02-He Thong May Tinh
description
Transcript of 02-He Thong May Tinh
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1TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NIVIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
TIN HC I CNGBi 2: H thng my tnh
Phn cng
Ton b my mc, thit b in t cu to nn my tnh
Phn mm L chng trnh chy trn my tnh
Tng quan v h thng my tnh
2
Phn mm
H iu hnh ng dng
3
Phn cng
4
Tho cc c vt m np hp
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power supply
ports
processor
memory
sound cardvideo card
Phn cng
Phn cng
Mn hnh
Loa
Bn phm
Chut
CPU
...
Phn cng
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H iu hnh
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Sau khi mua my tnh
Mng my tnh
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Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh 2.1.1. M hnh c bn ca my tnh
2.1.2. B x l trung tm CPU
2.1.3. B nh
2.1.4. H thng vo-ra
2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (buses)
2.1.6. Tng kt
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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2.1.1. M hnh c bn ca my tnh
a. Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
b. Cu trc ca h thng my tnh
c. Hot ng ca my tnh
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4a. Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
V d:
Cui mi hc k, phng o to nhp im thi ca SV vo my tnh, tnh ton kt qu hc tp ca SV, in ra danh sch SV t hc bng
My tnh thc hin pht mt bn nhc, b phim c lu tr trong my tnh. Bi ht hay b phim ny c th c sao chp cho ngi khc
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X l d liu
Lu tr d liu
Trao i d liu
iu khin
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a. Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
X l d liu:
Chc nng quan trng nht ca my tnh
D liu c th c rt nhiu dng khc nhau v c yu cu x l khc nhau.
Lu tr d liu:
D liu a vo my tnh c x l ngay hoc c th c lu trong b nh.
Khi cn chng s c ly ra x l.
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a. Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
Trao i d liu:
Trao i d liu gia cc thnh phn bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh Qu trnh vo ra (input-output)
Cc thit b vo-ra: ngun cung cp d liu hoc ni tip nhn d liu.
D liu c vn chuyn trn khong cch xa gi l truyn d liu (data communication).
iu khin:
My tnh cn phi iu khin ba chc nng trn
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a. Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITB X L TRUNG TM
INPUTTHIT B VO
OUTPUTTHIT B RA
STORAGETHIT B LU TR
a. Chc nng ca h thng my tnh
Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng my tnh
b. Cu trc ca h thng my tnh
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B x l trung tm CPU (Central Processor Unit) iu khin cc hot ng ca my tnh v thc
hin x l d liu.
B nh chnh (Main Memory) Lu tr chng trnh v d liu.
H thng vo ra (Input-Output System): Trao i thng tin gia my tnh v th gii bn
ngoi
Lin kt h thng (System Interconnection): Kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia CPU, b
nh chnh v h thng vo ra ca my tnh vi nhau.
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b. Cu trc ca h thng my tnh
Hot ng c bn ca my tnh l thchin chng trnh.
Chng trnh gm mt tp cc lnh clu tr trong b nh
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c. Hot ng ca my tnh
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6Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh 2.1.1. M hnh c bn ca my tnh
2.1.2. B x l trung tm CPU
2.1.3. B nh
2.1.4. H thng vo-ra
2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (buses)
2.1.6. Tng kt
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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2.1.2. B x l trung tm - CPU
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2.1.2. B x l trung tm - CPU
Chc nng
iu khin hot ng ca ton b h thng my tnh
X l d liu
Nguyn tc hot ng: CPU hot ng theochng trnh nm trong b nh chnh, bngcch: Nhn lnh t b nh chnh
Gii m lnh v pht cc tn hiu iu khin thc thilnh
CPU c th trao i d liu vi b nh chnh hay hthng vo-ra.
Thc hin lnh
Ghi kt qu23 24
Bus bn trong
Bus bn ngoi
Control Unit (CU)iu khin hot ng ca
my tnh theo chng trnh nh sn
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)Thc hin cc php ton s hc
v cc php ton logic trn cc d liu c th
Register File (RF)Lu tr cc thng tin tm thi
phc v cho hot ng ca CPU
Internal busKt ni cc thnh phn bn
trong CPU vi nhau
Bus Interface UnitKt ni v trao i thng tin gia cc bus bn trong vi cc bus bn ngoi vi nhau
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72.1.2. B x l trung tm - CPU
Cc thnh phn c bn Khi iu khin (Control Unit CU)
iu khin hot ng ca my tnh theo chng trnh nh sn
Khi tnh ton s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logic Unit -ALU): Thc hin cc php ton s hc v cc php ton
logic trn cc d liu c th Tp cc thanh ghi (Register File - RF)
Lu tr cc thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ngca CPU
Bus bn trong (Internal Bus) Kt ni cc thnh phn bn trong CPU vi nhau
n v ghp ni bus (Bus Interface Unit BIU) Kt ni v trao i thng tin vi nhau gia cc bus
bn trong vi cc bus bn ngoi.25
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B vi x l (Microprocessor)
L CPU c ch to trnmt vi mch.
C th gi CPU l b vi x l.Tuy nhin, cc b vi x lhin nay c cu trc phc tphn nhiu so vi mt CPU cbn.
2.1.2. B x l trung tm - CPU
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a. B vi x l (Microprocessor)
Tc ca b vi x l S lnh c thc hin trong 1s
MIPS (Milliions of Intructions per Second)
Kh nh gi chnh xc (cn ph thuc bnh, bo mch ha)
Tn s xung nhp ca b x l B x l hot ng theo mt xung nhp (clock)
c tn s xc nh
Tc ca b x l c nh gi gin tipthng qua tn s xung nhp
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Tc b vi x l
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8Tc b vi x l
Mt s siu my tnh (06/2011): http://www.top500.org/
#1 : K Computer (Nht Bn) AICS 68544 b vi x l 8 nhn
Tc hin ti: 8.162 petaflops (10 triu t php tnh/giy)
D kin : 10 petaflops
6 t ngi dng my tnh cm tay * 24h/ngy * 7 ngy/tun * 450 nm = 1 ngy K
#2 : Tianhe-1A, Trung Quc, 2.566 petaflops
#3 : Jaguar, Hoa K, 1.759 petaflops
#4 : Nebulae, Trung Quc, 1.271 petaflops
#5 : TSUBAME-2, Nht Bn,
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Intel Pentium 4
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Intel Pentium D
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Intel Dual Core, Core 2 Duo
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9Intel Core i3
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Intel Core i5, i7
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Intel Core i7 970
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Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh 2.1.1. M hnh c bn ca my tnh
2.1.2. B x l trung tm CPU
2.1.3. B nh
2.1.4. H thng vo-ra
2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (buses)
2.1.6. Tng kt
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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2.1.3. B nh
Chc nng: Lu tr chng trnh v d liu
Cc thao tc c bn vi b nh:
Thao tc c (read)
Thao tc ghi (write)
Cc thnh phn chnh
B nh trong (Internal Memory)
B nh ngoi (External Memory)
H thng nh thng dng
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T tri sang phi: Dung lng tng dn Tc gim dn Gi thnh/1bit gim dn
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a. B nh trong
Chc nng v c im
Cha cc thng tin m CPU c th trao i trc tip
Tc rt nhanh
Dung lng khng ln
S dng b nh bn dn: ROM v RAM
Cc loi b nh trong:
B nh chnh
B nh cache (b nh m nhanh)
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L thnh phn nh tn ti trn mi h thng my tnh
Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang c CPU s dng
T chc thnh cc ngn nh c nh a ch
Ngn nh thng c t chc theo Byte
Ni dung ca ngn nh c th thay i, song a ch vt l ca ngn nh lun c nh
Thng thng, b nh chnh gm 2 phn: ROM
RAM
i. B nh chnh
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Vng b nh ch c Thng tin khng b mt i
khi mt ngun in
Tch hp trn cc thit b
Ni dung c ci t ti ni sn xut thit b
ROM Read Only Memory
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Chc nng chnh: Cha cc phn mm thc hin cc cng vic
ca thit b (firmware).
i khi c gi: ROM BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
ROM Read Only Memory
B nh truy cp ngu nhin
Khng phi di chuyn tun t
c chia thnh cc nh c nh a ch
Thi gian thc hin thao tc c hoc ghi i vi mi nh l nh nhau, cho d ang bt k v tr no trong b nh
Lu tr cc thng tin thay i, v cc thng tin c s dng hin hnh
Thng tin lu trn RAM ch l tm thi,
chng s mt i khi mt ngun in
cung cp
RAM Random Access Memory
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SRAM (Static RAM): RAM tnh
DRAM (Dynamic RAM): RAM ng
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM):
SDR (Single Data Rate): li thi
DDR (Double Data Rate): c thay th bi
DDR2
DDR2 (Double Data Rate 2), DDR3: L th h tip
theo ca DDR, hin c s dng rng ri
RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM): t ngi dng v
khng nhanh hn SDRAM l bao nhng li t hn
nhiu
Dung lng: 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 MB, 1GB, 2GB...
Phn loi RAM theo cng ngh ch to
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Tc x l CPU >> tc truy cp d liu t RAM
S dng b nh Cache : Cc khi d liu t RAM c np vo Cache khi cn
CPU thao tc vi d liu trn Cache thay v trn RAM
Hin nay, CACHE c tch hp trong chip vi x l
CPU truy nhp d liu trong CACHE nhanh hn so vi RAM nhng dung lng nh hn
CACHE thng c chia ra mt s mc: cache L1, L2,
CACHE c th c hoc khng
ii. B nh m nhanh (Cache memory)
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b. B nh ngoi
Chc nng v c im
Lu gi ti nguyn phn mm ca my tnh, bao gm: H iu hnh, cc chng trnh v d liu
B nh ngoi c kt ni vi h thng di dng cc thit b vo ra
Dung lng ln
Tc chm
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b. B nh ngoi (tip)
Cc loi b nh ngoi:
B nh t: a cng, a mm
B nh quang: a CD, DVD,
B nh bn dn: Flash disk, memory card
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Dung lng : 1.44MB
Kch thc : 3.5
C 2 mt a
Phm vi s dng: khng thng dng
Laptop: Hu nh khng c.
Desktop: t s dng.
shutter
shell
liner
magneticcoating
flexible thin film
metal hub
i. a mm Floppy disk
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Dung lng ln
L ni ci t HH v cc chng trnh ng dng
Phm vi s dng: rng
Mt my tnh PC: c th c nhiu cng
ii. a cng Hard disk
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D dng mang t ni ny sang ni khc.
Kt ni qua cc giao tip:
USB 2.0
IEEE 1394, FireWare 800
Ethernet
S dng:
Lu tr d liu
Lu tr trong mng
iii. cng ngoi
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Thng c kch thc 700M
c gi l a quang, c bng u c laze
Tc c chm hn so vi a t ( cng)
Phn loi:
CD R
CD RW
Nhn nt ng np.
Cho a vo.
Nhn nt m np.
iii. CD ROM - Compact disc read-only memory
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CD R v CD RW
Phi c CD -W & phn mm h tr ghi
Khng th xa D liu trn CD
CD-R (compact disc-recordable)ch ghi 1 ln
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)c th xa, hoc ghi li nhiu ln
Phi c CD-RW & phn mm h tr
Xa & ghi
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iv. DVD - Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc
Phn loi:
Mt mt : 4.7GB
Hai mt : 8.5GB
Cn c c/ghi DVD
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v. Flash sticks or memory - USB
Kt ni vi my tnh qua cng USB
Kch thc: a dng 1G, 2G,..
S dng rng ri:
Lu tr d liu c nhn
S dng trong cc thit b nghe nhn
Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh 2.1.1. M hnh c bn ca my tnh
2.1.2. B x l trung tm CPU
2.1.3. B nh
2.1.4. H thng vo-ra
2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (buses)
2.1.6. Tng kt
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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2.1.4. H thng vo-ra
Chc nng: Trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi th gii bn ngoi.
Cc thao tc c bn
Vo d liu (Input)
Ra d liu (Output)
Cc thnh phn chnh:
Cc thit b vo-ra (IO devices) hay cn gi l thit b ngoi vi (Peripheral devices)
Cc m-un ghp ni vo-ra (IO Interface modules)
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a. Cu trc c bn ca h thng vo-ra
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b. Cc thit b vo ra
Chc nng: Chuyn i d liu gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh
Cc thit b ngoi vi c bn:
Thit b vo: Bn phm, chut, my qut,
Thit b ra: Mn hnh, my in,
Thit b nh: Cc a,
Thit b truyn thng: Modem,
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c. M-un ghp ni vo ra
Cc thit b vo ra khng kt ni trc tip vi CPU m c kt ni thng qua cc m-un ghp ni vo-ra.
Trong cc m un ghp ni vo-ra c cc cng vo-ra (IO Port)
Cc cng ny cng c nh a ch bi CPU, c ngha l mi cng cng c mt a ch xc nh.
Mi thit b vo-ra kt ni vi CPU thng qua cng tng ng vi a ch xc nh.
Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh 2.1.1. M hnh c bn ca my tnh
2.1.2. B x l trung tm CPU
2.1.3. B nh
2.1.4. H thng vo-ra
2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (buses)
2.1.6. Tng kt
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (buses)
CPU, b nh chnh v h thng vo-ra cn phi kt ni vi nhau trao i thng tin
Vic kt ni ny c thc hin bng mt tp cc ng kt ni gi l bus
Thc t bus trong my tnh kh phc tp, n c th hin bng cc ng dn trn cc bn mch, cc khe cm trn bn mch chnh, cc cp ni,
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2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (tip)
rng ca bus: L s ng dy ca bus c th truyn cc bit thng tin ng thi.
V chc nng, bus c chia lm 3 loi chnh: Bus a ch, bus d liu v bus iu khin
Bus a ch
Chc nng : vn chuyn a ch xc nh v tr d liu trn b nh chnh hay cng vo ra.
rng bus : N-bit cho bit s lng ngn nh ti a c nh a ch.
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Bus d liu
Vn chuyn d liu gia cc CPU v cc thnh phn khc trong h thng
rng : M-bit
M = 8,16, 32, 64, 128
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Bus iu khin
Vn chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin :
c/ghi d liu
Ngt
iu khin bus
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Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh 2.1.1. M hnh c bn ca my tnh
2.1.2. B x l trung tm CPU
2.1.3. B nh
2.1.4. H thng vo-ra
2.1.5. Lin kt h thng (buses)
2.1.6. Tng kt
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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Mt s bus in hnh trong my tnh
Bus ca CPU-Front Side Bus : c tc nhanh nht
Bus ca b nh chnh
AGP bus ( Accelerated Graphic Port) : bus ha ni ghp cc mn hnh tng tc
PCI bus ( Peripheral Component Interconnect) : ni ghp vi cc thit b ngoi vi c tc trao i d liu nhanh
IDE ( Intergrated Device Electronics) : Bus kt ni vi cng, quang
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
USB (Universal Serial Bus) : bus kt ni a nng
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Mt s bus in hnh
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i. My tnh
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i. My tnh
Hp my tnh (Case):
Bn mch chnh (Mainboard):
B vi x l
B nh h thng: chip nh ROM v cc module nh RAM
Cc vi mch iu khin tng hp (chipset)
Cc khe cm m rng
Cc knh truyn tn hiu (bus)
Cc loi a: a cng, a mm, a quang, ...
Cc cng vo-ra
B ngun v qut 71
Cc thit b ngoi vi (Peripheral Devices):
Mn hnh (monitor), bn phm (keyboard), chut (mouse), loa (speaker), my in (printer), my qut nh (scanner), modem, ...
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i. My tnh
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ii. Hp my tnh (Case)
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iii. Cc loi a
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iv. Cc cng vo-ra
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v. B ngun v qut
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viii. B nh h thng
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x. Cc thit b ngoi vi
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x. Cc thit b ngoi vi (tip)
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Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.2.1. Khi nim
2.2.2. Phn loi phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
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2.2.1. Khi nim
My tnh hot ng theo mt qui trnh t ng nh sn gi l chng trnh (program) hay cn gi l Phn mm my tnh (Software Computer).
My tnh c th hot ng nu thiu phn mm?
Gi ca mt s phn mm?
Lm th no vit ra phn mm?
2.2.2. Phn loi phn mm
Phn loi theo phng thc hot ng:
Phn mm h thng:
Dng vn hnh my tnh v cc phn cng my tnh
V d: BIOS, trnh iu khin (driver, firmware) h iu hnh,
Phn mm ng dng:
Phn mm dng gii quyt cc vn phc v cho cc hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi nh qun l, k ton, son tho vn bn, tr chi.
Nhu cu v phn mm ng dng ngy cng tng v a dng.
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2.2.2. Phn loi phn mm my tnh
Phn loi theo c th ng dng v mi trng:
Phn mm thi gian thc (Real-time SW)
Phn mm nghip v (Business SW)
Phn mm tnh ton KH&KT (Eng.&Scie. SW)
Phn mm nhng (Embedded SW)
Phn mm trn Web (Web-based SW)
Phn mm tr tu nhn to (AI SW)
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Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
2.3. Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
2.3.2. H lnh ca h iu hnh
2.3.3. H iu hnh Windows
2.4. Mng my tnh
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L phn mm h thng gip:
iu khin v kim sot hot ng ca cc thit b ( a, bn phm, mn hnh, my in).
Qun l vic cp pht ti nguyn ca my tnh nh b x l trung tm, b nh, cc thit b vo ra
Sp xp s thc thi ca tt c cc phn mm khc
a. H iu hnh
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a. H iu hnh (tip)
H iu hnh l phn mm h thng, nn phthuc vo cu trc ca my tnh. Mi loi my tnhc h iu hnh khc nhau.
V d:
My tnh ln IBM360 c h iu hnh l DOS, TOS.
My tnh ln EC-1022 c h iu hnh l OC-EC.
My tnh c nhn PC-IBM c h iu hnh MS-DOS.
Mng my tnh c cc h iu hnh mng NETWARE, UNIX, WINDOWS-NT
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b. Tp
Tp l tp hp cc d liu c lin quan vi nhau v c t chc theo 1 cu trc, thng c lu tr bn ngoi my tnh.
Ni dung ca tp c th l chng trnh, d liu, vn bn,...
Tn tp tin thng c 2 phn:
phn tn (name)
phn m rng (extension)
Gia phn tn v phn m rng c mt du chm (.) ngn cch.
b. Tp (tip)
Phn tn:
K t ch t A n Z
Ch s t 0 n 9,
K t khc nh #, $, %, ~, ^, @, (, ), !, _, khong trng.
Lu : Nn t tn mang tnh gi nh.
VD:
Tn file hp l: dulieu100101.txt, dulieu$100101.dat
Tn file khng hp l: dulieu100101.txt, ?abc.dat
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b. Tp (tip)
Phn m rng:
Thng l 3 k t hp l.
Chng trnh ng dng to ra tp tin t t.
VD:
COM, EXE : Cc file kh thi chy trc tip
TXT, DOC, ... : Cc file vn bn.
BMP, GIF, JPG, ... : Cc file hnh nh.
MP3, DAT, WMA, : Cc file m thanh, video.
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c. Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh
Cu trc a t
a t gm nhiu a (Platter) gn ng trc
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c. Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh (tip)
A - Rnh t (track)
Rnh ng trn ng tm, nh s t ngoi vo trong bt u t 0
B - Di Cung t (Sector track)
C - Cung t (Sector)
Kch thc: 512B
D - Lin cung (Cluster)
Cylinder: cc rnh c cng
bn knh nm trn cc mt
a khc nhau
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c. Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh (tip)
T chc ghi thng tin trn a
Thng tin lu tr trn a di dng cc tp.
Mi tp chim 1 hoc nhiu sectors.
H iu hnh cho php chia a thnh cc phn vng. Mi vng cha:
Thng tin qun l phn vng
Thng tin ca tp tin
Tp c lu tr cc vng, c t chc lu tr ny c dng cy (Tree)
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c. Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh (tip)
Th mc l ni lu gi cc tp tin theo mt ch no theo ngi s dng
Trong Windows
Trn mi a c mt th mc chung gi l th mc gc
Th mc hay cn gi l Folder
Th mc gc khng c tn ring v c k hiu l \95
c. Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh (tip)
Cch xc nh tn y ca tp
Tn tp y gm ni lu tr tp : ng dn t gc n tp (Path) + tn tp
K hiu \ : ngn cch tn cc th mc
V d :
C:\TC\BIN\B1.C
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2.3. Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
2.3.2. H lnh ca h iu hnh
2.3.3. H iu hnh Windows
2.4. Mng my tnh
97
2.3.2. H lnh ca h iu hnh
Thao tc vi tp: Sao chp, di chuyn, xo, i tn, xem ni dung tp
Thao tc vi th mc: to, xo, sao chp
Thao tc vi a: to khun ( Format), sao chp a
98
2.3. Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.3.1. Cc khi nim c bn
2.3.2. H lnh ca h iu hnh
2.3.3. H iu hnh Windows
2.4. Mng my tnh
99
2.3.3. H iu hnh Windows
S ra i v pht trin
Windows l mt b chng trnh do hng Microsoft sn xut.
T version 1.0 ra i vo nm 1985 n nay
100
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26
Bng chn (Menu)
Tp cc thao tc c hin th trn mn hnh m ngi s dng c th la chn.
Mc (Item)
Mt thao tc trn menu
Menu ko xung
Thanh menu
Mc
a. Cc loi i tng trong HH Windows
101
Hp thoi
L mt ca s nh giao tip gia ngi s dng v chng trnh
Nt
Cung cp cho ngi s dng mt cch n gin kch hot mt thao tc
Nt ng
Nt nNt nNt n
a. Cc loi i tng trong HH Windows
102
Cc loi i tng trong Windows
Tp tin
Mt tp cc thng tin c lin quan vi
nhau m my tnh c th truy nhp
thng qua tn.
Th mc
L mt vng lu tr cc tp tin.
Mt th mc c th c nhiu th mc
con
Biu tng
L nhng hnh nh nh biu din tp
tin, th mc, phn cng....
a. Cc loi i tng trong HH Windows
103
Ca s
Thng l mt hnh ch nht, hin th u ra hoc cho php nhp d liu...
a. Cc loi i tng trong HH Windows
104
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27
b. Mt s thao tc c bn
Khi ng/tt my tnh
S dng chut
Khi ng chng trnh
105
Khi ng my tnh
Nt ngun
V my
i. Khi ng/tt my
106
Khi ng my tnh (2)
Ch cho ti khi hin th mn hnh ng nhp
Chn tn ngi dng v g mt khu tng ng
i. Khi ng/tt my
107
Tt my tnh theo cch thng thng (Shut down/Turn Off)
Lu tt c cc tp tin, ng tt c cc chng trnh ng dng ang m
Stand By: Tm ngh
Turn Off: Tt my
Restart: Khi ng li my
i. Khi ng/tt my
108
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28
Tt my tnh theo cch p t
Bm v gi nt ngun Power trong khong 5-10giy
V my(case)
Nt ngun
i. Khi ng/tt my
109
Thot ra khi ngi dng hin ti (Log off)
Lu tt c cc tp tin, ng tt c cc chng trnh ng dng ang m
Log Off: Thot khi phin lm vic ngi dng hin ti
Switch User: i ngi dng
i. Khi ng/tt my
110
111
L thit b vo
C th c dy hoc khng dy
iu khin con tr chut tng tc vi cc i tng
C hai phm bm:
Nt tri thng dng chn i tng; r i
tng...
Nt phi thng dng hin th danh sch cng vic
tng ng vi vng hoc i tng c chn.
ii. S dng chut
112
Nhp chut phi(nhn vo nt
tri chut)
nphi chut)
Nhp chut tri(nhn vo nt phi chut)
Cun chut
Nhp p Nhp 2 ln lin tip nt tri chut
Cc thao tc c bn vi chut
ii. S dng chut
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29
113
Chn i tng
Di chuyn chut n i tng cn thao tc ri nhp tri chut chn
Ko th (drag and drop)
Chn i tng
Gi chut v dch chuyn
i tng n v tr cn th
Nh chut tri
ii. S dng chut
114
Chn cc i tng lin tip
C1: Nhp chut tri, gi v ko con tr chut ph ht b mt cc i tng cn chn
C2: Nhp chn i tng u, va nhn gi phm Shift va nhp chn i tng cui
Chn cc i tng khng lin tip nhau
Va nhn gi phm Ctrl va nhp chn tng i tng mt
Chn nhiu i tng
ii. S dng chut
Cc hnh dng thng dng ca chut
Biu tng Tn
Hnh dng thng thng - Normal Select
ang bn - Busy
Thay i kch c theo chiu dc - Vertical ResizeThay i kch c theo chiu ngang - Horizontal Resize
Thay i kch c cho Diagonal Resize
Chn on vn bn Text Select
Chn m lin kt Link Select
ii. S dng chut
115
Start All Programs
Chn chng trnh
cn khi ng
1
iii. Khi ng chng trnh
116
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30
Mt s chng trnh c sn trong HH Windows: Start All Programs Accessories
Paint: Chng trnh v n gin
Calculator: My tnh tnh ton cc php ton n gin
Notepad: Son tho vn bn n gin
iii. Khi ng chng trnh
117118
Biu tng
Mn hnh desktop
Thanh cng vic (Task bar)
Nt Start Khay h thng
Thanh khi ng nhanh (Quick Launch)
c. Lm vic vi Desktop
119
Biu tng ca h iu hnh
Biu tng th mc
Biu tng tp tin Biu tng ng dng
Ta c th vo cc chng trnh hoc cc ca s bng cch nhp p chut vo cc biu tng tng ng
i. Biu tng ii.Thanh khi ng nhanh (Quick Launch)
Gip lin kt nhanh ti cc chng trnh c biu tng nm trn thanh Quick Launch
Nhp tri chut vo biu tng trn thanh Quick Launch khi ng chng trnh tng ng
Trnh duyt Internet Explorer Hin th mn hnh desktop
Chng trnh nghe nhc Windows Media Player
120
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31
121
iii. Sp xp cc biu tng trn mn hnh
mn hnh Desktop
Nhp chut phi vo khong trng trn mn hnh Desktop
Sp xp theo tn
Sp xp theo kch c
Sp xp theo loi
Sp xp theo ngy sa i
Sp xp t ng
Nhp chut phi vo khong trng trn mn hnh, chn Properties
Chn Desktop Browse Chn nh
iv. Thay i nh nn ca mn hnh
122
Chn Stretch trong Position, nhn OK.
iv. Thay i nh nn ca mn hnh
123
C th chn cc hnh nh c sn trong phn Background ri chn OK.
Kqu
iv. Thay i nh nn ca mn hnh
124
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32
M mt ca s
Nhp p chut vo mt biu tng ca mt chng trnh no trn mn hnh desktop vo ca s ca chng trnh.
Nhp p chut vo biu tng trn mn hnh Desktop vo ca s qun l cc a ca my tnh.
d. Lm vic vi ca s
125
Thanh tiu Thanh menu
Thanh trng thi Thanh cun (ngang, dc)
Thanh cng c
Vng lm vic
d. Lm vic vi ca s
a cng
DVD
trng thi CDMy computer
d. Lm vic vi ca s
127
Di chuyn ca s
Chn thanh tiu , gi chut v ko ti v tr cn di chuyn ri th chut
Thay i kch thc ca s
Tr chut vo cnh, gc ca ca s v ko
d. Lm vic vi ca s
128
-
33
Thu nh ca s
M rng ca sng ca s
C th dng t hp phm Alt-F4 ng
ca s
d. Lm vic vi ca s
129
Phng to ca s
Tr v kch thc c
d. Lm vic vi ca s
130
131
Dng chut chn nt mong mun trong
thanh tc vCc ca s hin thi
C th dng t hp phm Alt-Tab
Thay i ca s lm vic
d. Lm vic vi ca s e. Control Panel
Trong Control Panel
Ci t v loi b Font ch
Thay i dng hin mn hnh desktop
Ci t v loi b chng trnh
Cu hnh ngy, gi cho h thng
Thay i thuc tnh ca bn phm v chut
Thay i thuc tnh vng (Regional Settings)
Ci t / loi b my in
(Demo)
(Xem thm ti liu/slide v Control Panel)132
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34
f. Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer: l mt chng trnhc h tr t phin bn Windows 95 cho php ngi s dng thao tc vi cc ti nguyn c trong my tnh nh tp tin, th mc, a v nhng ti nguyn khc c trong my ca bn cng nh cc my tnh trong h thng mng
133
f. Windows Explorer
+E
click chut phi vo Start, chn Explorer
134
g. Thao tc vi tp/th mc
M tp tin/th mc
Chn tp tin/th mc
To th mc
Sao chp/di chuyn
Xa/phc hi
Thay i thuc tnh
(Demo)
(Xem thm ti liu/slide v thao tc tp v th mc)
135 136
Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
-
35
Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
2.4.1. Lch s pht trin mng my tnh
2.4.2. Phn loi mng my tnh
2.4.3. Mng Internet
137 138
L mt tp hp gm nhiu my tnh hoc thit b x l thng tin c kt ni vi nhauqua cc ng truyn.
Mc ch
Trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh
Chia s ti nguyn
2.4.1. Lch s pht trin mng my tnh
139
2.4.1. Lch s pht trin mng my tnh (tip)
V d:
Mng ti Trung tm My tnh, Vin CNTT &TT, Trng HBK H Ni
Mng LAN ca qun Game
Mng Internet
140
1960s mng my tnh bt u xut hin. Lc u mng c dng l mt my tnh ln ni vi nhiu trm cui (terminal).
1970s mng my tnh l cc my tnh c lp c ni vi nhau.
Qui m v mc phc tp ca mng ngy cng tng.
2.4.1. Lch s pht trin mng my tnh (tip)
-
36
Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
2.4.1. Lch s pht trin mng my tnh
2.4.2. Phn loi mng my tnh
2.4.3. Mng Internet
141
a. Theo mi quan h gia cc my
Mng bnh ng (peer-to-peer) cc my c quan h ngang hng
Mng khch/ch (client/server). mt s my l server (my phc v/my ch)
chuyn phc v cc my khc gi l my khch (client) hay
my trm (workstation)
142
b. Theo quy m a l
3 loi
Loi 1. LAN (Local Area Network)
Mng cc b trong phm vi nh: vn phng, ta nh, mt s ta nh gn nhau(500m)
s lng my tnh khng qu nhiu, mng khng qu phc tp.
V d: mng ti qun Game, trng hc
143 144
Loi 2. WAN (Wide Area Network)
Mng din rng, cc my tnh c th cc thnh ph khc nhau.
Bn knh c th 100-200 km
V d:
mng ca Tng cc thu.
b. Theo quy m a l
-
37
145
b. Theo quy m a l
Loi 3. GAN (Global Area Network)
Mng ton cu, my tnh nhiu nc khc nhau. Thng mng ton cu l kt hp ca nhiu mng con.
V d: mng Internet.
Ni dung
2.1. T chc bn trong my tnh
2.2. Phn mm my tnh
2.3. Gii thiu h iu hnh
2.4. Mng my tnh
2.4.1. Lch s pht trin mng my tnh
2.4.2. Phn loi mng my tnh
2.4.3. Mng Internet
146
147
2.4.4. Mng Internet
Khi nim v Internet :
Internet l mt mng my tnh c qui m ton cu (GAN), gm rt nhiu mng con v my tnh ni vi nhau bng nhiu loi phng tin truyn.
148
2.4.4. Mng Internet
Khi nim v Internet :
Internet khng thuc s hu ca ai c. Ch c cc u ban iu phi v k thut gip iu hnh Internet.
Ban u l mng ARPANET ca B Quc phng M (DoD)
-
38
149
Internet
Li ch:
H thng th in t (email)
Tr chuyn trc tuyn (chat)
My truy tm d liu (search engine)
Cc dch v thng mi v chuyn ngn, v
cc dch v v y t gio dc nh l cha bnh
t xa hoc t chc cc lp hc o.
150
S pht trin ca Internet
tng ti phng th nghim ca ARPA (9/1969)
151
S pht trin ca Internet (2)
1974: khi nim Internet xut hin
1983: ARPANET tch thnh MILNET(qun i) v NSFnet (nghin cu)
1987: NSFnet c m ca cho cc c nhn
1988: Internet hnh thnh
1997: Vit Nam kt ni Internet
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4
152
Kt ni Internet ti nh
My tnh kt ni vi Modem/Router/USB3G
C thu bao kt ni Internet vi ti khon ng k vi
mt nh cung cp dch v (Internet Service Provider -
ISP)
Hnh thc: qua ng in thoi, ng thu ring,
ng truyn hnh cp
Nh cung cp dch v Internet: VNN, Vietel, FPT,
EVN, Truyn hnh cp Vit Nam/H Ni/TP HCM...
Ci t cc phn mm Internet thng dng
Trnh duyt web nh IE, FireFox
Yahoo! Messenger chat trn mng...
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39
153
Gi tt l Web
L mt h thng bao gm cc ti liu siu
vn bn (hypertext) c th truy cp qua
Internet
Cc ti liu c th cha cc lin kt ti
cc ti liu khc c th trn my tnh khc
bt k ni no trn th gii
L ng dng chy trn Internet
C bn v Word Wide Web (WWW)
154
Giao thc (Protocol)
Giao thc (Protocol): Tp cc qui c truyn thng.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Giao thc c s dng truyn cc trang Web (siu vn bn)
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure):Giao thc bo mt cho cc giao dch b mt (confidential)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
SMTP
POP3
155
Website v URL
Website: Tp hp nhiu trang web (webpage) c t trn 1 my tnh trong mng Internet v c chung mt a ch Internet.
V d: http://www.truongcongnghe.vn/
Mt trang web c mt a ch URL duy nht
URL (Uniform Resource Locator):
Tham chiu n cc ti nguyn trn Internet
a ch ca cc ti nguyn trn Internet
156
http://www.truongcongnghe.vn/Home/tabid/92/Default.aspx
Giao thcHyperText Transfer Protocol
a ch Internet (Web site)
Ti liu
ng dn (Th mc)
Cu trc ca URL
-
40
157
Trnh duyt web (Web browser)
ng dng phn mm dng hin th siu vn bn hay duyt web
Mt s trnh duyt web ph bin
Internet Explorer ca Microsoft
Mozilla Firefox ca Mozilla
Netscape Navigator ca Netscape
Opera ca Opera Software
158
Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
c tch hp sn trn h iu hnh Microsoft Windows
Khi ng
T mn hnh nn
T thanh Quick Launch
Start All Programs
Internet Explorer
159
Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE)
Nhp a ch ca website/trang web (URL) trn thanh Address
160
Cc vng chc nng
Tiu trang web
Bng chn (menu)
Thanh a ch
Thanh cng c
Vng hin th trang web
Thanh trng thi
-
41
161
Mt s website ph bin
Mng gio dc: http://www.edu.net.vn
Th in t:
http://www.mail.yahoo.com
http://www.gmail.com
http://www.hotmail.com
Din n trao i (forum):
http://www.edu.net.vn/forum
http://www.ttvnol.com/forum
162
Bo in t
Cung cp cc thng tin cp nht hng
ngy v nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh x
hi, kinh t, vn ha, th thao,...
http://www.vnexpress.net
http://www.vietnamnet.vn
http://www.dantri.com.vn
www.24h.com.vn
http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn
...
163
Nghe nhc, xem video trc tuyn
Nghe nhc trc tuyn http://mp3.zing.vn
http://www.nghenhac.info
http://www.nhacso.net
http://www.vnthuquan.net
Xem video trc tuyn
http://www.youtube.com
http://clip.vn
...164
Tra t in trc tuyn
Cho php tra t in Anh-Vit, Vit-Anh, Php-Vit, Vit-Php... trc tuyn (khng phi ci t phn mm g)
http://www.vdict.com
http://www.tratu.baamboo.com/
-
42
165
T in bch khoa ton th m
Cung cp cc khi nim, gii thch v cc t hoc
cm t no c chnh nhng ngi duyt web
xy dng ni dung
www.wikipedia.org
Ting Vit: www.vi.wikipedia.org
166
Chia s d liu trc tuyn
Chia s nhng d liu ln cho nhiu ngi
Nu dng min ph
Dung lng ti a mi ln ti ln thng l 100MB
Thi gian chia s ti a thng l 7 n 10 ngy
Website ph bin
http://www.yousendit.com/
http://www.esnips.com/
http://www.box.net/
www.rapidshare.com
www.megaupload.com
...
167
Tm kim
Gip tm kim nhanh chng nhng thng tin, ti liu lin quan n mt hoc mt vi t kha hoc mt s tiu ch khc
http://www.google.com.vn
http://www.search.yahoo.com/
http://baamboo.com/
http://www.altavista.com/
...
Tho lun
168