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172) (nemo dat quod non habet) .

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180 56 3 (2015. 9.)

The Role of the Private International Law Act and the

Cultural Property Protection Act of Korea as Means of

Protecting Cultural Property from International Illicit

Transactions and the Proposal for Improvement

Suk, Kwang Hyun*

196)

Many countries have special laws protecting cultural properties. The Cultural

Property Protection Act of Korea (Article 39, Paragraph 1) prohibits an overseas

export and taking out of national treasures, treasures, natural monument and

important folklore resources. In the past the focus of the protection of cultural

property in Korea has been on the recovery of cultural properties pillaged, so that it

was the duty of the Korean Government to recover such cultural properties from the

countries that have pillaged the Korean cultural properties. Accordingly, the issue has

been understood as falling under the public international law. However, in the future,

more cases will arise where thieves steal cultural properties and export the same to

foreign purchasers in violation of the Cultural Property Protection Act of Korea. In

such case, the owner of the cultural properties or the Republic of Korea should be

allowed to recover the cultural properties from the possessor. This is so-called a

matter of the protection of cultural properties from international illicit transactions,

where the Private International Law Act of Korea and the norms dealing with the

protection of cultural properties (such as the UNESCO Convention, the UNIDROIT

Convention and the Cultural Property Protection Act of Korea) will play very

important roles. In order to fight against the illicit trafficking of cultural property,

the international community adopted in 1970 the Convention on the Means of

Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of

Cultural Property (UNESCO Convention). Under the UNESCO Convention (Article

* Professor, College of Law / School of Law, Seoul National University.

() / 181

7(b)()), the State Parties undertake at the request of the State Party of origin, to

take appropriate steps to recover and return any such cultural property imported after

the entry into force of the UNESCO Convention. As an extension of the same,

UNIDROIT adopted in 1995 the Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported

Cultural Objects (UNIDROIT Convention). The UNIDROIT Convention acknowl-

edges an individual dispossessed of the cultural property the right to claim for

restitution of the cultural property, and the state of origin from which the cultural

property has been illegally exported the right to request the return of the cultural

property. Both conventions are complementary with each other. In the past the

Private International Law Act of Korea and the international cultural property law

did not play an important role. However, in the context of restitution of stolen or

illegally exported cultural property, both the Private International Law Act of Korea

and the international cultural property law play very important roles. Korea has

become a contracting party to the UNESCO Convention, but it is not a contracting

party to the UNIDROIT Convention. The author understands that the Korean

Government is planning to accede to the UNIDROIT Convention in the near future.

In order to understand the changes to be brought by Koreas accession to the

UNIDROIT Convention, we should know the current status of the Korean law

protecting the cultural property from international illicit transactions. This article

constitutes the preparatory research prior to Koreas accession to the UNIDROIT

Convention. More concretely, the author discusses various issues in the below order.

First, actual situation where the protection of cultural property from international

illicit transactions is at issue (Chapter .). Second, international jurisdiction for

action seeking return of cultural property (Chapter .). Third, international cultural

property transactions and the international norm governing such international cultural

property transactions: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International

Sale of Goods (CISG) (Chapter .). Fourth, ownership of cultural property and

private international law rules dealing with real rights of cultural property (Chapter

.). Fifth, the Cultural Property Protection Act of Korea and internationally

mandatory rules (Chapter .). Sixth, weak points of the Cultural Property Protection

Act of Korea from the viewpoint of the cultural property protection from inter-

182 56 3 (2015. 9.)

national illicit transactions (Koreas implementation of the UNESCO Convention

and the proposal for improvement is also referred to) (Chapter .). Seventh, the

significance of Koreas accession to the UNIDROIT Convention (Chapter .).

Although it is not a subject of this article, the author believes that Korea should

accede to the UNIDROIT Convention in order for Korea to participate in the cause

of protecting cultural property from international illicit transactions and to occupy

moral superiority in the protection of cultural property. However, before doing so,

we should take preparatory measures including evaluating its contents and the

advantages and the changes to be brought by Koreas accession and accommodating

those changes. The author hopes that this article will be helpful for the development

of international cultural property law in Korea.

Keywords: UNESCO Convention, UNIDROIT Convention, cultural property

protection act, internationally mandatory rules, international commercial

law, bona fide acquisition