1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced...
-
Upload
reynold-lawson -
Category
Documents
-
view
244 -
download
3
Transcript of 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced...
![Page 1: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
![Page 2: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (葡萄糖 -6-磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.
![Page 3: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
It protects the red blood cells from being oxidized and destroyed.
![Page 4: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
About 5% of the HK population have G6PD deficiency (葡萄糖 -6-磷酸脫氫酶缺乏症/蠶豆症 ).
![Page 5: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
If they are exposed to substances with oxidizing properties, their red blood cells will break down rapidly.
![Page 6: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
How does a mutation in the gene forG6PD cause the enzyme deficiency
![Page 7: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
The chemical Basis of Inheritance
![Page 8: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Chromatin / Chromosomes
![Page 9: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Organism estimated size estimated gene number average gene density chromosome # Homo sapiens (human) 2900 million bases ~30,000 1 gene per 100,000 bases 46
Rattus norvegicus (rat) 2,750 million bases ~30,000 1 gene per 100,000 bases 42
Mus musculus (mouse) 2500 million bases ~30,000 1 gene per 100,000 bases 40
Drosophila melanogaster 180 million bases 13,600 1 gene per 9,000 bases 8 (fruit fly)
Arabidopsis thaliana 125 million bases 25,500 1 gene per 4000 bases 5(plant)
Zea mays (corn) 5000 million bases ~25,000 1 gene per 200,000 bases 10
Oryza sativa (rice) 565 ~25,000 1 gene per 23000 bases 12
Caenorhabditis elegans 97 million bases 19,100 1 gene per 5000 bases 6(roundworm)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 12 million bases 6300 1 gene per 2000 bases 16(yeast)
Escherichia coli 4.7 million bases 3200 1 gene per 1400 bases 1(bacteria)
H. influenzae (bacteria) 1.8 million bases 1700 1 gene per 1000 bases 1
![Page 10: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Chromosome = Protein + DNA
![Page 11: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Indirect Evidence of DNA as genetic material
![Page 12: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Bacteria transforming factor- Griffiths 1928
![Page 13: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
27.2 Genes and heredity
What are genes?
![Page 14: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
gene (基因 )
• a segment of the DNA molecule of a chromosome
chromosome
Genes
DNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
protein
![Page 15: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
gene (基因 )
• basic unit of heredity
chromosome
DNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
protein
Genes
![Page 16: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
• position of a gene on a chromosome
chromosome
gene locus (基因位點 )
27.2 Genes and heredity
Genes
![Page 17: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
• different forms of a genealleles (等位基
因 )
• located at the same gene locus
27.2 Genes and heredity
homologous chromosomes
Genes
![Page 18: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
• the DNA of a gene carries genetic information for making a polypeptide
gene
polypeptide
protein
27.2 Genes and heredity
Genes
![Page 19: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
structural proteins
enzymes
hormones
carrier proteins or
channel proteins
27.2 Genes and heredity
examples:Genes
gene
polypeptide
protein
![Page 20: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
• each characteristic is controlled by one or more genes
27.2 Genes and heredity
genes determine the body characteristics or traits of an organism
Genes
![Page 21: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
What are nucleic acids?
27.2 Genes and heredity
![Page 22: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
chromosome
a kind of nucleic acids
Nucleic acids27.2 Genes and heredity
DNA
![Page 23: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
• consist of nucleotides (核苷酸 )
phosphate group
5-carbon sugar nitrogenous base
(含氮鹼基 )
Chemical structure
27.2 Genes and heredity
Nucleic acids
![Page 24: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
• many nucleotides are joined to form polynucleotide
bonding between sugar and phosphate
group
27.2 Genes and heredity
Chemical structureNucleic acids
![Page 25: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
27.2 Genes and heredity
Chemical structure• many nucleotides are joined to form
polynucleotide
Nucleic acids
![Page 26: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
sugar-phosphate backbone
27.2 Genes and heredity
Chemical structure• many nucleotides are joined to form
polynucleotide
Nucleic acids
![Page 27: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
DNA (脫氧核糖核酸 )
RNA (核糖核酸 )
• two common types:
27.2 Genes and heredity
Chemical structureNucleic acids
![Page 28: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
DNA – A Nucleotide unit
![Page 29: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
DNA – Sugar / pentose
![Page 30: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
double-stranded
single-stranded
DNA RNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
![Page 31: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
DNA RNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
sugar:deoxy-
ribose (脫氧核糖 )
sugar:ribose (核糖 )
![Page 32: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
DNA RNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
base:base:adeninethyminecytosineguanine
adenineuracil
cytosineguanine
![Page 33: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
DNA RNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
base:base:A
thyminecytosineguanine
Auracil
cytosineguanine
![Page 34: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
DNA RNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
base:base:AT
cytosineguanine
AU
cytosineguanine
![Page 35: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
DNA RNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
base:base:ATC
guanine
AUC
guanine
![Page 36: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
DNA RNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
base:base:ATCG
AUCG
![Page 37: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
DNA vs
RNA
![Page 38: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
DNA vs RNA
![Page 39: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
What is the structure of DNA?
27.2 Genes and heredity
![Page 40: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Watson-Crick model of DNA• proposed by James Watson
and Francis Crick in 1953
27.2 Genes and heredity
![Page 41: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
• two chains twist around each other to form a double
helix (雙螺旋 )
Watson-Crick model of DNA• two polynucleotide chains
run in opposite directions
27.2 Genes and heredity
![Page 42: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
![Page 43: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
DNA – Base pairing
![Page 44: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
![Page 45: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Complementary base pairing
![Page 46: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
![Page 47: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Watson-Crick model of DNA• complementary base
pairing (互補鹼基配對 )
A pairs with TC pairs with G
hydrogen bond
27.2 Genes and heredity
![Page 48: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Watson-Crick model of DNA27.2 Genes and heredity
2 nm
3.4 nm
a complete turn contains 10 base pairs
![Page 49: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
DNA – Sugar phosphate backbone
![Page 50: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
DNA – 2 antiparallel chains
![Page 51: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
DNA - The molecule of life
Each cell:
•46 chromosomes
•2 meters of DNA
•3 billion DNA bases
•Approximately 30,000 genes
![Page 52: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Why is DNA well suited to its function as a genetic material?
27.2 Genes and heredity
![Page 53: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Genetic code
base sequence
amino acid sequence
27.2 Genes and heredity
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
determinesgenetic code
![Page 54: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
27.2 Genes and heredity
…
…
…
…
…
…
… four types of bases+
millions of bases in a chain
large amount of genetic information
Amount of genetic information
![Page 55: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
27.2 Genes and heredity
Stability
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
hydrogen bond• maintains the helical
structure
![Page 56: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Replication
27.2 Genes and heredity
hydrogen bonds break
![Page 57: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
two strands separated
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
![Page 58: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58template template
free nucleotides
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
![Page 59: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59template template
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
under the action of DNA
polymerase…
![Page 60: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60template template
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
new strands formed
![Page 61: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
identical
![Page 62: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
• pairing of specific bases allows accurate replication of DNA
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
![Page 63: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
• pairing of specific bases allows accurate replication of DNA
![Page 64: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
same genetic information can be passed to offspring
27.2 Genes and heredity
Replication
• pairing of specific bases allows accurate replication of DNA
![Page 65: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
DNA replication – overall process
![Page 66: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
DNA replication
![Page 67: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
28.1 From DNA to proteins
![Page 68: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• the way in which the base sequence in a DNA strand determines the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide
The genetic code
![Page 69: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
28.1 From DNA to proteins
4 bases
Glu
Gln
His
Gly
Ile
Lys
Leu
Phe
Met
Pro
Thr
Ser
Tyr
Trp
Val
Arg
Ala
Asp
Asn
Cys
20 amino acids
The genetic code
![Page 70: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• three bases code for one amino acid triplet code (三聯體密
碼 )DNA strand
amino acids
The genetic code
![Page 71: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• 43 = 64 triplet codes
More than enough!
The genetic code
![Page 72: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
The triplet code I
![Page 73: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• degenerate code (簡併密碼 )
Cys Cys
The genetic code
![Page 74: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
The triplet code IV- degenerate
![Page 75: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• some are start signals and stop signals• no gaps, read in a non-overlapping
manner
The genetic code
![Page 76: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
The triplet code II- start
![Page 77: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
The triplet code III- termination
![Page 78: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
The triplet code IV- Non-overlapping
![Page 79: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Breaking the code
![Page 80: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
Breaking the code
![Page 81: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• universal
Cys
The genetic code
![Page 82: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
• two stages:
transcription (轉錄 )
translation (轉譯 )
Protein synthesis28.1 From DNA to proteins
• DNA RNA
• RNA polypeptide
nucleus
cytoplasm
1
2
Animation
![Page 83: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
Central Dogma
![Page 84: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
1 Transcription28.1 From DNA to proteins
a The two DNA strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds.
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
![Page 85: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
28.1 From DNA to proteins
b The hydrogen bonds break and the two DNA strands separate.
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
1 Transcription
…
![Page 86: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
28.1 From DNA to proteins
c Under the action of RNA polymerase, free nucleotides are added against a template.
1 Transcription
…
…
……
…
……
…
……
template strand
free nucleotides
![Page 87: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
28.1 From DNA to proteins
1 Transcription
…
…
……
…
……
…
……
template strand
mRNA
c A messenger RNA is synthesized.
triplet code
codon (密碼子 )
![Page 88: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
28.1 From DNA to proteins
1 Transcription
…
…
……
…
……
…
……
template strand
mRNA
d The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus.
to cytoplasm
![Page 89: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
Transcription
![Page 90: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Transcription- animated
![Page 91: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
Transcription- coding strand
![Page 92: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
• occurs at ribosomes (核糖體 )
made up of ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) and proteins
![Page 93: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
• occurs at ribosomes (核糖體 )
![Page 94: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
• occurs at ribosomes (核糖體 )
attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
free-floating
![Page 95: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
• occurs at ribosomes (核糖體 )
What happens during translation?
![Page 96: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
a The mRNA attached to a ribosome.
mRNA
ribosome
codon 1 2 3 n(start) (stop)
![Page 97: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
b A specific amino acid is carried to the ribosome by a transfer RNA.
tRNA
![Page 98: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
98
t-RNA
![Page 99: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
99
t-RNA binding sites
![Page 100: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
100
Aminoacyl-tRNA complex
![Page 101: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101
Ribosome- P and A sites
![Page 102: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102
Ribosome- P and A sites
![Page 103: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103
Translation
![Page 104: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
104
Translation- animated
![Page 105: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
105
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
b A specific amino acid is carried to the ribosome by a transfer RNA.
amino acid
RNA strand
anticodon (反密碼子 )
![Page 106: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
106
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
c The anticodon on the tRNA molecule binds to the first codon on the mRNA.
… … …
![Page 107: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
… … … … … …
c The anticodon on the tRNA molecule binds to the first codon on the mRNA.
Complementary!
![Page 108: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
d Another tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid binds to the next codon.
… … … … … …
![Page 109: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
109
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
d The two amino acids link up by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide.
… … … … … …
![Page 110: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
110
Ribosome- P and A sites
![Page 111: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
111
… … … … … …
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
e The ribosome moves along the mRNA until a stop codon is met.
direction of translation
stop codon
one amino acid added at a time
![Page 112: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
112
Translation- animated
![Page 113: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
113
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
f The polypeptide is then released.
![Page 114: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
114
2 Translation28.1 From DNA to proteins
f It coils and folds to form a protein. Some proteins are formed by two or more polypeptides binding together.
![Page 115: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
115
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• proteins made at ribosomes on rough ER will be transported inside the ER
What happens to the proteins synthesized?
secreted by the cell
embedded in cell membrane
![Page 116: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
116
28.1 From DNA to proteins
• proteins made at free-floating ribosomes will remain in the cytoplasm used by the cell
What happens to the proteins synthesized?
![Page 117: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
117
Replication - transcription -translation
![Page 118: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
118
GTCA song
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ID6KY1QBR5s
![Page 119: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
119
Genetic code expressed in terms of mRNA codons:
28.1 From DNA to proteins
![Page 120: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
120
1 Features:
28.1 From DNA to proteins
a Each genetic codeis a that is made up of three bases.
triplet code
![Page 121: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
121
1 Features:
28.1 From DNA to proteins
b The genetic codeis known as
as some amino acids have more than one code.
degenerate code
![Page 122: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
122
1 Features:
28.1 From DNA to proteins
c The genetic codehas no gaps and isnon-overlapping .
![Page 123: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
123
1 Features:
28.1 From DNA to proteins
d The genetic codeis asthe same triplet code codes for the same amino acid in all organisms.
universal
![Page 124: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
124
2 The process by which genetic information contained in a gene is decoded to make a protein is called .
28.1 From DNA to proteins
gene expression
![Page 125: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
125
3 Protein synthesis:
28.1 From DNA to proteins
DNA template strand
mRNA
transcription
translation
polypeptide
coiling and folding
protein
![Page 126: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
126
4a Some of the proteins synthesized will be transported inside the
28.1 From DNA to proteins
rough endoplasmic reticulum before being secreted out by the cell or embedded in the
.cell membrane
![Page 127: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
127
4b Some of the proteins synthesized will be used by the itself.
28.1 From DNA to proteins
cell
![Page 128: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
128
28.2 Mutations• sudden and permanent change of DNA• two types:
gene mutations (基因突變 )
chromosome mutations (染色體突變 )
![Page 129: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
129
Mutation
![Page 130: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
130
Mutation_altered genetic info
![Page 131: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
131
Mutation leads to changes in genotype
and phenotype
![Page 132: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
132
Types of mutation
![Page 133: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
133
Somatic vs Germinal mutation
![Page 134: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
134
Early vs Late somatic mutation
![Page 135: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
135
deletion (缺失 )
• different forms:
insertion (插入 ) substitution (取代 ) inversion (倒位 )
28.2 Mutations
• a change in the base sequence of the DNA in a gene
1 Gene mutationsAnimation
![Page 136: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
136
Base sequence in coding strand
Amino acid sequence
Normal
Deletion
ATG CAT GTA TTG
ATG ATG TAT TG
Met–His–Val–Leu
Met–Met–Tyr
28.2 Mutations
1 Gene mutations
![Page 137: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
137
Base sequence in coding strand
Amino acid sequence
Normal
ATG GCA TGT ATT G
Met–His–Val–Leu
Met–Ala–Cys–Ile
28.2 Mutations
ATG CAT GTA TTG
Insertion
1 Gene mutations
![Page 138: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
138
Base sequence in coding strand
Amino acid sequence
Normal
ATG TAT GTA TTG
Met–His–Val–Leu
Met–Tyr–Val–Leu
28.2 Mutations
ATG CAT GTA TTG
Substitution
1 Gene mutations
![Page 139: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
139
Base sequence in coding strand
Amino acid sequence
Normal
ATG ACT GTA TTG
Met–His–Val–Leu
Met–Thr–Val–Leu
28.2 Mutations
ATG CAT GTA TTG
Inversion
1 Gene mutations
![Page 140: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
140
28.2 Mutations
• deleting or inserting a number of bases that is not a multiple of three will shift the reading frame (讀框 )
Normal
Insertion ATG GCA TGT ATT G
Met–His–Val–Leu
Met–Ala–Cys–Ile
ATG CAT GTA TTG
Altered!
1 Gene mutations
Frame-shift mutation
![Page 141: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
141
28.2 Mutations
• deleting or inserting a number of bases that is not a multiple of three will shift the reading frame (讀框 )
Normal
Insertion ATG GCA TGT ATT G
Met–His–Val–Leu
Met–Ala–Cys–Ile
ATG CAT GTA TTG
Resulting protein is usually non-functional.
1 Gene mutations
![Page 142: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
142
28.2 Mutations
• a substitution or an inversion of base(s) may result in a different amino acid
Normal
Inversion ATG ACT GTA TTG
Met–His–Val–Leu
Met–Thr–Val–Leu
ATG CAT GTA TTG
It may affect the protein’s structure or function.
1 Gene mutations
![Page 143: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
143
28.2 Mutations
• sickle-cell anaemia (鐮狀細胞性貧血 ) is caused by the substitution of a base
1 Gene mutations
![Page 144: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
144
28.2 Mutations
normal DNA template
mRNA
polypeptide
transcription
translation
Glu Val
sickle-cell anaemia
1 Gene mutations
![Page 145: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
145
28.2 Mutations
red blood cells
normal
sickle-shaped
can block blood vessels
1 Gene mutations
![Page 146: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
146
Gene-mutation:Sickled-cell
anaemiaThe amino acid sequences for the normal and abnormal P chains differ in the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at one point in the abnormal polypeptide chains of haemoglobin S
![Page 147: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
147
sickle cell anemia distribution in relation to malaria
![Page 148: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
148
28.2 Mutations
• a change in the structure or total number of chromosomes
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 149: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
149
deletion
• different forms:
duplication (複製 ) inversion
translocation (易位 )
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structure2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 150: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
150
deletion
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structuregenes
loss of genes
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 151: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
151
duplication
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structure
gain of genes
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 152: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
152
inversion
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structure
order of genes reversed
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 153: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
153
translocation
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structure2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 154: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
154
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structure translocation
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 155: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
155
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structure translocation
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 156: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
156
28.2 Mutations
i) Changes in chromosome structure translocation
exchange of genes
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 157: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
157
• homologous chromosomes or chromatids fail to separate during gamete formation
28.2 Mutations
ii) Changes in chromosome number2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 158: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
158
Karyotype – detect chromosome mutation
![Page 159: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
159
To obtain a karyotype
![Page 160: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
160
28.2 Mutations
ii) Changes in chromosome number2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 161: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
161
28.2 Mutations
ii) Changes in chromosome number
Downsyndrome
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 162: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
162
28.2 Mutations
ii) Changes in chromosome number
mother’s age (years)appr
oxim
ate
risk
of
havi
ng c
hild
ren
with
D
own
synd
rom
e
0
1/35
20 25 30 35 40 45
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 163: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
163
28.2 Mutations
abnormal ovum
n + 1
ii) Changes in chromosome number
two chromosome 21
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 164: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
164
28.2 Mutations
abnormal ovum
n + 1
ii) Changes in chromosome number
n
normal sperm
2n + 1
three chromosome 21
Downsyndrome
2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 165: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
165
Kleinfelter syndrome
![Page 166: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
166
28.2 Mutations
parent cell (2n)
1st meiotic division
2nd meiotic division
chromatids fail to separate
n n n - 1 n + 1
ii) Changes in chromosome number2 Chromosome mutations
![Page 167: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
167
Chromosome Mutation-non disjunction I
![Page 168: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
168
Chromosome Mutation-non disjunction II
![Page 169: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
169
polyploidy_of uneven chromosome no. --- seedless fruit
![Page 170: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
170
How to make seedless fruits?
Triploid plants have three sets of chromosomes, and three sets cannot be divided evenly when they go into two daughter cells during meiosis. Since the triploid hybrid is female sterile, the fruit are seedless. Because the triploid is also male sterile, it is necessary to plant a diploid cultivar in the production field to provide the pollen that stimulates fruit to form.
![Page 171: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
171
Hybrid_sterililty
![Page 172: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
172
Unpaired chromosomes—results in abnormal gametes
![Page 173: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
173
• occur naturally and randomlySpontaneous mutations (自發突
變 )• occur at a very low rate
Causes of mutations28.2 Mutations
![Page 174: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
174
• induced by exposure to certain chemicals and radiation
Induced mutations (誘發突變 )Causes of mutations
28.2 Mutations
increase the rate of mutation
![Page 175: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
175
• induced by exposure to certain chemicals and radiation
Induced mutations (誘發突變 )Causes of mutations
28.2 Mutations
mutagens (誘變劑 )
![Page 176: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
176
• induced by exposure to certain chemicals and radiation
Induced mutations (誘發突變 )Causes of mutations
28.2 Mutations
change the chemical structure of DNA
![Page 177: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
177
• induced by exposure to certain chemicals and radiation
Induced mutations (誘發突變 )Causes of mutations
28.2 Mutations
ionize water to form free radicals (自由基 )
highly reactive and can damage DNA
![Page 178: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
178
Mutagen Source
Chemical
Nitrous acid(亞硝酸 )
Tar
Food preservatives
Cigarette smoke
28.2 Mutations
Causes of mutations
![Page 179: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
179
Mutagen Source
Chemical
Asbestos(石棉 )
Mustard gas (芥子氣 )
Construction materials
Chemical warfare
28.2 Mutations
Causes of mutations
![Page 180: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
180
Mutagen Source
Radiation
Ultraviolet light (紫外光 )X-ray
Sunlight
Medical examination
28.2 Mutations
Causes of mutations
Gamma ray (伽瑪射線 )
Radiotherapy, nuclear bombs
![Page 181: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
181
• usually harmful
Significance of mutations28.2 Mutations
diseases or death
![Page 182: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
182
Results of mutation
Extra compound eyes Variations in pigments
Both Wings on same side Sickled cell anaemia
![Page 183: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
183
Significance of mutation
![Page 184: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
184
• sometimes beneficial
28.2 Mutations
• mutations occurring in gametes or gamete-producing cells are inheritable source of variations essential for natural selection
(自然選擇 ) to bring about evolution
Significance of mutations
![Page 185: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
185
1 A gene mutation is a change in the of the DNA in a gene.base sequence
28.2 Mutations
![Page 186: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
186
2 A chromosome mutation is a change in the or
of chromosomes.structure
total number
28.2 Mutations
![Page 187: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
187
3a mutations occur naturally and randomly.Spontaneous
28.2 Mutations
![Page 188: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
188
3b mutations are induced by exposure to mutagens.Induced
28.2 Mutations
![Page 189: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
189
4
Chemical
Radiation
Mutagen Examples
Nitrous acid, tar,asbestos, mustard gas
Ultraviolet light, X-ray, gamma ray
28.2 Mutations
![Page 190: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
190
How can G6PD be produced only inred blood cells?1
Although each cell has a copy of all the genes in an organism, some genes are expressed in certain types of cells only.
![Page 191: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
191
How can G6PD be produced only inred blood cells?1
In this case, the G6PD gene is ‘switched on’ in immature red blood cells, but ‘switched off’ in all other cells.
![Page 192: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
192
How is G6PD made in the cells?2In the synthesis of G6PD, information in the genes is first copied to mRNA in transcription. Then translation takes place to produce a polypeptide. The polypeptide coils, folds and binds with other polypeptides to form G6PD.
![Page 193: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
193
How does a mutation in the gene forG6PD cause the enzyme deficiency?3In G6PD deficiency, the mutation in the G6PD gene results in a change of the triplet codes.
![Page 194: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
194
How does a mutation in the gene forG6PD cause the enzyme deficiency?3That in turns results in a polypeptide with a wrong sequence of amino acids and normal G6PD cannot be produced.
![Page 195: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
195
involves two stages
Protein synthesis
transcription
nucleus
translation
takes place in
mRNA
produces
![Page 196: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
196
involves the following organelles
cytoplasm
translation
ribosomes
produces
polypeptide
located incoils and folds to form
protein
![Page 197: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
197
affected by
mutation
spontaneous mutation
induced mutation
mutagens
may be
induced by
Protein synthesis
![Page 198: 1 2 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脫氫酶 ) is an enzyme produced in immature red blood cells.](https://reader038.fdocument.pub/reader038/viewer/2022102612/56649ed95503460f94be7a16/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
198
occurs in
genes chromosomes
mutation