadowing in D-Y while anti-shadowing seen in DIS (5-8% effect in NMC). Indication of difference in nuclear effects between valence & sea quarks? This quantified via Nuclear Parton Distribution Functions: K.J. Eskola et al and S. Kumano et al 19 High x Bj parton distributions How well do we know quarks at high-x? Ratio of CTEQ5M (solid) and MRST2001 (dotted) to CTEQ6 for the u and d quarks at Q 2 = 10 GeV 2. The shaded green envelopes demonstrate the range of possible distributions from the CTEQ6 error analysis. Recent high-x measurements indicate conflicting deviations from CTEQ: E-866 u V too high, NuTeV u V & d V too low CTEQ / MINER A working group to investigate high-x Bj region. 20 Indication that the valence quarks not quite right at high-x?? E866 -Drell-Yan Preliminary Results (R. Towell - Hix2004) x beam distribution measures 4u + d as x--> 1. Both MRST and CTEQ overestimate valence distributions as x --> 1 by 15-20%. Possibly related to d/u ratio as x --> 1, but requires full PDF-style fit. Radiative corrections have recently been calculated. (Not yet fully applied) x target x beam 21 NuTeV Compared to CCFR (currently in PDF fits) at High-x Indicates Effect Opposite to E866 V. Radescu - DIS04 nuclear effects? 22 MINER A Scattering Physics Program Quasi-elastic Resonance Production - 1pi Resonance/transition Region - npi resonance to DIS Deep-Inelastic Scattering Coherent Pion Production Strange and Charm Particle Production T, Structure Functions and PDFs t s(x) and c(x) t High-x parton distribution functions Nuclear Effects Generalized Parton Distributions 23 What detector properties do we need to do this physics? Must reconstruct exclusive final states high granularity for charged particle tracking and ID, low momentum thresholds for particle detection such as n p But also must contain electromagnetic showers ( 0, e ) high momentum hadrons ( , p, etc.) from CC need (enough to measure momentum) Nuclear targets for the study of neutrino induced nuclear effects 24 Basic Detector MINERvA proposes to build a low-risk detector with simple, well-understood technology Active core is segmented solid scintillator t Tracking (including low momentum recoil protons) t Particle identification t 3 ns (RMS) per hit timing (track direction, stopped K) Core surrounded by electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters Photon ( 0 ) & hadron energy measurement MINOS Near Detector as muon catcher 25 MINER A Detector Side ECAL Fully Active Target Downstream ECAL Downstream HCAL Nuclear Targets Side HCAL (OD) Veto Wall ID DS HCAL: 30 tons DS ECAL: 15 tons Side HCAL: 116 tons Fully Active Target: 8.3 tons Nuclear Targets: 6.2 tons (40% scint.) Side ECAL Pb: 0.6 tons 26 MINER A Optics 27 Extruded Scintillator and Optics Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular strips. 1.2mm WLS fiber readout in center hole Assemble into planes Absorbers between planes e.g., E- or H-CAL, nuclear targets 28 MINERvA Detector Module A frame with two planes has 304 channels 256 in inner detector 48 in outer detector (two per slot) 4 M-64 PMTs per module OD readout ganged in groups of four planes Lead Sheets for EM calorimetry Outer Detector (OD) Layers of iron/scintillator for hadron calorimetry. 6 Towers Inner Detector (ID) Hexagonal X, U, V planes for 3D tracking 162 in 29 Parts of MINERvA Modules (contd) Calorimeter modules are built by adding absorbers t one 1 steel absorber and one scintillator plane in DS HCAL t two 5/64 Pb absorbers and two scintillators in DS ECAL 30 Complete Detector Side ECAL Fully Active Target Downstream ECAL Downstream HCAL Nuclear Targets Side HCAL (OD) Veto Wall ID Thin modules hang like file folders on a stand Attached together to form completed detector Different absorbers for different detector regions 5.2m 31 MINERvA as Calorimeter Material in Radiation lengths t Relevant for photon and electron analysis t Side & DS Pb has 2mm plates 32 MINERvA as Range Tracker Material Thickness in (dE/dx) min t Relevant for ranging out low energy particles 33 MINERvA with MINOS Near (dE/dx) min inadequate for t Rely on MINOS t For high momentum, analyze by bend in field, p/p~12% MINOS Near Coverage 2m 34 Electronics/DAQ System Data rate is modest t ~1 MByte/spill t but many sources! (~31000 channels) Front-end board based on existing TriP-t ASIC t sample and hold t few ns TDC, 2 range ADC t C-W HV. One board/PMT DAQ and Slow Control t Front-end/computer interface t Distribute trigger and synchronization t Three VME crates + server 35 Performance: Optimization of Tracking in Active Target technique pioneered by D0 upgrade pre-shower detector Excellent tracking resolution w/ triangular extrusion ~3 mm in transverse direction from light sharing t More effective than rectangles (resolution/segmentation) Key resolution parameters: transverse segmentation and light yield longitudinal segmentation for z vertex determination 3.3cm Coordinate residual for different strip widths 4cm width 3cm width (blue and green are different thicknesses) 36 Performance: 0 Energy and Angle Reconstruction 0 s cleanly identified 0 energy resolution: 6%/sqrt(E) 0 angular resolution better than smearing from physics Coherent, resonance events with 0 37 Performance: Particle Identification p Chi2 differences between right and best wrong hypothesis Particle ID by dE/dx in strips and endpoint activity Many dE/dx samples for good discrimination R = 1.5 m - p: =.45 GeV/c, =.51, K =.86, P = 1.2 R =.75 m - p: =.29 GeV/c, =.32, K =.62, P =.93 38 Performance: Energy Containment Fraction of hadronic energy escaping active detector for DIS events Probability that any visible hadronic energy escapes active detector undetected for DIS events 39 Performance: Quasi-elastic n p Reminder: proton tracks from quasi-elastic events are typically short. Want sensitivity to p p ~ MeV Thickness of track proportional to dE/dx in figure below proton and muon tracks are clearly resolved precise determination of vertex and measurement of Q 2 from tracking p nuclear targets active detector ECAL HCAL 40 Performance: 0 Production t two photons clearly resolved (tracked). can find vertex. t some photons shower in ID, some in side ECAL (Pb absorber) region t photon energy resolution is ~6%/sqrt(E) (average) nuclear targets active detector ECAL HCAL 41 Location in NuMI Near Hall MINER A preferred running position is as close as possible to MINOS, using MINOS as high energy muon spectrometer 42 Event Rates 13 Million total CC events in a 4 - year run Assume 16.0x10 20 in LE ME, and sHE NuMI beam configurations in 4 years Fiducial Volume = 3 tons CH, 0.6 t C, 1 t Fe and 1 t Pb Expected CC event samples: 8.6 M events in CH 1.5 M events in C 1.5 M events in Fe 1.5 M events in Pb Main CC Physics Topics (Statistics in CH) Quasi-elastic 0.8 M events Resonance Production 1.6 M total Transition: Resonance to DIS2 M events DIS, Structure Funcs. and high-x PDFs 4.1 M DIS events Coherent Pion Production85 K CC / 37 K NC Strange and Charm Particle Production > 230 K fully reconstructed events Generalized Parton Distributions order 10 K events Nuclear Effects C:1.5 M, Fe: 1.5 M and Pb: 1.5 M 43 MINER A CC Quasi-Elastic Measurements Fully simulated analysis, - realistic detector simulation and reconstruction Average: eff. = 74 % and purity = 77% Expected MiniBooNE and K2K measurements Quasi-elastic ( + n --> + p, around 800 K events) Precision measurement of E ) and d /dQ important for neutrino oscillation studies. t Precision determination of axial vector form factor (F A ), particularly at high Q 2 t Study of proton intra-nuclear scattering and their A-dependence (C, Fe and Pb targets) 44 Coherent Pion Production Fully simulated analysis, - realistic detector simulation and reconstruction Selection criteria reduce the signal by a factor of three - while reducing the background by a factor of signal 0 NN P Z/W Coherent Pion Production ( + A --> / 85 K CC / 37 K NC Precision measurement of for NC and CC channels t Measurement of A-dependence t Comparison with theoretical models 45 Coherent Pion Production MINER A Expected MiniBooNe and K2K measurements Rein-Seghal Paschos- Kartavtsev MINER As nuclear targets allow the first measurement of the A-dependence of coh across a wide A range 46 Recent K2K SciBar Result M. Hasegawa et al. - hep - ex/ Expect 470 CC coherent events according to Rein-Sehgal Find 7.6 50.4 47 Resonance Production - Total Cross-section and d /dQ 2 for the ++ - Errors are statistical only TT Resonance Production (e.g. + N --> / 1600 K total, 1200K 1 ) Precision measurement of and d /dQ for individual channels t Detailed comparison with dynamic models, comparison of electro- & photo production, the resonance-DIS transition region -- duality Study of nuclear effects and their A-dependence e.g. 1 2 3 final states 48 Nuclear Effects Q2 distribution for SciBar detector MiniBooNE From J. Raaf (NOON04) All known nuclear effects taken into account: Pauli suppression, Fermi Motion, Final State Interactions They have not included low- shadowing that is only allowed with axial-vector (Boris Kopeliovich at NuInt04) L c = 2 / (m 2 + Q 2 ) R A (not m 2 ) L c 100 times shorter with m allowing low -low Q 2 shadowing ONLY MEASURABLE VIA NEUTRINO - NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS! MINER A WILL MEASURE THIS ACROSS A WIDE AND Q 2 RANGE WITH C : Fe : Pb Problem has existed for over four years Larger than expected rollover at low Q 2 49 Nuclear Effects Difference between and nuclear effects Sergey Kulagin 50 Strange and Charm Particle Production Existing Strange Particle Production Gargamelle-PS - 15 events. FNAL - 100 events ZGS -30 events BNL - 8 events Larger NOMAD inclusive sample expected Theory: Initial attempts at a predictive phenomenology stalled in the 70s due to lack of constraining data. MINERvA will focus on exclusive channel strange particle production - fully reconstructed events (small fraction of total events) but still. Important for background calculations of nucleon decay experiments With extended running could study single hyperon production to greatly extend form factor analyses New measurements of charm production near threshold which will improve the determination of the charm-quark effective mass. MINER A Exclusive States 400 x earlier samples 3 tons and 4 years S = 0 - K + - K + - + K 0 - K + p - K + p S = 1 - K + p - K 0 p - + K 0n S = 0 - Neutral Current K + K 0 K 0 51 Generalized Parton Distribution Functions Weak Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering n W+W+ p W> 2 GeV, t small, E large - Exclusive reaction First measurement of GPDs with neutrinos Weak DVCS would allow flavor separation of GPDs According to calculation by A. Psaker (ODU), MINER A would accumulate 10,000 weak DVCS events in a 4-year run 52 MINER A Costs FY'06FY'07FY'08FY09 FY10TOTAL MIE R&D Total Costs (in k$) - including contingency, escalation and burdened We are revisiting all costs in detail for baselining R&D only in FY06-07, Mostly Construction Funds in FY08-10 53 Proposed Schedule 2006 Continue R&D with Vertical Slice Test 2007 Multi-plane Tracking Prototype: t Roughly 20% of the full detector t Full EM Pb Calorimeter, no hadron Calorimeter t Tests to be performed Scintillator spacing uniformity Plane uniformity across many planes Planes stacked as close as physics dictates? How to replace PMT Boxes /front end boards 2008 Construction Begins 2009 Cosmic Ray Data and our goal- neutrino events from NuMI 54 Model for Installation Procedure Similar to MINOS Near Detector: t Assemble modules on surface Mostly University Technicians, Fermilab oversight and space. 6 months prototyping 12 months assembly t Install final stand t Bring modules down the shaft using strongback and cart: max load 5.3 tons 2 modules a day for most of detector Physicists commission after each layer installed t Low voltage, coil, and coil power supply installed by Fermilab folks Detector RegionModul es Mass (t)Time (days) Inner Detector Nuclear Targets93.95 Downstream ECAL543 Downstream HCAL55.35 Total28 55 Milestones December Two EOIs for neutrino scattering experiments using the NuMI beam and similar detector concepts presented to the PAC. PAC suggests uniting efforts and preparing proposal. December MINER A proposal presented to PAC. PAC requests more quantitative physics studies and details of MINER As impact on Fermilab. April Proposal addendum containing additional physics studies and report from the Impact Review Committee presented to PAC. Receive Stage I approval. Summer Very Successful R&D Program concentrating on front-end electronics, scintillator extrusions and a vertical slice test January Successful Directors Review of MINER A March Fermilab submits MIE for full funding of MINER A to DOE. June Establish MINER A project at FNAL. Increase R&D funds by 300% Dec Successful CD1/trial CD-2 Directors Review Fy Continue R&D Program FY Construct Tracking Prototype FY Start Construction Summer/Fall Commission Detector in NuMI Near Hall 56 Summary The MINER A experiment brings together the expertise of the HEP and NP communities to study low-energy -A physics. MINER A will accumulate significantly more events in important exclusive channels across a wider E range than currently available as well as a huge sample of DIS events. With excellent knowledge of the beam, will be well-measured. With C, Fe and Pb targets MINER A will undertake a systematic study of nuclear effects in -A interactions, known to be different than well-studied e-A channels. MINER A results will dramatically improve the systematic errors of current and future neutrino oscillation experiments. MINER A has Stage I approval and is an established Fermilab project, with an evolving (Fermilab/DOE) funding scenario, that should be completed in Fall of 2008 with physics data-taking starting end CY2008 or start of CY2009. 57 MINER A Summary Physics Objectives Precision study of - nucleus scattering including cross sections and nuclear effects. t Important for minimizing systematic errors of neutrino oscillation experiments. t Significantly augments studies by the nuclear physics community at Jefferson Lab. Detector t High-granularity, fully-active scintillator strip based design using WLS fibers and MAPMT. Triangular-shaped scintillator strips yield precision through light-sharing. t Installation schedule: months for construction and installation. Location t Installed upstream of the MINOS near detector. Needs neither new beam nor new hall. Status t Stage I approval in April 2004 and successful Directors Review in January, 2005 t Funding mainly via Fermilab (DOE-MIE) with supplements from DOE-University and NSF. t Projected construction & installation schedule: completed Fall of 2008 with physics data- taking at the start of 2009. 58 BACKUP SLIDES 59 How MINER A Helps No A/T2K: Background Predictions Current Accuracy of Cross-sections QE = 20% RES DIS COH Fe With MINER A Measurements of QE = 5% RES (CC, NC) DIS COH Fe Total fractional error in the background predictions as a function of Near Detector off-axis Angle With MINER A measurements of cross sections decrease fractional error on background prediction by a factor of FOUR 60 Experimental Results in Scattering: Nuclear Effects? Bubble Chamber: Ne/D 2 FNAL E-545 CERN BEBC Where is the EMC effect? 61 Nuclear Effects - Formation length Adler, Nusinov, Paschos model (1974) One obvious omission, this model does not include hadron formation length corrections ++ -- L H on L H off MINER A can measure L H off of C, Fe and Pb E = 5 GeV NEUGEN ++ 62 R&D Goals for this summer - Electronics / Vertical Slice Test Phase 1: Testing the TriP Chip Test board being designed by P. Rubinov (PPD/EE); piggy back on D0 work Reads out 16 channels of a MINOS M64 in a spare MINOS PMT box (coming from MINOS CalDet) Questions: 1.Noise and signal when integrating over 10 s. 2.Test self-triggering and external triggering mode for storing charge. 3.Test the dynamic range (2 TriP Channels / PMT channel) 4.Procedure to get timing from the TriP chip. fully active area Phase 2: Test our full system Build a small tracking array in the new muon lab using strips and fibers of the proposed design and the readout system from Phase 1. Use CR and sources. Questions: 1.Light yield does it match our expectations? 2.Spatial resolution via light sharing in a plane 3.Timing 4.Uniformity Early summer Late summer 63 Calorimeters (contd) OD: 4 and 2 steel between radial sampling layers t coil at bottom of the detector provides field in steel OD steel OD strips coil pass- through partial side view, many detector modules coil 64 Extruding Scintillator Process is inline continuous extrusion t improvement over batch processing (MINOS) Tremendous capacity at Lab 5 the 18 tons of MINER A in < 2 months, including startup and shutdown time 65 Extruding Scintillator (contd) Design of the die in order to achieve the desired scintillator profile t collaboration with NIU Mech. E. department (Kostic and Kim) 2x1cm rect. die developed at NIU for Lab 5 simulation of performance (design tool) 66 PMT Boxes Design is similar to MINOS MUX boxes t but no MUX! Mount on detector t minimizes clear fiber length 67 strip occupancy per spill astrophysical scale Front-End Electronics FE Readout Based on existing TriP ASIC t builds on FNAL work. existing submission free. t ADC (dual range) plus few ns resolution timing TriP ASIC provides sample and hold slices t four-sample mode works on bench; this is our default t each time over threshold also recorded in spill 68 Light Yield Critical question: does light yield allow for low quantum efficiency photosensor? Study: use MINOS light MC, normalized to MINOS results, MINER A strips Need roughly 5-7 PEs for reconstruction Must mirror fibers! Fully Active Detector Strips 4m Muon Ranger/Veto Strips Average PE/MIP vs Distance from Edge 10 PE 69 Fiber Processing Mirrors are clearly necessary t Lab 7 vacuum deposition facility (E. Hahn) Fibers (WLS, clear) bundled in connectors t working with DDK to develop an analog to MCP-10x series used in CDF plug upgrade t polishing also most effectively done at FNAL MRI proposal included costs for contracting FNAL effort through Universities