09 ( úfoaY fjf

1 SRI LANKAN ECON TRUST

09 ( úfoaY fjf<|dfï kHdhd;aul moku ú.%y lrñka úfoaY fjf<|du Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys we;s lrk

n,mEu .fõIKh lrhs'

9'1 ( wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ idOl úu¾Ykh lrhs'

▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du w¾: olajhs'

▪ wka;a¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh w¾: olajhs'

▪ ta ta rgg ksrfmalaI jdis ,efnk wdldrh ixLHd ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ ksrfmalaI jdis yg .ekSug fya;= olajhs'

▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ idfmalaI jdis kHdhh w¾: olajhs'

▪ idfmalaI jdis kHdhh mokï jk Wml,amk olajhs'

▪ ixLHd ksoiqka fhdod .ksñka idfmalaI jdis ,efnk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;slh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu i|yd wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhs ndysr yqjudre

wkqmd;h .Kkh lrhs'

▪ idfmalaI jdis yg .kakd uQ,dY% ^fya;=& i|yka lrhs'

▪ ;r.ldrs;ajfha jdish wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï § we;s jk iaÓ;sl jdis yd .;sl jdis meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du

▪ f,dalfha lsishï rgla ;j;a rgla fyda rgj,a lsysmhla fyda iu`. fyda NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lr .ekSu úfoaY fjf<|du fyj;a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du f,i ye¢kafõ'

▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du m%Odk fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels h'

▪ wmkhk fjf<|du

▪ wdkhk fjf<|du

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk rgj,g w;ajk jdis

▪ w;sßla; ksIamdokh wf,ú lsßu i|yd úfoaY fjf<|fmd<j,a fidhd .; yels ùu'

▪ foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh l< fkdyels NdKav úfoaY rgj,ska ñ,g .; yels ùu'

▪ iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhs j ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhduq lsÍug yels ùu'

▪ .=K;ajfhka hq;a NdKav wvq ñ,g mßfNdackh l< yels ùu'

▪ ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh úfoaY rgj,ska ,nd .; yels ùu'

▪ úfoaY wdfhdack" úfoaY Kh yd úfoaY wdOdr .,d tau fõ.j;a ùu'


▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<| lghq;= ÈhqKq ùu fya;= fldg f.k m%jdyK" nexl=" rlaIK jeks

fiajdjka ÈhqKq ùu ksid fiajd kshqla;s bv m%ia;d by< hdu'

▪ wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .; yels ùu'

▪ wka;¾cd;sl wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;dj j¾Okh lr .; yels ùu'

▪ fjf<|dfï moku yd tlS mokug fya;= jk fjf<|dfuka ìys jk jdis" tu jdis

ks¾udKh jk wkaou" rgj,a w;r fn§ hk wdldrh yd fjf<|dfï ÈYdj wdÈh ;SrKh

lrk idOl meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd fjf<| kHdhka .Kkdjla ìys j we;'

▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jk m%Odk kHdhka folls'

1' ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh

2' idfmalaI jdis kHdhh

ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh

▪ fjf<|dfï moku yd fjf<|dfuka jdis ìys jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd wevï

iañ;a ^1776& keue;s wd¾Ól úoHd{hd úiska ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh bÈßm;a lr we;'

▪ lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla fjk;a rglg jvd wvq msßjehlska ^jeä

ld¾hlaIu;djlska& ksIamdokh l< yels kï tlS rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu

i|yd ksrfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj;a" tlS rgg lsishï NdKavhla wvq msßjehlska

ksYamdokh l< fkdyelskï ^jeä msßjeh $wvq ld¾hlaIu;dj& ta rgg tu NdKavh

ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd ksrfmalaI wjdis mj;sk nj;a ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka

fmkajd foa'

▪ rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï fhfok úg ksrfmalaI jdis we;s NdKav ksIamdokh

úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;ssßla;h ksrfmalaI wjdis we;s NdKavh iu`. yqjudre lr

.ekSfuka yqjudrejg iïnkaO rgj,g wfkHdakH jYfhka jdis ,nd .; yels nj

ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd foa'

▪ ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels m%fõY folls' tkï"

1' fhojqï m%fõYh

2' ksujqï m%fõYh

fhojqï m%fõYh

▪ fhojqï m%fõYh hkafkka woyia jkafka lsishï rgla ;j;a rglg jvd wvq iïm;a

tall m%udKhlska ksmoúh yels NdKavh wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" jeä iïm;a tall

m%udKhlska ksmoúh yels NdKavh wdkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg u jdis w;a jk nj hs'

ksoiqka ( ksuejqï tallhla i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh

NdKavh Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj

iy,a ^5& 8

frÈ 4 ^2&


▪ by; ksoiqfka iy,a lsf,da tlla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh bkaÈhdjg

jvd Y%S ,xldfõ wvq h' bkaÈhdjg iy,a lsf,da 1la ksmoùu Y%u tall 8la wjYH jqj;a

Y%S ,xldjg ta i|yd wjYH jkafka Y%u tall 5ls' fï ksid Y%S ,xldjg iy,a ksmoùu

iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis mj;S'

▪ by; ksoiqfka frÈ ógrhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh Y%S ,xldjg jvd

bkaÈhdfõ wvq h' Y%S ,xldfõ frÈ ógrhla ksmoùug Y%u tall 4la wjYH jQj o

bkaÈhdjg ta i|yd wjYH jkafka Y%u tall 2ls' fï ksid bkaÈhdjg frÈ ksmoùu

iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis mj;S'

▪ Y%S ,xldj iy bkaÈhdj hk rgj,a fol fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk úg" Y%S ,xldj iy,a

ksIamdokh úfYAISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h bkaÈhdjg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a"

bkaÈhdj frÈ ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h YS% ,xldjg wmkhkh

lsÍfukq;a forgg u jdis ,nd .; yels h'

ksujqï m%fõYh

▪ ksuejqï m%fõYh hkqfjka woyia jkafka lsishï rglg ;j;a rglg idfmalaI j"

fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .; yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh jeä kï tu NdKavh

wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .; yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh wvq

kï tu NdKavh wdkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg u jdis w;ajk nj hs'

▪ by; fhojqï m%udKh yd iïnkaO ksoiqk ie,ls,a,g .;a úg YS% ,xldjg iy

bkaÈhdjg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re my;

j.= igyfkys ±lafõ'

Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksujqï tall m%udKh

NdKavh Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj

iy,a ^ls'.a?ï&

frÈ ^óg¾&

▪ Y%S ,xldjg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels iy,a tall m%udKh bkaÈhdjg jvd jeä

h'bkaÈhdfõ Y%u tallhla u.ska ksmojkq ,nkafka iy,a lsf,da .a?ï la jQj;a Y%S

,xldj Y%u tallhlska iy,a lsf,da .a?ï laksmojhs' fï ksid iy,a iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis Y%S ,xldjg mj;S'

▪ frÈ iïnkaOfhka .;a úg bkaÈhdj Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels frÈ tall m%udKh

Y%S ,xldjg jvd jeä h' Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u tallhlska fros óg¾ la ksmojk w;r


bkaÈhdfõ Y%u tallhlska fros óg¾ la ksmojhs' fï ksid frÈ iïnkaO ksrfmalaI

jdis bkaÈhdjg mj;S'

▪ ksuejqï m%fõYh yd iïnkaO f;dr;=rej,ska fy<sjkafka o Y%S ,xldj iy bkaÈhdj

forg w;r fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk úg Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdjg iy,a wmkhkh

lsÍfukq;a" bkaoshdj Y%S ,xldjg frÈ wmkhkh lsßfukq;a forgg u jdis w;a lr .;

yels nj hs'

ksrfmalaI jdis yg .ekSu flfrys n,mdk fya;= ^uQ,dY%&

▪ foaY.=Kfha iqúfYaI;ajh

▪ iïm;a Wreuh

▪ idOl iq,n;dj

▪ lS¾;s kduh

▪ ft;sydisl fya;=

▪ lsishï rglg lsisÿ NdKavhla iïnkaOhka ksrfmalaI jdis ysñ fkdjk úg" tkï tla

rglg NdKav foj¾.h u ksIamdokh lsÍfï ksrfmalaI jdis ysñ jk úg" wfkHdakH

jYfhka jdis iy.; fjf<|dulg mokula ìys fkdfõ' fuh ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfha

m%Odk .eg¨jls' ksoiqka ( A yd B hk forgg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels mß.Kl

iy .=jkaúÿ,s hka;% m%%udKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.= igyfkys ±lafõ'

Y%u tallhlska ìys jk ksujqï tall m%udKh

NdKavh A rg B rg

.=jka úÿ,s hka;% ^12& 2

mß.Kl hka;% ^6& 4

▪ j.= igyfkys ±lafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl yd .=jka úÿ,s hka;% hk NdKav fol u iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis A rgg mj;S'

▪ B rgg lsis ÿ NdKavhla iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis fkdmj;S' fï ksid ksrfmalaI jdis kHdh wkqj A rg yd B rg w;r fjf<|dula isÿ fkdfõ'

▪ ksrfmalaI jdiss kHdhfha mj;sk fuu ÿ¾j,;dj bj;a lsÍu i|yd idfmalaI jdis kHdh

bÈßm;a ù ;sfí'

idfmalaI jdis kHdh

▪ idfmalaI jdis kHdhh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa fâúâ ßldfvda ^1817& keue;s wd¾Ól

úoHd{hd úiska h'

▪ idfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd fok mßÈ rglg lsisÿ NdKavhla iïnkaOfhka

ksrfmlaaI jdis fkd,enqKd jqj o úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO ù jdis ,nd .; yels h'

▪ lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla fjk;a rglg idfmalaI j wvq wdjia:sl msßjehlska

ksIamdoh l< yels kï tlS rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd idfmalaI jdis


mj;sk nj;a lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla ksmoùfï § fjk;a rglg idfmalaI j

jeä wdjiaÓl msßjehla ±Íug isÿ fõ kï tu rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu

i|yd idfmalaI wjdis mj;sk nj;a idfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka m%ldY flf¾'

▪ rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï fhfok úg idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKav ksIamdokh

úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk

rgj,g jeä jdis w;a lr .; yels nj idfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd fohs'

idfmalaI jdis kHdhh mokï lr .kq ,nk Wml,amk

1' mQ¾K idOl ixp,;dj

tla l¾udka;hla i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk ksIamdok iïm;a ld¾hlaIu;djfha lsisÿ

fjkialulska f;dr j fjk;a l¾udka;hla i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu mQ¾K idOl

ixp,;dj hkafkka woyia fõ'

2' ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M,

lsishï l¾udka;hl Ndú; lrk fhojqï m%udKh fjkia lrkq ,enQ úg thg

iudkqmd;sl j ksujqï m%udKh o fjkia fõ' ksoiqka ( fhojqï fo.=K l< úg

ksuejqu o fo.=K fõ'

3' ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh fyda wdY%fhka ndysr;d yg fkd.kS'

4' m%jdyK msßjeh ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu

▪ idfmalaI jdis kHdhh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd o Ndú; l< yels m%fõY folls tkï"

▪ ksuejqï m%fõYh

▪ fhojqï m%fõYh

ksuejqï m%fõYh

▪ ksuejqï m%fõYfha § lsishï fhojqï tllhlska ksmoúh yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh

u; mokï fjñka NdKav j¾. folla yd iïnkaO rgj,a foflys wdjiaÓl msßjeh

.Kkh fldg tu wdjiaÓl msßjeh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka forgg u fjf<|dug iïnkaO

úh yels wdldrh fmkajd foa' ksoiqka ( iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh hk rgj,g wod<

j Trf,daiq yd rEmjdyskS hka;% ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka Y%u tallhl ksuejqï ms<sn|

f;dr;=re my; j.=fõ ±la fõ'

NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh

Trf,daiq 4 20

rEmjdyskS 6 10

▪ by; j.=fõ ±lajk f;dr;=rej,g wkqj NdKav j¾. fol iïnkaOfhka forfÜ

wdjiaÓl msßjeh ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; mßÈ fõ'

Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

iaúÜi¾,ka;h = = 1.5 ^rEmjdyskS tall&


c¾uksh = =0.5 ^rEmjdyskS tall&

rEmjdyskS tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

iaúÜi¾,ka; = = 0.67 ^Trf,daiq tall&

c¾uksh = = 2 ^Trf,daiq tall&

▪ by; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj Trf,daiq ksmoùfï idfmalaI jdis c¾ukshg ysñ fõ' Bg fya;=j iaúÜi¾,ka;fha Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjehg jvd wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla c¾uksfhys mej;Su hs'

▪ c¾uksfha Trf,daiq tallhlaa ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh rEmjdyskS tall 0'5ls' tfy;a

iaúÜi¾,ka;fha tu w.h 1'5ls'

▪ rEmjdyskS ksmoùu iïnkaO j idfmalaI jdis ysñ jkafka iaúÜi¾,ka;hg hs'

▪ rEmjdyskS tallhla ksmoùfï § iaúÜi¾,ka;fha wdjiaÓl msßjeh Trf,daiqq tall

0'67ls' ta wkqj rEmjdyskS iïnkaOfhka wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iaúÜi¾,ka;hg mj;S'

▪ forfÜ NdKav j¾. fol ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka .Kkh lrk ,o wdjiaÓl msßjeh

f;dr;=re wkqj iaúÜi¾,ka;h wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys; rEmjdyskSS hka;%

ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h c¾ukshg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a"

c¾ukshg wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys; Trf,daiq ksIamdokh úfYAISlrKh fldg tys

w;sßla;h iaúÜi¾,ka;hg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg u úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO

ù jdis ,nd .; yels h'

▪ tla tla rg idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKavh ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg w;sßla;h

ksIamdok rgj,a w;r yqjudre lr .kq ,nkafka lsishï wkqmd;hla hgf;a h'

▪ hï wkqmd;hla hgf;a yqjudrej isÿ lr .kq ,nkafka ta yqjudrefjka forgg u jdis

w;a jkafka kï muKs'

▪ forgg u wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl yqjudre wkqmd;h .Kkh lsÍfï § Bg wod< jk yqjudre wkqmd; iajrEm folla mj;S'

1' wNHka;ßl yqjudre wkqmd;h

2' ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h

wNHka;ßl yqjudre wkqmd;h

▪ úfoaY fjf<|dug fmr ta ta rgj,a w;r NdKav yqjudre jQ wkqmd;h wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h hs'

▪ idfmalaI jdis fmkaùu i|yd ie,ls,a,g .;a iaúÜi¾,ka;h yd c¾uksh iïnkaO

ksoiqkg wod< wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'


Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksujqï tall m%udKh


Trf,daiq 4 20

rEmjdyskS 6 10

▪ iaúÜi¾,ka;fha wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h

Trf,daiq 4 ( rEmjdyskS 6

Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdysks 1'5

rEmjdysks 6 ( Trf,daiq 4

rEmjdysks 1 ( Trf,daiq 0'67

▪ c¾uksfha wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h


Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdyskS 0'5



▪ forfÜ NdKav j¾. foflys wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhka ie,ls,a,g f.k c¾ukshg Trf,daiq iïnkaOj;a" iaúÜi¾,ka;hg rEmjdysks iïnkaOj;a idfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj fmr § i|yka flßKs'

▪ idfmalaI jdish we;s NdKavh yqjudre lr .ksñka forg fjf<|dug iïnkaO úh

hq;af;a by;ska .Kkh lrk ,o wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;hg jvd jdisodhl

;;a;ajhla we;s jk mßÈ ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;hla ;SrKh lr .ekSfuks'

ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h

▪ ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h hkq fjf<|dug iïnkaO ùu ksid forg w;r NdKav yqjudre jk wkqmd;hhs'

▪ by; ksoiqk yd iïnkaO forgg u wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl jk ndysr yqjudre

wkqmd;h my; mßÈ fõ'

c¾ukshg Trf,daiq 1lg rEmjdyskS 0'5g jeä iy 1'5g wvq

iaúÜi¾,ka;hg rEmjdyskS 1 ( Trf,daiq 0'67g jeä iy 2g wvq

▪ fuu mrdihkag wh;a ndysr yqjudre wkqmd; fndfyda m%udKhla ;sìh yelsh'ta ´kEu

wkqmd;hla hgf;a yqjudrej isÿ lr .ekSfuka fjf<|dug iïnkaO ù forgg u jdis

w;alr .; yels h' tkï by< mßfNdack uÜgula lrd <`.d úh yels h'


▪ iaúÜi¾,ka;h yd c¾uksh forg by; mrdihkg wh;a jk


hk ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h hgf;a fjf<|dug m%fõY jkafka hehs is;uq' túg forg fjf<|dug msúiSug fmr isáhdg jvd by< mßfNdack uÜgul lrd <`.d fõ'

ksoiqka ( úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO ùug fmr iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh hk rgj, ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% my; mßÈ fõ'

▪ by; § .Kkh lrk ,o wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;hg

wh;a jk

▪ Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdyskS wkqmd;h hgf;a idfmalaI jdis NdKavh yqjudre lr .ekSu

ksid forg kj mßfNdack jl%hla lrd <`.d jk wdldrh my; rEm igykska ±lafõ'

▪ wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhs ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;hla hgf;a fjf<|dug iïnkaO ù

yqjudre jdis ^by< mßfNdack uÜgula <`.d lr .ekSu& <`.d lr .kakd fia u

fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu ksid úfYaISlrKfha jdis o ,nd .; yels h'

▪ úfYaISlrKfha jdis hkq uq¿ iïm;a m%udKh by< hdulska f;dr j f,dal ksIamdokh

jeä lr .; yels ùu hs'

ksoiqka ( iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh hk forg u uq¿ iïm;a f,iska Y%u tall 100

ne.ska mj;sk nj is;uq' Y%u tall 100 u fhdod ksIamdokh l< yels rEmjdysks

yd Trf,daiq ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.= igykska ±lafõ'

r EmjdyskS ^tall&

4

0 6

r EmjdyskS ^tall&

20

0 10

iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh

r EmjdyskS ^tall&

4

0 6

6

r EmjdyskS ^tall& 0 20 10

20



Y%u tall 100lska ìys jk ksuejqï tall m%udKh


0

▪ fuu rgj,a fol fjf<|dug m%fõY ùug fmr by; ksIamdok yelshd udhsïj, iaúÜi¾,ka;h Trf,daiq 200 ^tall&

rEmjdyskS 300 ^tall& ixfhda. ±lafjk A ,laIHfhka o

c¾uksh Trf,daiq 1500

rEmjdyskS 250

ixfhda. ±lafjk B ,laIHfhka o

lghq;= lrkafka kï tu ;;a;ajhka my; f,i rEm igyka weiqfrka fmkakqï l<

yels h'

▪ fuu ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% j,ska fmkakqï flfrk mßÈ fjf<|dug m%fõY ùug fmr Trf,daiq yd rEmjdyskS f,dal ksIamdok ;;a;aj my; ±lafõ'

NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh f,dal ksIamdokh

Trf,daiq 200 1500 1700

rEmjdyskS 300 250 550


Trf,daiq ^tall& 400 2000

rEmjdyskS ^tall& 600 1000

400

r EmjdyskS ^tall& r EmjdyskS ^tall&

400

0 600

200

300

A

2000

0 1000

1500

250

B


2000

rEmjdyskS ^tall& 1000 rEmjdyskS ^tall& 600

0 0


▪ fjf<|dug m%fõY jQ iaúÜi¾,ka;h rEmjdyskS;a c¾uksh Trf,daiq;a ùfYaIslrKh lsÍu ksid iaúÜi¾,ka;h Y%u iïm;a 100 u rEmjdyskS ksmoùug;a" c¾uksh Y%u iïm;a 100 u Trf,daiq ksmoùug;a fhdojhs ^mQ¾K úfYaaISSlrKh isÿ lrhs&'fï ksid fjf<|dfuka miq f,dal ksIaamdokh my; mßÈ fõ'

NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh f,dal ksIamdokh

Trf,daiq 0 2000 2000

rEmjdyskS 600 0 600

▪ fjf<|dug fmr Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 1700la jqj o fjf<|dfuka miq

Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 2000la fõ' tkï fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu ksid

Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 300 lska by< f.dia we;'

▪ tfiau fjf<|dug fmr rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 550 la fõ' fjf<|dfuka

miq rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 600la fõ' tkï rEmjdyskSj, f,dal

ksIamdokh fjf<|dfuka miq tall 50lska by< f.dia we;'

▪ fjf<|dug fmr;a miq;a iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksfha mej;sfha Y%u iïm;a fjkia ù fkdue;'

▪ ta wkqj Y%u iïm;a m%udKh by< hEulska f;dr j úfoaY fjf<|dug m%fõY ù idfmalaI

jdis we;s NdKavh úfYaISlrKh lsÍfuka f,dal ksIamdÈ;h jeä lr .; yels nj by;

ksoiqfkka meyeÈ,s h' tu jdish úfYaISlrKfha jdishhs'

fhojqï m%fõYh

▪ NdKavhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH fhojqï tall m%udKh okakd úg § wdjiaÓl msßjeh weiqfrka idfmalaI jdis .Kkh l< yels h'

ksujqï tallhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh

A rg B rg

mß.Kl 4 6 h;=remeÈ 10 12

▪ fhojqï m%udKh § we;s úg idfmalaI jdis fiùu i|yd tu f;dr;=re fhojqï

tallhlska ìys l< yels ksuejqï m%udKh ±lafjk mßÈ mßj¾;kh lr .; hq;= h'

^ksuejqï m%fõYfhka ±lafjk wdldrhg u&

▪ ta wkqj by; j.= igyfkys f;dr;=re my; wdldrhg mßj¾;kh isÿ l< yels h'


Y%u tallhla ksmoúh yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh

▪ fuu f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO forfÜ ta ta NdKav j¾.j, wdjia:sl msßjeh ;;a;ajhka my; ±lafõ'

mß.Kl tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

h;=remeÈ tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

A rg = =2.5 ^mß.Kl tall&

B rg = =2 ^mß.Kl tall&

fuys§ A rgg mß.Kl ksmoùug o" B rgg h;=remeÈ ksmoùug o idfmlaaI jdis mj;S'

▪ fï ksid A rg mß.Kl úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd tys w;sßla;h B rgg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a B rg h;=remeÈ úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd tys w;sßla;h A rgg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg úfoaY fjf<|dfï jdis w;am;a lr .; yels h'

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jk idfmalaI jdis yg .kakd m%Odk uQ,dY% ^idfmalaI

jdis yg .ekSug n,mdk fya;=&

1' iïm;a iïNdrfha fjkialï rgla Wreu lr .;a iïm;a iïNdrfha fjkialï ksid NdKav ksIamdokfha wdjiaÓl msßjeh fjkialï yg .kS'

NdKavh A rg B rg

mß.Kl ^tall& 1

4

1

6

h;=remeÈ ^tall& 1

10

1

12

= 0.4^h;=remeÈ tall& A rg =

B rg = = 0.5^h;=remeÈ& tall&

1

12

1

6

1

10

1

4

1

6

1

12


ksoiqka (

Lksc iïm;a iq,n;dj ráka rgg fjkia h' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ r;arka iq,n h' fi!È

wrdìfha Lksc f;,a iq,n h' fï ksid fi!È wrdìfha Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh i|yd wvq

wdjiaÓl msßjehla mj;sk neúka Lksc f;,a úfYaISlrKh fldg wmkhkh lrhs'

tfia u ol=Kq wm%sldfõ r;arkaj, wdjiaÓl mßjeh wvq ksid r;arka úfYaISlrKh

fldg wmkhkh lrhs'

2' .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh

iïm;a m%udKh w;ska muKla fkdj iïm;aj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh w;ska o rgj,a w;r

fjkialï mj;S' ksoiqkla jYfhka Y%uh nyq, rgla jqj o Y%u yuqodj kqmqyqKq kï Tjqka

f.a M,odhs;dj my< uÜgul mj;S' tfy;a Y%uh wvq rgl isák Y%u yuqodj ukdj mqyqKq

,nd ;sfí kï Tjqka by< M,odhs;djlska hqla; h'fuys § Y%ufha M,odhs;dj wvq jk úg

wdjiaÓl msßjeh jeä ksid idfmalaI jdis wvq fõ' tfy;a Y%ufha M,odhs;ajh by< hk

úg ksmojk NdKavj, wdjiaÓl msßjeh wvq ksid idfmalaI jdis we;s fõ'

3' wNsreÑfha fjkialï

ish¨ u rgj,a tl yd iudk ld¾hlaIu;djlska yd iudk iïm;a iïNdrhla Wreu lr

isáh;a" rgj,a w;r NdKav iïnkaOfhka mj;sk wNsreÑfha fjkialï ksid o wdjiaÓl

msßjefhys fjkialï yg .kS' rgj, mj;akd iïm;a m%udKh iudk jqj;a wNsreÑ

rgdjkays fjkialï ksid NdKavj, idfmalaI ñ, .Kka w;r fjkialï we;s úh yels

h' wNsreÖka jeä NdKav ksmoùug jeä Èß.ekaùï ,eîu ;=<ska wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla

hgf;a tu NdKav ksmojd wmkhkh fldg idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .; yels h'

4' mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

ksIamdok Odß;dj jeä lrk úg tall msßjeh my< jefÜ kï mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

we;s fõ' msßueiqï mj;sk úg idfmalaI j wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys; j NdKav ksmoúh

yels neúka ta iïnkaO j idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .; yels h'

5' ksIamdok m%fNaokh

tl u l¾udka;h ;=< NdKav w;r mj;sk úúO fjkialï ksid o wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du

;=<ska ,eìh yels idfmalaI jdis ms<sìUq fõ' j¾;udkfha ixj¾ê; rgj,a fndfydauhla

úfoaY fjf<|dfuka jeä m%udKhla fuu NdKav ksIamdokh uq,a lr f.k isÿ jk nj

olakg ,efí' ksoiqka jYfhka fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h .;a úg c¾uksh uyd ì%;dkHhg

fudag¾ r: wmkhkh fldg uyd ì%;dkHfhka fudag¾ r: wdkhkh o lrhs' Bg fya;=j

tl u l¾udka;h jqj;a NdKav w;r mj;sk fjkialï ksid wdjiaÓl msßjefhys

fjkialï rgj,a w;r we;s ùuhs'

6' ;dlaIKsl fjkialï

;dlaIKfha yg .kakd fjkialï ksid o rgj,a w;r idfmalaI jdis fjkia fõ' lsishï

rgla lsishï NdKavhla ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka fmrg jvd kj ;dlaIKhla Ndú; lsÍug

yels fõ kï idfmalaI jYfhka wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehlska tu NdKavh úfYaISlrKh

fldg ksmojd idfmalaI jdis ,nd .; yels h'

7' rdcH m%;sm;a;sh

rdcH m%;sm;a;sh u.ska o idfmalaI jdis ks¾udKh l< yels h' lsishï l¾udka;hla

mqk¾Ôjkh i|yd wdKavqjla úiska nÿ idkqn," m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh i|yd iykdOdr


,nd §u" wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wvq fmd<S Kh hkd§ m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk úg

wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehlska NdKav ksmoùu yd fjf<|du u.ska idfmalaI jdis w;a lr

.ekSug yels fõ'

8' WoaOukh

lsishï rgl È.= ld,Sk WoaOuk wkqmd;hla mj;sk úg NdKavhla ksIamdokh lsÍfï

wdjiaÓl msßjeh by< hhs' ta wkqj idfmalaI jdis wvq fõ' wmkhkh o wffO¾hj;a fõ'

9' ia:dk.; ùu

lsishï l¾udka;hla ia:dk.; ù we;s wdldrh wkqj o ta ta rgj, idfmalaI jdis ;SrKh

fõ' l¾udka;hg wjYH wuqøjH ish,a, myiqfjka ,nd .; yels wdldrfhka l¾udka;

ia:dk.; ù ;sfí kï idfmalaI wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla hg;a NdKav ksmojñka idfmalaI

jdis ,nd .ekSug yels fõ'

;r.ldÍ;aj jdis

▪ ;r.ldß;ajfha jdish hkq lsishï NdKavhla mdßfNda.slhka fj; iemhSfï § fiiq ;r.lrejka jvd jeä jákdlula mdßfNda.slhka fj; ,nd Èh yels ùuhs'

▪ fuu jákdlu fiiq ;r.lrejkag jvd wvq ñ,la úh yels w;r yels kï by< ñ,la

hgf;a jqj o fiiq ;r.lrejkag jvd jeä .=Kd;aul fiajdjla ,nd Èh yels h'

▪ l¾udka;h ;=< isák fiiq ;r.lrejka Wmhk idudkH ,dN m%udKhg jvd jeä ,dN

m%udKhla wLKav j Wmhd .ekSug yels kï tu wdh;khg ;r.ldß;aj jdishla we;s

nj fmkakqï flf¾'

▪ ;r.ldß;aj jdish ;sridr f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu wdh;kfha Wmdh ud¾.hls'

;r.ldß;ajh jdishg ;=vq fok uQ,dY%

▪ m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok lafIa;%hkays úYd, yelshdjla ;sîu' fï ksid kjH;d y÷kajd §fï § bÈßfhka isàfï yelshdj ,efí'

▪ nqoaêuh foafmd< ysñldß;ajh

▪ fnod yeÍfï cd, ms<sn| iqúfYaI ysñlula ;sîu

▪ m%d.aOk WmlrK ysñldß;ajh

ksoiqka ( Lksc f;,a .fõIK" m;,a leKSï

▪ iqmsß ksIamdÈ;hla ìys lsÍu fyda mdßfNda.sl wjYH;djla fyda i|yd lsishï m%;spdr

±laùfï yelshdj

▪ wvq msßjehla iys; j ksmoùu

▪ b;d úYd, ksIamdok Odß;djla ;sîu

▪ Yla;su;a wf,úlrK Wmdh ud¾. ;sîu

▪ ldrl m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSfï myiqj

▪ b;d úYsIag l<ukdlrK lKavdhï isàu

▪ m%fõYh ndOdldÍ ùu fyda taldêldÍ iajrEmhla .ekSu


▪ wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï jdis iaÓ;sl jdis yd .;sl jdis jYfhka o ±laúh yels h'

iaÓ;sl jdis

▪ iaÓ;sl jdis hkq ksIamdokh yd mßfNdackh uq,a lr f.k rglg iajdNdúlj Wreu ù

we;s jdishls' fuhg fya;= lsysmhls'

1' iïm;a iïNdrh

2' rgj,a w;r wNsreÖkaf.a fjkialï

3' ksIamdokfha mßudKdkql+, msßueiqïj, úYd, nj

.;sl jdis

▪ .;sl jdish hkq ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj" NdKav m%fNaokh" rdcH m%;sm;a;s fjf<| .súiqï wd§

rgj,a ks¾udKh lr .kq ,nk ;;a;ajhla ksid yg.kakd jdishls'

9'2( wdrlaIdjd§ l%shdud¾. yd tu.ska ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s lrk n,mEu úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

▪ wdrlaIKjdoh w¾: olajhs'

▪ wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. fjka lr olajhs'

▪ ;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh yd iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ ;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. i|yka lrhs'

▪ wdrlaIKjdohg mlaIj yd úmlaIj we;s ;¾l bÈßm;a lrhs'

wdrlaIKjdoh

▪ foaYSh fjf<|fmd<g úfoaYSh NdKav we;=¨ ùu iSud lrk fyda j<lajk ´kE u l%shd

ms<sfj;la u wdrlaIKjdoh kñka ye¢kafõ'

▪ ksoyia fjf<|dug ndOd lrk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. m%Odk fldgia follg j¾.

l< yels h' tkï"

1' ;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh

2' ;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾.

;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh

▪ ;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh hkq wmkhk yd wdkhk u; nÿ mekùu hs'

▪ wdkhk u; ;Sre nÿ mekùfuka tu NdKav ñ, § .kakd foaYSh mdßfNda.slhkag jeä ñ,la f.ùug isÿ ùu ksid wdkhk wffO¾hj;a fõ'

▪ wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekùfï m%Odk wruqKla jkqfha foaYSh ksIamdolhka úfoaYSh

;r.fhka wdrlaId lsÍu hs'

▪ wdkhksl NdKavhla i|yd ;Sre nÿ mekjQ úg foaYSh NdKavh i|yd mdßfNda.slhka

fhduq jk neúka tu NdKavfha foaYSh ksIamdokh m%idrKh fõ'

▪ fï ksid foaYSh NdKavfha ñ, by< kexùug wjia:djla ie,fia'


▪ fuf,i wdkhk NdKav i|yd wdkhk ;Sre nÿ jeä lsÍul m%;sM,hla jYfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKavhg wdkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKvfha ñ, by< hdfï m%;sY;h ;=<ska foaYSh ksIamdokhg ,efnk wdrlaIKh kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;lsh (Nominal Rate of Protection) jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

▪ kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, wdkhkh lrkq ,nk

NdKavfha foaYSh fjf<|fmd< ñf,ys m%;sY;hla f,i m%ldY flf¾'

▪ kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh NdKavh fj; ,efnk ienE wdrlaIKfha m%udKh ksjerÈ j ms<sônq fkdfõ'

▪ kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slh mkjkq ,nkafka wdkhkh lrkq ,nk wjidk NdKavfha

jákdlu wkqj hs' kuq;a foaYSh ksIamdolhka wdkhkh lrk ,o w;rueÈ fhojqï yd

NdKav /ila ;u ksIamdok l%shdj,hs i|yd fhdod .kS' fuu fhojqï yd w;rueÈ

NdKav u; o ;Sre nÿ wh lr we;s úfgl kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;hg wkqj .Kkh

lrkq ,nk kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slfhka foaYSh ksYamdolhdg ,efnk ienE

wdrlaIK m%udKh ksjerÈ j ms<sìUq fkdfõ'

▪ fï ksid wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekùu u.ska foaYSh ksIamdolhdg ,efnk iene

wdrlaIKfha m%udKh uekSu i|yd iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh fhdod .kS'

▪ iM, ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slhg wkqj iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrkq ,nhs'

▪ iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod .kS'

ERP=

ERP = iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh

V1 = ;Sre noao mekjQ úg foaYSh ksIamdolhdf.a tl;= l< w.h

V0 = ks¾ndO fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhla hgf;a foaYSh ksIamdokfha tl;= l< w.h

ksoiqk 1 ( lsishï rgl mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;khla mdjyka hq.,hla re' 5000$- l

ñ,lg wf,ú lrkafka hehs o tu mdjyka hq.,h ksmoùug wjYH fhojqï ^iï" kQ,a"

wdos& wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd re' 3 000$- la jeh lr we;ehs o is;uq' túg foaYSh ksIamdok

wdh;kfha tl;= l< jákdlu re' 2000$-^5 000 - 3 000& ls' tu rg foaYSh wdh;kh

ksmojk mdjyka hq.,hg iudk mdjyka hq.,hla fjf<|fmdf<a re' 5 000$- lg wf,ú

lrkafka hehs is;uq' ta wkqj foaYSh mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;kfha tl;= l< w.h hï

fyhlska re' 2 000$- lg jvd jeä jqjfyd;a foaYSh j ksmojk im;a;= hq.,fha jákdlu

^ñ,& re' 5 000$- lg jvd jeä jk ksid wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,h iuÕ ;r. lsÍug

fkdyels fõ' fï ksid foaaYSh ksIamdolhd wdrlaId lsÍug wdkhksl mdjyka u; 10] l

wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekjqfha hehs is;uq' túg wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,hl ñ, my; mßÈ

fjkia fõ'

˟

100 (V1-V0)

V0


;Sre noaog fmr mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5000

;Sre noao i|yd jeh jk uqo, } re' 5000 ˟

noafoka miq wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5000 + 500

} re' 5500

fuf,i wdkhksl mdjyka i|yd ;Sre noaola mekùu ksid foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kfha

tl;= l< w.h re' 2500 olajd by< kexùfï yelshdjla ;sfí'

;Sre noafoka miq wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5500

;Sre noafoka miq foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kfha } re' 5500 - 3000

tl;= l< w.h } re' 2500

ta wkqj iM, wdrlaIl wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

ERP=

ERP=

= 25%

▪ by; ksoiqkg wkqj kdñl ;Sre noao ksid foaYSh ksIamdokhg 25] l iM, wdrlaIKhla ie,fik nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

▪ kuq;a by; ;Sre noao mkjd we;af;a wjidk NdKavfha jákdlu u; h' foaYSh

wdh;kh mdjyka ksIamdokhg wjYH fhojqï wdkhkh lsÍfï § hï ;Sre noaola wh

lr we;akï th fï ;=< wka;¾.; ù ke;' túg by; .Kkh lrk ,o iM,

wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh ksIamdokhg,efnk ienE wdrlaIKfha m%udKh

ms<sìUq fkdfõ'

▪ wdkhksl fhojqï u; ;Sre noaola mkjd we;s úfgl iM, ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;lh

fjkia jk ksid iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh fjkia jk wdldrh my; i|yka ksoiqk

weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'

▪ ksoiqk 2 ( by; olajk ,o ksoiqk 1g wkqj wdkhkh lrkq ,nk mdjyka hq.,hla

i|yd re' 10] l ;Sre noaola wh lrhs' fuys § foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kh wdkhkh

lrk ,o fhojqï i|yd 5] l ;Sre noaola wh lr;ehs is;uq' túg wdkhksl

fhojqïj, jákdlu" foaYSh tl;= l< w.h fjkia fõ' ta wkqj iM, wdrlaIl

wkqmd;slh o fjkia fõ'

10

100

˟

100 (V1-V0)

V0

2500-2000

2000 ˟ 100


;Sre noaog fmr wdkhksl fhojqïj, jákdlu } re' 3000

fhojqï i|yd f.jk ;Sre nÿ m%udKh } re' 3000

;Sre noafoka miq fhojqïj, jákdlu } re' 3000 + 150

} re' 3150

;Sre noafoka miq foaYSh tl;= l< w.h } re' 5500 - 3150 } re' 2350

iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh = ` = 17'5]

▪ wjidk NdKavhg nÿ wh lsÍug wu;r j wdkhksl wdrlaIK fhojqï u; o ;Sre

nÿ mekùu ksid iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;h 7'5] lska ^25] 17'5]& my< hk nj by;

ksoiqkg wkqj meyeÈ,s h'

▪ wfkl=;a lreKq fkdfjkiaj mj;sk wji:dj, § my; i|yka fldkafoais u; iM,

wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh by< w.hla .kS'

1' wjidk ksIamdÈ;h u; mkjkq ,nk kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slh by< w.hla .ekSu

2' wdkhksl fhojqï u; mkjkq ,nk ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;sl my< w.hla .ekSu

3' NdKavfha jákdlu ;=< wdkhksl fhojqï m%;sY;h my< w.hla .ekSu

;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾.

▪ wdkhk iy wmkhk nÿj,g wu;r j wdrlaIKh i|yd fhdod .kakd l%shdud¾. ;Sre

nÿ fkdjk l%shdud¾. fõ'

▪ ;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾.

▪ i,dl lsÍu fyj;a fldagd kshu lsÍu

▪ foaYSh ksIamdolhskag iykdOdr fyda Èß.ekaùï fyda ,nd §u

▪ m%md;kh

▪ iafjÉPdfjka wmkhk iSud mkjd .ekSu

▪ úfoaY úksuh md,kh

▪ wmkhk yd wdkhk iSud mekùu

▪ fjf<| iïndOl mekùu

▪ mßmd,k yd ;dlaIKsl m%ñ;Ska kshu lsÍu

wdrlaIKjdohg mlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

▪ cd;sl wdrlaIdjg wod< jk ksIamdok foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól ;SrK .ekSfï § yd

l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

5

100 ˟

2350-2000

2000


▪ foaYSh l¾udka; wdrlaId lsÍug;a tajdfha fiajd kshqla; fiajlhkaf.a /lshd wdrlaId

lsÍu i|yd;a wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s jeo.;a fõ'

▪ foaYSh <ore l¾udka; i|yd m<mqreÿ úfoaY ;r.lrejkaf.ka wdrlaId lr .ekSug

wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s bjy,a fõ'

▪ iSñ; NdKav lSmhla u; úfYaI m%d.=KH lrñka wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï ksr; jk

rgj,a uqyqK mdk WÉpdjpkh j<lajd .ekSu ^wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj we;s lsÍu& i|yd;a

rgj, wd¾Ólh úúOdx.SlrKh lr .ekSu i|yd;a wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh

lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

▪ m%md;kh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wdrlaIKjdoh jeo.;a fõ'

▪ f.jqï fYaI ÿIalr;dj,g úi÷ï fiùfï § WmldÍ fõ'

▪ foaYSh iïm;a Wmfhdackh by< kexùu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

▪ wj.=K NdKav wdkhk je<elaùfï § wdrlaIKjdoh jeo.;a fõ'

wdrlaIKjdohg úmlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

▪ wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fjf<|fmd<

ixfldapkh úh yels h'

▪ úfoaY fjf<|du ixfldapkh ùu ksid cd;sl wdodhu wvq úh yels h'

▪ foaYSh ksIamdokj, msßjeh wvq lsÍug idkqn, fkdue;s ksid wld¾hlaIu l¾udka;

ìys úh yels h'

▪ .=Kd;aul núka by< NdKav ksIamdokh wvq úh yels h'

▪ ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh ixl%uKhg ndOd we;s úh yels h'

9'3 ( úfoaY fjf<| wkqmd;slfha m%fNao olajñka tajdfha fjkia ùïj,g fya;= yd m%;súmdl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

▪ fjf<| wkqmd;slh w¾: olajhs'

▪ fjf<| wkqmd;slfha úúO m%fNao kï lrhs'

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh iólrKh u.ska m%ldY lrhs'

▪ fok ,o o;a; u.ska NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj,g fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úia;r lrhs'

▪ wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh iólrK u.ska m%ldY lrhs'

▪ fok ,o o;a; u.ska wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'

▪ wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úia;r lrhs'


fjf<| wkqmd;slh

▪ wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhlska ,nd .; yels wdkhk NdKav tall m%udKh

fjf<| wkqmd;h f,i w¾: ±laúh yels h'

▪ fjf<| wkqmd;slfha m%fNao folls'

1' NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh

2' wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh f,iska w¾: olajkafka o wmkhk tallhlska ,nd .; yels wdkhk NdKav tall m%udKh f,i oelajq fjf<| wkqmd;hu h'

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ iólrKhla weiqfrka oelaúh yels h'

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh = x 100

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

ksoiqk 1 2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 103'5

2013 j¾Ifha wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 108'4

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;h =

= 95.47%

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;=

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh wvq ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;=

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh jeä ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;=

• wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my;

jeà wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh by<

hdu

• wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylhg jvd

jeä fõ.hlska wmkhk ñ,

o¾Ylh my< neiSu

• wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr

j ;sìh § wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

by< hdu

• wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr j ;sìh § wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my; jeàu

• wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdu yd

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my< hdu

• wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylhg jvd jeä

fõ.hlska wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my;

jeàu

• wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr j ;sìh

§ wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my< hdu

• wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djrj ;sìh § wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdu

103'5

108'4 100 x


x 100

▪ miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;h fjkia ù we;s wdldrh úYaf,aIKh

l< yels h'

▪ ksoiqka (

j¾Ih wmkhk wdkhk NdKav fjf<|

ñ, o¾Ylh ñ, o¾Ylh wkqmd;slh

2010 100 100 100'0

2011 106'3 102'5 100'2

2012 105'2 103'51 99'6

2013 105'5 108'51 97'6

2014 105'5 108'51 97'6

2015 95'6 95'3 100'3

2016 94'1 90'35 104'0

2017 95'1 91'35 102'0

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

▪ wmkhkj, wdkhk ilH;dj by< hdu

▪ fjf<| fYaIh jdisodhl ùu

▪ iuia; fYaIh ^f.jqï fYaIh& jdisodhl ùu

▪ ixÑ; yd j;alï by< hdu

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh my< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

▪ wmkhk yd wdkhk YlH;dj my< hdu

▪ fjf<| fYaI ys`.h jeä ùu

▪ f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; ys`.h jeä ùu

▪ ixÑ; yd j;alï wvq ùu

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh

▪ wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh hkq wmkhk wdodhfuys wdkhk l%hYla;sh uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk o¾Ylh hs'

▪ wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh uekSu i|yd my; i|yka iólrKh fhdod .kS'

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh x wmkhk mßud o¾Ylh wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh = wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh


ksoiqk (

2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 103'5 2013 j¾Ifha wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 108'4 2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk mßud o¾Ylh } 116'4

2013 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh =

= 11,113.8

▪ NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh wmkhk mßud o¾Ylfhka .=K lsÍfuka o wdodhï fjf<|

wkqmd;slh ,nd .; yels h'

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh my< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

• wmkhk bmhqï jeä ùu

• wmkhk YlH;dj by< hdu

• fjf<| fYaIh by< hdu

• f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh

ys;lr ;;a;ajhlg meñKSu

• WoaOukd;aul n,mEï we;s lsÍu

• wdkhk úhoï by< hdu

• wdkhk YlH;dj my< hdu

• fjf<| fYaIh my< hdu

• f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh wys;lr ;;a;ajhlg meñKSu

• WoaOukd;aul n,mEï wvq ùu

9'4 ( f.da,ShlrKh" l,dmShlrKh yd oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï úuihs'

▪ f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha ld¾hhka úia;r lrhs'

▪ f.da,ShlrKh w¾: olajhs'

▪ f.da,ShlrKhg mlaI j yd úmlaI j bÈßm;a ù we;s ;¾l bÈßm;a lrhs'

▪ wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï w¾: olajhs'

▪ Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk fjf<| .súiqï úia;r lrhs'

▪ oaù md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqïj,g ksoiqka olajhs'

▪ nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqïj,g ksoiqka olajhs'

▪ úfoaY fjf<| .súiqïj, we;s jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

103'5 x 116'4

108'4

x 100


f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh

▪ f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh hkq nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<|dfï m%j¾Okhg;a" fjf<\du iqug

j iy l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a fjf<|du yd ;Sre nÿ ms<sn| fmdÿ iïuq;sh

jvd;a Yla;su;a lrñka 1995 § msysgqjd .kq ,enQ cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhls'

f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha m%Odk wruqKq

▪ nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<|du m%j¾Okh lsÍu

▪ fjf<|du l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k hdu

▪ fjf<| ndOl wju lsÍu iy fjf<| kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu u.ska cd;Hka;r fjf<|

l%uh ;=< m%Odk m%;sixialrKhka we;s lsÍu

f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha m%Odk ld¾h 6ls'

1' f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh hgf;a idudðl rgj,a w;aika fldg we;s cd;Hka;r fjf<|

.súiqï ksis f,i l%shd;aul fõ o hkak mßmd,kh lsÍu

2' ksoyia fj<|du m%j¾Okh lr .ekSug wod< idlÉPd i|yd fõÈldjla iemhSu

3' fjf<|fmd< wdrjq,a fíreï lsÍu

4' idudðl rgj, cd;sl m%;sm;a;s iudf,dapkh lsÍu

5' ;dlaIKsl wdOdr yd mqyqKq jev igyka ls%hd;aul lsÍu u.ska ixj¾Okh jk rgj,g

fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| .eg¨ úi|d .ekSug wdOdr lsßu

6' fjk;a cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól ixúOdk iu`. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu

f.da,ShlrKh ▪ f.da,ShlrKh hkq f,dalfha rgj,a wd¾Óluh" ixialD;suh yd foaYmd,kuh

jYfhka úúO m%udKhka Tiafia tlsfklg taldnoaO ùfï m%jK;dj hs'

▪ wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh flfrys h'

▪ wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh hkq f,dalfha rgj,a fjf<|" m%d.aOk" uQ,H" ;dlaIK" m%;ms

;a;s hkd§ úúO m%jdyhka Tiafia tlsfklg taldnoaO ùfï l%shdj,sh hs'

▪ j¾;udkfha wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh ;dlaIKh yd m%;sm;a;s u; ls%hd;aul fõ'

▪ f.da,ShlrKh ksid" f,dal wd¾Ólfha wfkHdakH /¢hdj" uQ,H m%jdyhkaf.a j¾Okh"

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh cd;Hka;rlrKh yd cd;Hka;r Y%u ixp,kh ;Sj% fõ'

f.da,ShlrKhg mlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

▪ ksIamdok l%shdj,sh úflakaøKh ùu ksid ksIamdok yd mßfNdack m¾hka;fhka

tmsgg ú;eka ùu

▪ kj woyia yd w;a±lSï ,eîu

▪ f,dalfha fjf<| mßudj by< hdu

▪ wd¾Ól jDoaê Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i Ndú; lsÍug yels ùu

▪ úfoaY wdfhdack by< hdu


▪ wuqøjH wvq ñ,g wdkhkh l< yels ùu

▪ úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu

▪ wOHdmkh yd ±kqu ÈhqKq ùu

▪ kj /lshd wjia:d ìys ùu

▪ úfoaYSh uqo,a fm%aIK we;eï rgj, m%Odk úksuh m%jdyhla njg m;a ùu

▪ f,dalfha yqfol,d rgj,a tu ;;a;ajfhka ñ§ cd;Hka;r w¾: l%uh iuÕ taldnoaO

ùu

▪ kj ;dlaIKh m%idrKh ùu

▪ ;r.ldÍ;ajh ksid .=Kd;aul ksIamdok ìys ùu

▪ wka;¾cd,h Tiafia f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ùu

f.da,ShlrKhg úmlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

▪ f.da,ShlrKfha m%;s,dN f,daljdiS ish¨ fokdg idOdrK j fn§ fkdhdu

▪ ixj¾ê; rgj,g jeä m%;s,dN ysñ ùu

▪ cd;Hka;r jYfhka wdodhï úIu;d mq¿,a ùu

▪ f.da,Sh wd¾Ól w¾nqo wfkl=;a rgj,g myiqfjka jHdma; ùu

▪ iudc .egqï j¾Okh ùu

▪ ñksia Ôú; flfrys wkdrlaIs; njla we;s lsÍu

▪ mdßißl .eg¨ we;s ùu

▪ ixialD;sh úkdY ùu

▪ uQ,H fjf<|fmd< wia:dhs;djka we;s ùu ksid wd¾Ól w¾nqo yg .ekSu

▪ foaYSh l¾udka; ì| jeàu yd /lshd wysñ ùu

▪ ;%ia;jdoh jHdma; ùu

▪ fi!LH .eg¨ we;s ùu

wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï

▪ úúO rgj,a w;r ;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk ndOlj,ska f;dr j NdKav " fiajd iy

ksIamdok idOl yqjudre lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï f,i y÷kajhs'

wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùïj, úúO iajrEm

1' j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm (Preferential Trade Agreement - PTA)

2' ksoyia fjf<| l,dm (Free Trade Area - FTA)

3' ;Sre nÿ ix.ï (Custom Union - CU)

4' fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< (Common Market - CM)

5' wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï (Economic and Monetary Unions - EU)

6' mQ¾K wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï (Fully Economic Intergration - FEI)


j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm(Preferential Trade Agreement - PTA)

▪ idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r fjf<|dfï § Ndú; lrk fjf<| ixfrdaOlj,g jvd

wvq ixfrdaOl hgf;a idudðl rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd

rgj,a tl;= ù msysgqjdf.k we;s ixúOdk j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm f,i ye¢kafõ'

▪ fï hgf;a .súiqï.; rgj,a úiska l,dmfha wNHka;r fjf<|du i|yd tl`.;djg

ne÷Kq fmdÿ ;Sre nÿj,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla lmd yßkq ,nhs'

▪ j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm ioyd ksoiqka (

• hqfrdamd wd¾Ól l,dmSh .súiqu (Europeon Economic Area Agreement-FEA) • W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (NAFTA)

ksoyia fjf<| l,dm(Free Trade Area - FTA)

▪ idudðl rgj,a idudðl fkdjk rgj,a iu`. fjf<|dfï fhfok úg tu rgj,

wNsu;h mßÈ fjf<| ixfrdaOl mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r fjf<|du

ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù we;s lr .kakd

ixúOdk ksoyia fjf<| l,dm fõ'

▪ fuys§ .súiqï.; rgj,a úiska tl`. jQ ;Sre nÿ ldKavj,g wh;a ;Sre nÿ uq¿ukskau

bj;a flf¾'

▪ ksoyia fjf<| l,dm i|yd ksoiqka (

• wm%sldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone - AFTZ)

• wdishdkq meismsla ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Asian Fasific Free Trade Zone - AFTZ)

• wm%sldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone - AFTZ)

• uOHu hqfrdamd ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone AFTZ)

• W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (North American Free Trade Zone -

NAFTZ)

;Sre nÿ ix.ï(Custom Union - CU)

▪ idudðl rgj,a w;r fjf<|du fjf<| ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdu

i|yd;a idudðl iy idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r tl iudk fjf<| m%;sm;a;shla

mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd;a rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù we;s lr .kakd ix.ï ;Sre nÿ

ix.ï kñka ye¢kafõ'

▪ fuys § .súiqï.; NdKav ldKavj,g wod< fjk;a rgj,ska wdkhkh lrkq ,nk

NdKav i|yd iudk ;Sre nÿ m%udKhla l%shd;aul jk w;r .súiqï.; NdKav ldKav

i|yd ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ork rgj, ;Sre nÿ uq¿ukska u bj;a flf¾'

▪ ;Sre nÿ ix.ï i|yd ksoiqka

• uOHu wfußldkq fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< (Central Acerican Common Market –

CACM) • leßìhdkq m%cdj (Caribbean Community - CARICOM)


• W;=re wfußldkq m%cdj (North American Community - NAC)

• ol=Kq wm%sldkq ;Sre nÿ ix.uh (South Aprican Cutsoms Union - SACU)

• W;=re wfußldkq m%cdj (North American Community - NAC)

fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<(Common Market - CM)

▪ idudðl rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd

f.k hdug;a idudðl rgj,a idudðl fkdjk rgj,a iu`. fjf<|du mj;ajd f.k

hdfï § fmdÿ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r ksIamdok idOl

ksoyfia ixp,kh lsÍug;a rgj,a taldnoaO ùu fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< kñka ye¢kafõ'

▪ fï hgf;a Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh jeks ksIamdok idOl yd NdKav yd fiajd .súiqï.; rgj,a w;r ndOlhlska f;dr j ixp,kh lsÍfï yelshdj ,efí'

▪ fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< i|yd ksoiqka(

• leßìhka fldñhqksá fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<

(The Caribbean Community & Common Market)

• uOHu weußldkq fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<

(Central American Common Market)

• uOHu wm%sldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh

(Central African Economic & Monetary Community)

wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï(Economic and Monetary Unions - EU)

▪ idudðl rgj,a w;r fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a

idudðl yd idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|du fmdÿ

m%;sm;a;shla hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh

ksoyfia ixp,kh lsÍug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r tl yd iudk uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla yd

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul lsÍug;a rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù msysgqjd .kakd

ix.ï wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

▪ wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï i|yd ksoiqka

• uOHu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh (Central African Economic & Monetary Community - CEMAC)

• ngysr wm%sldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh (Economic Community West African - ECOWAS)

• hqfrdamd uQ,H yd wd¾Ól ix.uh (Europen Economic & Monetary Union - EMU)

mQ¾K wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï (Fully Economic Intergration - FEI)

▪ idudðl yd idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd iy ksIamdok idOl

yqjudre lsÍfï § ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd;a idudðl rgj,a w;r

talSh uq,H m%;sm;a;shla" rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s" jHjia:dodhlh" úOdhlh" wêlrK yd


foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd;a f,dalfha rgj,a tl;= ùu mQ¾K

tldnoaO ùu f,i ye¢kafõ'

▪ wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï i|yd w;aika lrkq ,nk .súiqï j¾. follg fnÈh yels h'

1' oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

2' nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

▪ fjf<|du yd uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka rgj,a folla w;r we;s lr .kakd fjf<| .súiqï oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï f,i ye¢kafõ'

▪ j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldj we;=<;a ù isák oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï • bkaÿ ,xld ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (ISFTA)

• mdlsia;dkq Y%S ,xld ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (PSFTA)

nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

▪ fjf<|du yd uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka rgj,a lsysmhla w;r we;s lr .kakd fjf<| .súiqï nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï fõ'

▪ Y%S ,xldj we;=<;a ù isák nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï • ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (SAFTA)

úfoaY fjf<| .súiqïj, we;s jeo.;alu

▪ rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh ùu

▪ fjf<|fmd< mq¿,a ùu

▪ m%jdyK msßjeh wvq ùu

▪ foaYSh fjf<|fmd< NdKav ñ, .Kka my< hdu

▪ úfoaY wdfhdack j¾Okh ùu

▪ kj ld¾ñl NdKav wvq ñ,lg ,nd .; yels ùu

▪ fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu

▪ wuqøjH ñ, my< hdu

▪ wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKhg we;s bv m%ia:d mq¿,a ùu


9'5 ( Y%S ,xld úfoaY fjf<|dfï iajNdjh yd úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s úu¾Ykh lrhs'

▪ YS% ,xldfõ wmkhk fjf<|du úia;r lrhs'

▪ Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk jHqyh úia;r lrhs'

▪ Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk fjf<|du úia;r lrhs'

▪ Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk jHQyh uy nexl= jd¾;d o;a; wkqj úia;r lrhs'

▪ Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk Wmk;s uy nexl= jd¾;d o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

▪ Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s ^ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka& úia;r lrhs'

▪ wmkhk fjf<|dfï § uqyqK mdk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'

▪ wmkhk fjf<|du uqyqK fok .eg¨ iy tajdg úi÷ï bÈßm;a lrhs'

wmkhk fjf<|du ▪ lsishï rgla f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,g NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍu wmkhk fjf<|du

hs'

ksoiqka ( YS% ,xldj weußld tlai;a ckmohg f;a wf,ú lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk jHQyh

▪ lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk

▪ ld¾ñl wmkhk

▪ Lksc øjH wmkhk

▪ j¾. fkdl< wmkhk

Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk jHqyh my; mßÈ m%;sY;d;aul j ±laúh yels fõ' 2015 2016

lDIsld¾ñl wmkhkh 23'5] 22'6]

ld¾ñl wmkhkh 76] 77]

Lksc øjH wmkhkh 0'3] 0'3]

j¾. fkdl< wmkhk 0'2] 0'1]

▪ › ,xldj wmkhkh lrkq ,nk lDIsld¾ñl NdKav

▪ f;a

▪ rn¾

▪ fmd,a

▪ wfkl=;a lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk

▪ › ,xldj wmkhkh lrkq ,nk ld¾ñl NdKav

▪ wdydrmdk j¾. yd ÿïfld<

▪ frÈms<s yd we`.¨ï


▪ Lksc ksIamdÈ;

▪ rn¾ ksIamdÈ;

▪ ms`.ka ksIamdÈ;

▪ iï" .uka u¨ mdjyka

▪ hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK

▪ Èhuka;s yd iaj¾KdNrK

▪ wfkl=;a ld¾ñl wmkhk

▪ wmkhkh lrkq ,nk Lksc øjH

▪ ueKsla

▪ wfkl=;a wdfhdack NdKav wmkhkh

▪ 1977 ka miq wmkhk jHqyfha fjkiaùu j¾;udkh olajd my; wdldrhg fmkajd Èh yels h' wmkhk jHqyh 1977 2016

lDIsld¾ñl NdKav 79] 22]

ld¾ñl NdKav 14] 77]

fjk;a 07] 01]

▪ ld¾ñl NdKav wmkhkh fjkia ùu 1977 isg 2015 olajd úia;rd;aul j my; j.=fjka ±lafõ' ld¾ñl NdKav 1977 2015 2016

frÈms<s yd we`.¨ï 02] 46] 47]

Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh 09] 04] 05]

wdydrmdk yd ÿïfld< - 03] 03]

Èhuka;s yd iaj¾KdNrK - 03] 03]

rn¾ ksIamdok - 07] 7]

wfkl=;a ld¾ñl NdKav 03 06] 08]

m%jdyK WmlrK - 2'3 01]

iïNdKav m%jdyk yd mdjyka WmlrK - 1'3 2]

wdkhk fjf<|du ▪ hï rgla f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu wdkhk fjf<|du

hs'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk jHQyh

▪ Y%S ,xldj cmdkfhka jdyk ñ, § .ekSu

▪ mßfNdack NdKav

▪ wka;¾ NdKav


▪ wdfhdack NdKav

▪ j¾. fkdl< NdKav ^2016 uy nexl= jd¾;djg wkqj&

▪ Y%S ,xldj wdkhkh lrk mßfNda.sl NdKavj,g ksoiqka

▪ iy,a" iSks" ;sß.= msá" lsß msá

▪ fm!oa.,sl fudag¾ r:

▪ úÿ,s WmlrK

▪ Y%S ,xldj wdkhkh lrk wka;¾ NdKavj,g ksoiqka

▪ Lksc f;,a

▪ fmdfydr

▪ ridhksl øjH

▪ frÈms<S yd we.¨ï

▪ Y%S ,xldj wdkhkh lrk wdfhdack NdKavj,g ksoiqka

▪ hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK

▪ m%jdyK WmlrK

▪ f.dvke`.s,s øjH

▪ 1977 isg 2015 olajd wdkhk jHQyh ld,Sk jYfhka fjkia ù we;s wdldrh my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

wdkhk jHQyh 1977 2015 2016

mdßfNda.sl NdKav 42] 25] 22]

wka;¾ NdKav 48] 51] 51]

wdfhdack NdKav 12] 24] 27]

fjk;a 01 - -

▪ wka;¾ NdKavj, fjkiaùï 1997 isg 2016 olajd iúia;rd;aul j my; ±lafõ'

wka;¾ NdKav 1977 2015 2016

fndr f;,a 23] 14'3] 12'8]

frÈms<S 03] 12] 14]

Èhuka;s - 0'9] 3]

ridhksl ksIamdok 01] 4'6] 4'4]

;sß`.= iy bß`.= 01] 1'9] 1'3]

fmdfydr - 1'5] 0'7]


wfkl=;a wka;¾ NdKav - 15'7] 15'1]

Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh .ek i,ld ne,Sfï § my; i|yka lreKq 2016 uy nexl=

jd¾;dj wkqj ±laúh yels h'

▪ f.da,Ssh wd¾Ólh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s ine¢hdj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu flfrys fhduq jQ

úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;shla 2015 yd 2016 jif¾ § wLKav j l%shd;aul úh'

▪ úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s rduqjla we;s lsÍu i|yd rch mq¿,a jHqyd;aul fjkialï rdYshla fhdackd lrk ,È'

▪ fjf<|du ;SrKh jk kS;s fr.=,dis fjkia lsÍug m%h;ak ±Íu

▪ fjf<| .súiqï we;s lsÍu u.ska úfoaY fjf<|fmd< fj; Yla;su;a m%fõYhla we;s lsÍu

▪ Wmdh ud¾.sl fjf<| m%j¾Okh

▪ fjf<| ;Sre nÿ m%;sm;a;sh ;j ÿrg;a ;d¾lSlrKh

▪ fkdneÈ úfoaY m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wmkhkh m%j¾Okh i|yd m%uqL;ajh

,nd §u

▪ wdkhk ;d¾lSlrKh i|yd o m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾. .ekSu

▪ wdfhdack m%j¾Okh i|yd WmldÍ jk oaúmd¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<öu

▪ Y%S ,xldj f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh úiska ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk nyqmd¾Yaùh

l%shdud¾. i|yd wLKav j iïnkaO ùu

wmkhk fjf<|dfï § uqyqK fok .eg¨

▪ wmkhk fnda.j, ñ, WÉpdjpkh ùu

▪ wmkhk mßudj wvq ùu

▪ f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a we;s ±ä wúksYaÑ;;djh

▪ f.da,Sh wd¾Ól wjmd;h

▪ Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wmkhk fjf<|fmd<j,a j¾Okh ukao.dó ùu

by; .eg¨j,g úi÷ï f,i bÈßm;a l< yels lreKq

▪ f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh yd YS% ,xldj w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu flfrys fhduq

ùu

▪ úfoaY fjf<|fmd<j, isÿ lrk wf,úlrK yd wd¾Ól m%j¾Ok jevigyka by<

kexùu

▪ fjf<| .súiqï M,odhs f,i Yla;su;a lsÍu

▪ kj wmkhk fjf<|fmd<j,a wdrlaId lr .ekSug yd ±kg mj;sk fjf<|fmd<j,a

mq¿,a lsÍu yd NdKav úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍu


▪ wmkhkh flfrys fhduq jq l¾udka; m%j¾Okh i|yd w;HjYH wdh;k ia:dms;

lsÍu

▪ wmkhk ixj¾Okh i|yd ljqkai,hla msysgqùu

"fuh oefhaa orejka fjkqfjka wd¾Ól úoHdj .=re ud¾f.damfoaYk ix.%yfha lreKq we;=<;aj ilia lrk ,os' úIh fmdaIKh i|yd

miq.sh úNd. m%Yak" fjk;a igyka yd úIh ks¾foaYs; .%ka: mßyrKh l< hq;=h'

wd¾Ól úoHdjg wod< kj;u úIh lreKq" úNd. fmr mqyqKq m%Yak" miq.sh úNd. m%Yak újrKh" wd¾Ól úoHdfõ flá l%u iy úIh ks¾foaYs; ùäfhda keröu i|yd MIHIN LIYANARACHCHI

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