02 How to write a good paper #1.pdf
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Transcript of 02 How to write a good paper #1.pdf
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Introduction:PaperExamples
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Wespend~20%ofourtimepreparingresearchreports withouttraining
Incontrast,wearewelltrainedtoprogramcomputersµprocessor,useoscilloscopes,etc.
TheProblem:
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Giveparticipantsrecipeforpreparinggoodresearchpapers: intermsofstyleandorganization(contentisuptoyou!) acceptabletoIEEE,Elsevier(www.sciencedirect.com)&otherreputableEnglishjournals
easytoread
LectureObjective
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Introduction:communicationschannel
BeforeWriting
EnglishCompositionTips
OrganizationoftheResearchPaper Introduction Method Results Discussion Conclusions (Abstract,Title)
ReviewProcess
ProblemsandCures
SummaryandConclusions
LessonPlan
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Objectiveofscientificpaper conveyinformation,asefficientlyaspossible.
Onewriter manyreaders burden(kewajiban) onwritertocommunicateefficiently.
AnalogtocommunicationchannelTx andRxmustbeonsamewavelength,usesameprotocol.
Protocolforpaperfixedbyconventions greatadvantagefornonnativespeakers
Ifonecanmastertheconventions,onecanreplicatethegenreinanacceptableform.`
JournalPaperacommunicationschannel
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Novirtueinkeepingreaderinsuspense
Readerwantsinfo,notyourpersonalhistoryinarrivingatresults Timesequencerelevant,onlytotheextentthatitaffectsresult
Organization,sequenceofpresentationoptimizedtoconveyinformation(nottomakeagoodstory!)
NotaMurderMystery!
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Goodresearchpapersrevolvearoundaresearchquestion Example:HowdoesbiasvoltageaffecttheadhesionandinterfacestructureofTiAlNcoatingsappliedtostainlesssteelsubstrates?
Inotherfields(biology,medicine),theresearchquestionisstatedformally.
Inourfield,theResearchQuestionshouldbe: Implicit inPhase4ofIntroduction (tobedescribed) Answered intheConclusions
BeforeyoubegintowriteDefinetheResearchQuestion
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
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Sameresultsmaynotbepublishedtwice! Published=injournal,book. Conferenceproceedingsisagrayarea aretheypublished? MinoroverlaptoimproveclarityandcompletenessOK
Butshouldbeclear,viareference,whatisoldandwhatisnew
Dontsubmitsamematerialtotwodifferentjournalsatsametime ItisOKtosubmitpaperrejectedbyonejournaltoanother
NODOUBLEPUBLICATION!
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Plagiarism passingoffsomeoneelsesworkasyourown
Everything (ideas,data,pictures,etc.)inreportmustbeyours,unlessareferenceiscited
NoPlagiarism
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
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HierarchalStructure(topdownorganization): Chapter,Section
Subsection,etc. Paragraph
Sentence
Beforewritingtext,writeadetailedoutline downtothelevelofdefiningthetopicofeachparagraph Majorproblem misplacedstatements(methodinresults,resultsindiscussion,etc.)
EnglishCompositionSuggestions
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Thesentence: Expressesacompletethought MostsentencesshouldusethenaturalEnglishwordorder:subject,verb,objectThisrelationisvalidwhenx>r
Thechamberwasevacuatedwithadiffusionpump
EnglishComposition,contd
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Simplifysentencesbyusingnaturalverbform:Not:Measurementsweremadeofthecoatinghardnessusingananoindenter.
Insteadwrite:Thecoatinghardnesswasmeasuredusingananoindenter.
EnglishCompositionThesentence,contd
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AvoidbeginningthesentencewithlongprepositionalphrasesUsingaCSEMmodel3400nanoindenterequippedwithaflashlightandamicrocomputer,thehardnessofthecoatingwasmeasured.
EnglishCompositionThesentence,contd
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TheParagraph Developsatopic Atleast2sentences,morepreferred 1stsentencedefinesthetopicoftheparagraph Subsequentsentencesdevelopideainlogicalorder Finalsentencepresentsconclusion,ormainpoint
EnglishComposition,contd
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Useawordprocessor Frequentbackups Usedefinedstylesforheadings,etc.
Followauthorguide
Initialsubmissionformat: Manuscriptformat:
Widemargins Atleast25mmallaround
Doublespace Indent,extraspacebeforenewparagraph
Pressformat:followthetemplate
TypingInstructions
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OrganizationoftheReportAbstract Summarizes work
Introduction What are we talking about?
Experimental Details What did we do?
Results What did we get?
Discussion So What?
Conclusions ~3 (paper) or 5 (thesis) key points you want reader to remember
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TrapezoidalOrganization
Exp.Details
Results
Introduction
Discussion
Broadbackground
Narrowfocus
Broadimplications
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Introduction
Stage1:GeneralBackground
Stage2:LiteratureReview
Stage3:Gap
Stage4:Objective
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
Dadang Syarif SS
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IntroductionandDiscussionhardestforthenovicetowritewell! (Exp.Details,Resultsmuchmorestraightforward)
ObjectiveoftheIntroduction:givereader/reviewersufficientbackgroundinformationsothathecanunderstand andappreciate yourwork!
Introduction
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4Required parts: Stage1:Generalbackground Stage2:LiteratureReview Stage3:Gap Stage4:StatementofPurpose
2optionalparts Stage5:Valuestatements Stage6:Preview
Introduction
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Purpose: Placepaperinbroad context Bringreaderuptospeed
Style Shouldbeunderstandablebyevery reader Definestopic Short(1par.,~35sentences) Usuallyverygeneral,noncontroversialsentences
Intro:Stage1,GeneralBackground
Letspractice!
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Purpose Placepaperinspecific context. Byshowingwhatwas done,setthestageforstatingwhatwasnot done previously(inIII)
Organization ordercitationsby: Approach(endwiththatclosesttoyours) Relevance(endwithmostrelevant) Chronologically(endwithlatest)
Intro:Stage2,LiteratureReview
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Harvardformat(biology,medicinejournals):(Newton,1900)
Numberingformat(ex:IEEEjournals):
[1]
Followformatdeterminedbythejournal.
Citationformat
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Citationfocus: Information Prominence -- often used at the beginning
of stage 2, and refer to research in the general area of your study.
Example: Because of the complexity of the non-equilibrium behavior, the swarm parameters have been analyzed in non-uniform fields in He [1], [2], and N2 [3], [4] by Monte Carlo simulation and in air and Ar [5] by solving the diffusion flux equations.
Lit.Review,contd
Letspractice!
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Citationfocus(contd): Author Prominence often used to describe studies closely related to present work
(mid of stage 2).Example: Boeuf et al. [6] took into account the additional ionization caused by a
beamlike group of fast electrons and developed an extended memory factor model in helium.
Lit.Review,contd
Letspractice!
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Citationfocus(contd):
Weak Author Prominence often used for general statements characterizing the state of the art, or typical work performed in the past.Example: Several authors [1-4] have studied linear and nonlinear wave processes in various kinds of plasma, but not much work has been done for waves in a rotating plasma.
Lit.Review,contd
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Letsanalyze!
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Citationfocus(contd):
General Statements about the State of the Research end of stage 2Example: Theoretical investigations of these phenomena in plasmas have been vigorously pursued for the last two decades. However, the time evolution of the waves and instabilities leading to shocks, double layers, frequency shift, precessional rotation, etc., has not been understood fully.
Lit.Review,contd
Letspractice!
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DONOTUSEREFERENCENUMBERSASWORDS!!!! NO: Examples of crack propagation in composite
materials are given in [1-4] Instead:Crack propagation has been previously
investigated [1-4]. Ifyouhavetosaythenumberforthesentencetomakesense,rewrite!
Bettertociteworkbyauthorsname(followedbyref.number).Readercanrelatetoname.Number(only)forceshimtostopreadingandsearchforreferencesatendofpaper.
Lit.Review,contd
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Yourownpreviouswork? Treatyourownpreviousworkfairly Referees/reviewersandreadersverysuspiciousifworkofauthororauthorsgroupcitedoutofproportion,orworkofothersignored.
Lit.Review,contd
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Summarizesstateofknowledgebyindicating: Whatwasnot done(mostsafe),or Errors inpreviouswork(becarefulandtactful!),or Disagreements,controversybetweenvarioussources.
Intro. III.GapSentence
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Mostimportantsentenceforgettingpaperaccepted! mostcommoncauseforpaperrejection nothingnew Gapsentence,byindicatingwhatwasntdonepreviously,showsthatyourworkisnew! Agoodgapsentenceforcesreviewertoworkhardtorejectpaperforlackofnovelty
GapSentence
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Usually1sentencelong
Alwaysnegative
Mustrelatetopreviouspapersbyyouandyourgroupinsamemannerasotherpapers
Sentenceshouldbeexplicit,precise,andfocused:
Example:ThedependenceoftheinterfacestructurebetweenTisubstratesandAlfilmsonthesubstratebiasvoltagehasnotyetbeendetermined.
Intro. III.GapSentence(contd)
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Dontbewishywashy Fewresearchhaveinvestigated..
Begsthequestion whataboutthefew? Thefewshouldbethefocusofthelit.rev.,andthegapshouldberelativetothem
Tothebestofourknowledge,noonehas. Itstheauthorsjobtoknowtheliterature!
Intro. III.GapSentence(contd)
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Immediatelyfollowsgapsentencecontainingplanofattackthegap
Intro.IVStatementofPurpose
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Statesobjectiveoftheresearch/paper,whichis,basically,tofillthepreviouslystatedgap
Shouldbeconcise,precise,explicitandfocused Theresearchquestionshouldbeimplicitlyclear!
Example:TheobjectiveofthisresearchwastodeterminethedependenceofAl/Tiinterfacesasafunctionofsubstratevoltageduringvacuumarcdeposition
Intro.IVStatementofPurpose
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Stylenotes: Theobjectiveofresearchisnot todoresearch(orstudy,investigate,etc.)Instead,usemoredecisiveterms measure,determine,construct,calculate,etc.
researchcenteredSOP usepasttense Theobjectiveofthe(research,project,investigation,etc.)was .
papercenteredSOP usepresenttense Theobjectiveofthis(paper,report,article,etc)is.
Intro.IVStatementofPurpose
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Letsanalyze!
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V.StatementsofValue Indicateimportanceorsignificanceofwork Short(12sentences) Modesttone
VI.Preview Usefulforlongpapers Giveprincipleresult Indicateorganization
Intro.OptionalParts