PROGRAM 程序程序程序程序 International Summer School. June 9, 2009 – June 13, 2009

International Conference. June 17 – June 20, 2009

Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Harbin, People’s Republic of China

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Global Challenge & Regional Response

Early 20th Century Northeast China and Harbin: Their Social, Cultural, Economic and Political

Encounters with the World Harbin, June 2009

全球挑战与区域应对全球挑战与区域应对全球挑战与区域应对全球挑战与区域应对－－－－

20世纪早期哈尔滨及中国东北地区世纪早期哈尔滨及中国东北地区世纪早期哈尔滨及中国东北地区世纪早期哈尔滨及中国东北地区

在社会在社会在社会在社会、、、、文化文化文化文化、、、、经济及政治领域与世界的交融经济及政治领域与世界的交融经济及政治领域与世界的交融经济及政治领域与世界的交融

哈尔滨哈尔滨哈尔滨哈尔滨 2009年年年年 6月月月月

Heilongjiang University 黑龙江大学黑龙江大学黑龙江大学黑龙江大学 The School of Western Studies 西语学院西语学院西语学院西语学院

Sino-Israel Research & Study Centre 中国中国中国中国-以色列研究中心以色列研究中心以色列研究中心以色列研究中心 Harbin, PR China 中国中国中国中国 哈尔滨哈尔滨哈尔滨哈尔滨

The University of Heidelberg 海德堡大学海德堡大学海德堡大学海德堡大学 Cluster of Excellence: Asia and Europe

In a Global Context 全球背景下的亚欧史研究中心全球背景下的亚欧史研究中心全球背景下的亚欧史研究中心全球背景下的亚欧史研究中心 The Institute of History and the Institute of Eastern European

History, Centre for European History and Culture 历史学院历史学院历史学院历史学院 东欧历史学院东欧历史学院东欧历史学院东欧历史学院

Heidelberg, Germany 德国德国德国德国 海德堡海德堡海德堡海德堡

German Historical Institute 德国历史学会德国历史学会德国历史学会德国历史学会 Washington, DC. USA 美国美国美国美国 华盛顿特区华盛顿特区华盛顿特区华盛顿特区

PROGRAM 程序程序程序程序 China Harbin International Summer School

June 9 – 13, 2009

China Harbin International Conference

June 17 – 20, 2009

Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies

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我们很高兴宣布我们很高兴宣布我们很高兴宣布我们很高兴宣布

2009年中国哈尔滨国际研讨会暨年中国哈尔滨国际研讨会暨年中国哈尔滨国际研讨会暨年中国哈尔滨国际研讨会暨2009年中国哈尔滨国际暑期班年中国哈尔滨国际暑期班年中国哈尔滨国际暑期班年中国哈尔滨国际暑期班

开幕开幕开幕开幕

全球挑战与区域应对全球挑战与区域应对全球挑战与区域应对全球挑战与区域应对：：：：

20202020 世纪早期中国东北地区在社会世纪早期中国东北地区在社会世纪早期中国东北地区在社会世纪早期中国东北地区在社会、、、、文化文化文化文化、、、、经济及政治领域与世界经济及政治领域与世界经济及政治领域与世界经济及政治领域与世界

的交融的交融的交融的交融

从全新的视角考察哈尔滨及中国东北地区的历史从全新的视角考察哈尔滨及中国东北地区的历史从全新的视角考察哈尔滨及中国东北地区的历史从全新的视角考察哈尔滨及中国东北地区的历史――――――――不仅仅是大都市和主流发展地不仅仅是大都市和主流发展地不仅仅是大都市和主流发展地不仅仅是大都市和主流发展地

区区区区，，，，暨在全球化的大背景下暨在全球化的大背景下暨在全球化的大背景下暨在全球化的大背景下考察其跨文化发展进程及种族融合考察其跨文化发展进程及种族融合考察其跨文化发展进程及种族融合考察其跨文化发展进程及种族融合

主办单位

黑龙江大学

西语学院 中国—以色列研究中心

中国 哈尔滨

oooo 海德堡大学

全球背景下的亚欧群史研究中心

欧洲历史文化中心

历史学院 东欧历史学院

德国 海德堡

o

德国历史学会

美国 华盛顿

2009200920092009.06.09.06.09.06.09.06.09----2009.06.202009.06.202009.06.202009.06.20

承办单位

黑龙江大学

西语学院

南岗区学府路 74 号

中国 黑龙江 哈尔滨

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2009 年 6月在哈尔滨举行的会议是以哈尔滨及中国东北地区的发展史为研究主题的一系列国际会议中的第二次。这一系列会议是在“犹太人聚居区与中国东北地区一个国际化的都市的渊源——对哈尔滨的新研究”这一题目下进行的。 第一次国际会议已于 2008 年 4 月在德国海德堡大学举行。 会议目的是把来自于不同学术领域的中外专家聚到一起，从全新的视角重新审视 1898－1949年间哈尔滨及中国东北地区的跨文化发展进程。 这一系列国际会议包括： 第一次会议——德国海德堡大学， 2008 年 4 月 第二次会议及暑期班——中国哈尔滨，2009 年 6 月 第三次会议——俄罗斯哈巴罗夫斯克，2010 年 第四次会议——德国海德堡大学，2012 年 有关论文编辑成册出版发行 中国东北最早为所世界关注是在 20世纪早期，当时它是日俄帝国主义对外扩张的主要矛头指向及欧洲、亚洲及北美各国在华的主要商贸活动集散地之一。日、俄两大强邻曾在这里兴建铁路，重点开发这一边陲地区。苏维埃、日本帝国主义、美国及其他列强也曾对这里的矿藏和农业资源的展开竞相争夺。东北这片土地在西方编史中被称为“满洲国”，是区域全球化的一个典型例子，在这里，全球及地区利益纵横交织，彼此间很难也不大可能长期处于一种现对稳定的均势状态。相反，多重利益的交互作用既动态又复杂，而这一利害冲突似乎从未停止过，而对于这一现象的关注正是本次会议的议题所在。 本次会议所关注的内容包括：商品是如何伴随着移民潮在这一地区流动的？而移民潮又如何反作用于像哈尔滨这样的有战略意义的城市，影响其跨文化发展进程的？该地区民族、文化、种族的多样性又在塑造哈尔滨的地域和国际地位中发挥了什么作用呢？其人口构成的复杂性对于多样化的文化发展进程究竟有何意义？全球政治对话的结果对该地区而言究竟意义何在？各方势力又是如何在不均衡中实现了相对的均势？又是如何对该地区进行经济压迫的？ 会议旨在把西方技术及科研传统应用于本课题研究，并把最新研究成果公布于众。 “大同”思想和新政治哲学理念登陆中国后，对中国东北地区究竟有何影响？推动了该地区全球化的内因何在？在全球化大潮的影响下，该地区又对西方产生了何种反作用？ 大会倡导在发言时能够摆脱单一的种族、文化或民族叙述的视角，集中探讨 20 世纪前半期在中国东北大地上广发存在文化依存及互惠现象。我们的兴趣是把跨文化研究的理论成果与经验实证研究相结合。通过这样做，我们相信这次会议将对国际学术探讨所涉及的一些概念及术语的有效性和实用性做出贡献，这些概念和术语包括“全球化”“世界主义”，“边沿城市”，“国际化城市”，“中间文化”及“超文化”等等。 其它研究主题还包括：殖民地纠纷——商品流通和主要运输网的开发；跨文化的发展；日俄战争及其对满洲政治、经济和社会的影响；银行业和贸易在这一地区所扮演的角色与所起的作用；大众传媒的角色；欧洲、北美、日本及满洲的信息往来流通；该地区各方势力的起伏及应对；民间团体的组织；社会内部的交流与冲突；全球冲突——日本、满洲及国联间的冲突；该地区与北美、欧洲和日本的文化交融。 本次会议重点关注 1898 年至 1949 年间中国东北地区及哈尔滨的多文化、全球性特征。在这50 年间，哈尔滨，作为中国东北地区的战略要地，曾目睹不同民族、不同种族和不同文化理念在这里此起彼伏。最重要的一点是：它是一个外来移民相对较多的城市，许多人出于不同原因，或主动或被动地生活在那里。哈尔滨的建立提供了一个新的城市生存空间，在这里居住着不同种族、不同文化及不同宗教信仰的人。 本次会议把中国东北地区定义为具有国际影响的战略要地，并重点关注 20世纪上半叶地处满洲的国际化城市哈尔滨，以及它与不同国家、种族和宗教团体间所发生的多文化交流及建立的多元文化联系。

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在多民族交融的地区，外来文化可以在多大程度上跨越国界的屏藩，渗透到当地人的日常生活中，影响他们的宗教信仰，塑造他们的自我认同感，这一问题的答案是本次大会所关注的。这种跨文化的影响体现在诸多方面，比如各种机构和非机构性质的团体组织的建立，以及节日、仪式，戏剧表演、特殊事件等等有特定意义的大众行为。 本次会议将就中国东北地区在社会、文化、经济、政治等领域所起到的重大国际战略意义展开讨论，旨在重新审视哈尔滨本地居民及外来移民所身处的种族、民族和文化大环境；哈尔滨居民及各团体如何应对经常性的政权更迭及帝国主义统治力量的；一门语言在不同地区是怎样被使用的，这门语言又是如何并在何种群体中最终确立下来；不同人群、不同团体间到底有何冲突，它们又是如何被解决的；各个社会群体是如何看待自己本身及周围事物的，不同群体的自身认同感又是以何种方式展现出来的。 与会论文应当针对 1898 年至 1949 年间发生在哈尔滨及中国东北地区的文化交流与冲突的不同表现形式与发展趋势，并从政治、社会、经济、日常生活等不同角度再现该地区的跨文化交流现象，描述不同民族、种族、宗教群体间的关系及文化融合进程。 主持人： Prof. Yin Tiechao 尹铁超教授尹铁超教授尹铁超教授尹铁超教授 黑龙江大学 西语学院 院长 会议召集人： Dan Ben-Canaan 丹·本-卡南 博士, 黑龙江大学，西语学院，哈尔滨 Frank Grüner 弗兰克·古如纳 博士, 亚欧史研究中心, 海德堡大学 Ines Prodöhl 伊纳斯·普若多埃尔博士, 德国历史学会，华盛顿特区

与会成员与会成员与会成员与会成员 - Participants

� Tomoko Akami - An experiment of dominance in the new era: Japan’s use of news propaganda at Manzhouguo 特马克特马克特马克特马克·阿卡米阿卡米阿卡米阿卡米 博士博士博士博士 澳大利亚，堪培拉， 澳大利亚国立大学 亚洲社会与历史中心 《新时期统治的实验：日本在满洲国的新闻宣传方法的使用》

� Olga Bakich – Conference: "Changing Identities: Harbin Censuses and Russian Émigrés." Seminar: " Fengyufuping: Russian Émigrés in China" 奥尔加奥尔加奥尔加奥尔加·巴克奇巴克奇巴克奇巴克奇 博士博士博士博士 加拿大，多伦多大学 会议演讲题 《变化的特性：哈尔滨人口普查与俄罗斯移居者》，研讨会演讲题《风雨浮萍：中国的俄罗斯移居者》

� Dan Ben-Canaan – Problems of Memory and Nostalgia in Historical Reality: Imagined Communities-Imagined History 丹丹丹丹·本本本本-卡南卡南卡南卡南 博士博士博士博士 中国，黑龙江大学，西语学院教授，中国-以色列研究中心主任 《历史现实中的回忆与怀旧情怀问题：想象的社区与想象的历史》

� Mark Gamsa - Mixed Marriages in Russian-Chinese Manchuria 马克马克马克马克·加穆萨加穆萨加穆萨加穆萨 博士博士博士博士 以色列，特拉维夫大学 《满洲地区的中俄混合婚姻》

� Frank Grüner – When the Rubel Rolled: Currency and Money Exchange Business as Part of Daily Life in Northeast China 弗兰克弗兰克弗兰克弗兰克·古如纳古如纳古如纳古如纳 博士博士博士博士 德国，海德堡大学，卓越群体 初级研究组组长 《卢布盛行中国：20世纪早期到大萧条时期，货币流通与兑换业务在满洲地区成为日常生活的一部分》

� Madeleine Herren – Globalization of Death – Foreign Cemeteries in a Transnational Perspective 玛德琳玛德琳玛德琳玛德琳·赫伦赫伦赫伦赫伦 博士博士博士博士 德国，海德堡大学，亚欧卓越群体 代理主任，现代历史教授 《死亡的全球化：从跨国角度看外侨墓地》

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� Susanne Hohler – Local response to Nazi Politics. The Anti-German Boycott in Harbin 苏珊娜苏珊娜苏珊娜苏珊娜·赫拉赫拉赫拉赫拉 德国，海德堡大学 卓越群体 研究成员《对纳粹政策的区域反应：哈尔滨对德的联合抵制》

� Yukiko Koga - The Political Economy of Redemption: Colonial Inheritance and the Memory of the Sino-Japanese War 由吉可由吉可由吉可由吉可·柯加柯加柯加柯加 博士博士博士博士 美国，布朗大学，东亚研究系，人文科学中心博士后成员 《关于偿赎的政治经济学：殖民遗产与中日战争记忆》

� Rotem Kowner - Conference: The Russo-Japanese War and Northeast China: Global and Local Perspectives. Summer School: Who Really Won and Who Lost the War? Short- and Long-Term Victors in The Russo-Japanese War 罗特罗特罗特罗特·柯纳柯纳柯纳柯纳 博士博士博士博士 以色列，海发大学，亚洲研究系 会议演讲题：《日俄战争与中国东北：全球与区域视角》，暑期班演讲题：《谁真正赢得了战争？日俄战争中短暂与长远的胜利》

� Alena Kozlova – Russian View on Harbin Past on Materials of Oral Testimony of Former Harbin´s Residents in 1932-1955 阿琳娜阿琳娜阿琳娜阿琳娜·柯兹洛瓦柯兹洛瓦柯兹洛瓦柯兹洛瓦 博士博士博士博士 俄罗斯，莫斯科 《俄罗斯视角中的原哈尔滨人关于哈尔滨 1932年-1955年历史的口述材料》

� Thomas Lahusen – Deciphering Historical Footage: On the ‘Manchukuo’ Film Industry 托马斯托马斯托马斯托马斯·劳森劳森劳森劳森 博士博士博士博士 加拿大，多伦多大学，欧亚历史文化系教授 《解密历史电影：关于满洲国电影产业》

� Su Ling - Conducting Research and Investigation in China: A Case Study of an Investigation of the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences 苏岭苏岭苏岭苏岭 中国，广州，南方周末记者《如何在中国开展调研工作：在黑龙江省社科院进行调研的个案研究》

� Heinz-Dietrich Löwe – Fascism as a Transcultural Phenomenon? – The Russian Fascists in Manchuria and others 海因兹海因兹海因兹海因兹- 迪特伊海迪特伊海迪特伊海迪特伊海·劳尔劳尔劳尔劳尔 博士博士博士博士 德国，海德堡大学，东欧历史系主任与教授 《法西斯作为一种跨文化现象？- 满洲地区的俄国法西斯及其他》

� Rudolph Ng – Yuandongbao: A Chinese or Russian Newspaper? 鲁道夫鲁道夫鲁道夫鲁道夫·恩吉恩吉恩吉恩吉 在读博士在读博士在读博士在读博士 德国，海德堡大学，卓越群体 初级研究组研究成员 《远东报：中国还是俄罗斯报纸》

� Ines Prodöhl – Seminar: Struggle for a Nation: China between W W I and May Fourth Movement. Conference: “A Miracle Bean”: How Soy Conquered the West, 1905–1945 伊娜斯伊娜斯伊娜斯伊娜斯·普若多埃尔普若多埃尔普若多埃尔普若多埃尔 博士博士博士博士 美国，华盛顿，德国历史研究所 研究成员

� Victoria Romanova – The Harbin Jewish Spiritual Community under the Japanese Occupation Regime in Manchuria (1931-1945) 维多利亚维多利亚维多利亚维多利亚·罗马洛瓦罗马洛瓦罗马洛瓦罗马洛瓦 博士博士博士博士《日本政权占领下满洲地区哈尔滨犹太人的精神社区》

� Karl Schlögel – Reading Time in Space. Mapping Cultural Junctions 卡尔卡尔卡尔卡尔·思科罗杰尔思科罗杰尔思科罗杰尔思科罗杰尔 博士博士博士博士 德国，法兰克福，欧洲大学维尔德林，东欧历史教授 《从空间阅读时代：文化汇聚绘图》

� Li Shuhua - Jewish association in the Early stage of Harbin history: Study of the soviet Jewish publications 1917—1930 李淑华李淑华李淑华李淑华 教授教授教授教授 中国，黑龙江大学，俄语研究所 《远东经贸导报》 《早期哈尔滨的犹太团体：苏维埃犹太刊物研究（1917-1930）》

� Norman Smith - Shifting Narratives of Alcohol Use in Manchukuo 诺曼诺曼诺曼诺曼·史密斯史密斯史密斯史密斯 博士博士博士博士 加拿大，安大略湖，圭尔夫大学 《关于满洲国酒精类饮品使用的叙述》

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� Christian Stoertz – Global Impacts of a Local War 克里斯汀克里斯汀克里斯汀克里斯汀·斯特兹斯特兹斯特兹斯特兹 在读博士在读博士在读博士在读博士 德国，海德堡大学，卓越群体 初级研究组研究成员 《区域战争的全球影响》

� Mariko Tamanoi – Memory Map: Oral Histories 马利克马利克马利克马利克·特马诺伊特马诺伊特马诺伊特马诺伊 博士博士博士博士 美国，洛杉矶，加利福尼亚大学，人类学系副教授 《记忆地图：口述历史》

� Sören Urbansky – Is there a border? Smugglers and their proto-national and trans-cultural identities 索伦索伦索伦索伦·厄班斯基厄班斯基厄班斯基厄班斯基 在读博士在读博士在读博士在读博士 德国，海德堡大学，卓越群体 初级研究组研究成员 《有没有国界？走私者的第一国籍及跨文化身份》

� Larissa Usmanova – Involving Turk-Tatar émigré communities into the Japanese Islamic policy in Manchuria of the first half of the 20th Century 拉瑞莎拉瑞莎拉瑞莎拉瑞莎·厄斯玛洛瓦厄斯玛洛瓦厄斯玛洛瓦厄斯玛洛瓦 博士博士博士博士 日本日本日本日本，，，，岛根大学岛根大学岛根大学岛根大学《20世纪上半世纪土耳其鞑靼移民卷入日本对满洲地区伊斯兰的政策》

� Yoshiya Mikita - Ambivalent Enterprise: Cultural Representation of Manchuria in the Social-Hygienic Activities of the Japanese Red Cross Society in the Early Twentieth Century 裕十亚裕十亚裕十亚裕十亚·米其塔米其塔米其塔米其塔 博士博士博士博士 日本，一桥大学，社科研究所 博士《一个充满善恶矛盾的单位：20世纪早期日本红十字会社会卫生活动中的满洲文化特征》

� Chen Ziguang - Resurrection of Historical Block in the Modern Harbin 陈子光陈子光陈子光陈子光 教授教授教授教授 中国中国中国中国，，，，黑龙江大学黑龙江大学黑龙江大学黑龙江大学，，，，建筑工程学院建筑工程学院建筑工程学院建筑工程学院 《历史文化保护街区在现代城市中的复兴》

� Yuan Xin – The Tale of two Chinese Cities –The Cultural Connotation Comparison of CPR-CPE vocabulary 袁心袁心袁心袁心 在读博士在读博士在读博士在读博士《两个中国城市的传奇- CPR-CPE词汇的文化内涵比较》

� Victor Zatsepine - Surveying Manchuria: Imperial Russia’s topographers at work 维克多维克多维克多维克多·占斯拜因教授占斯拜因教授占斯拜因教授占斯拜因教授 中国，香港大学 《满洲地区调查：俄国的地志学工作者》

� Shu Zhan - The Cultural Construction of Harbin in the Early 20th Century 舒展舒展舒展舒展 黑龙江省民委（宗教局）党组书记、黑龙江省民族事务委员会主任 《20世纪早期的哈尔滨文化构建》

Research group, China. 研究小组研究小组研究小组研究小组，，，，中国中国中国中国

� Yin Tiechao, 尹铁超 Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, 西语学院 Harbin, China

� Dan Ben-Canaan, 丹 .本 -康耐安教授 Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, The Sino-Israel Research Center, 中国黑龙江省哈尔滨市黑龙江大学西语学院英语系 Harbin, China

� Li Shuhua, 李淑华 Journal of Far East Economic Trade, the Russian Institute, 远东经贸导报Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China

� Chen Ziguang, 陈子光 School of Architectural Engineering, Heilongjiang University, 建筑工程学院 Harbin, China � Duan Guangda, 段光达 School of Historical Culture and Tourism, Heilongjiang University, 历史文化旅游学院 Harbin, China � Ma De-yi, School of History and Culture, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China � Guo Yuan, 郭渊 School of Historical Culture and Tourism 历史文化旅游学院 � Wang Zhijun, 王志军 School of Philosophy and Public Administration 哲学与公共管理学院 � Sun Jianfei, 孙剑飞 School of Architectural Engineering 建筑工程学院 Heilongjiang

University, Harbin, China � He Yanfeng, 何岩枫 School of Economy and Business Administration 经济与工商管理学院

Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China � Shu Zhan, Ethnic and Religious Committee of Heilongjiang People’s Congress, Harbin

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Harbin 2009: Global Challenge and Regional Response Early 20th Century Northeast China and Harbin: Their Social, Cultural, Economic and Political Encounters with the World

Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Harbin, PR China Cluster of Excellence – Asia and Europe in a Global Context, Heidelberg

The University of Heidelberg, Karl Jaspers Centre for Advanced Transcultural Studies, Zentrum für Europäische Geschichts und Kulturwissenschaften, Germany

The German Historical Institute, Washington DC, USA

Harbin, June 2009

his meeting is the second in a series of four international conferences on the history of Harbin and northeast China. The first meeting under

the heading of "Ethnic Ghettoes and Transcultural Processes in a Globalized City – New Research on Harbin" took place at the University of Heidelberg in April 2008.

The purpose of the conferences is to bring together a group of international and Chinese scholars from various academic disciplines in order to conduct further research and look for new perspectives regarding transcultural processes in the northeastern region of China and the international city of Harbin.

So far, the series of the international conferences included:

First conference - University of Heidelberg, Germany, April 2008 Second conference and Summer School – Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China, June 2009 A third conference is scheduled for 2010 There will be joint publications of selected papers

The Harbin 2009 International Conference and Summer School focus on the region and the city as a multicultural, global place between 1898 and 1949. In specific terms, it addresses itself to the subject of Global Challenge and Regional Response in 20th Century Northeast China: Their Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Encounters with the World.

Northeast China first became the focus of global attention in the early twentieth century, when Japanese and Russian imperialism made it the crossroads expansions and for commercial trade between Asia, Europe, and

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North America. Exploited by its powerful neighbors, Russia and Japan, this peripheral area was transformed by the construction of major railways as well as the contests waged over its mineral and agricultural resources by the Soviet Union, Imperial Japan, the United States and other countries. This region, known to Western historiography as Manchuria, is thus a rich example of “glocalization”, a phenomenon in which global and local interests converge. These interests are rarely if ever harmoniously balanced or static. To the contrary, their interactions are both dynamic and complex.

The Harbin June 2009 International Summer School and International Conference attempt to draw an analyses of the asymmetric power relations, social entanglements, and economic oppression in northeast China – Manchuria between 1898 and 1949 – and are addressing research questions such as: How was the transfer of commodities connected with migrations? How did the migrations in turn lead to processes of cultural and social exchange in strategic cities such as Harbin? In what ways did the diversity of nations, cultures, and ethnicities shape the space and its global character? What effects did the heterogeneous population have on these manifold processes? What contribution the global political negotiations had on the area? How Western technologies, practices, and customs were transmitted and adapted locally? How did exposure to cosmopolitan ideas and new political philosophies affect Northeast China? What internal forces may have promoted the globalization of this region? What influence did Manchuria exert on the West because of these global entanglements?

Manchuria, or northeast China, as the region is referred to, has been rediscovered as a unique subject area for analysis and academic study. Examples to the many topics or areas for investigation are: Colonial entanglements—the flow of commodities and the development of major transportation networks; The development of transculturality; The Russo-Japanese War and its political, economic and social impacts on Manchuria; The role and function of banks and trade; The role of mass media; information flows from Europe, North America and Japan to Manchuria and vice versa; Dynamic conditions of power and its administrative challenges; The organization of civil society; areas of exchange and conflict in Manchurian societies; Global conflicts – Japan, Manchukuo, and the League of Nations; and, Manchurian intersections with North America, Europe, and Japan.

In organizing the June 2009 scientific gatherings in Harbin, we have encouraged methodological approaches that do not rely on ethnic, cultural, or national narratives, but instead concentrate on the numerous interdependencies and mutuality that existed in Manchuria during the first half of the twentieth century.

It is of our interest to combine theories of transculturality with empirically substantiated research. The organizers hope that by doing so this meetings contribute to the international academic discussion on the validity and practicability of existing concepts and terminologies such as “glocalization”, “cosmopolitanism”, “border city”, “global city”, “culture’s in-between”, or “beyond culture”.

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During her first 50 years, Harbin, located in the northeast region of China, became a strategic city of different national, ethnic and cultural communities. It was above all a town of emigrants, forced or attracted to live in the city for variety of reasons, international and domestic. Varied encounters of the city’s Chinese, Asian and European population groups, concurrently with several changes of the political authorities, created a specific and extraordinary kind of urban global sphere in the city of Harbin, a unique experience that made her a true international city.

Host: Yin Tiechao Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Harbin, China

Conveners and Organizers:

Dan Ben-Canaan, Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Harbin, China Frank Grüner, Cluster of Excellence “Asia and Europe”, University of Heidelberg, Germany Ines Prodöhl, German Historical Institute, Washington DC, USA

Participants:

Research group, China � Yin Tiechao, Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Harbin

� Dan Ben-Canaan, Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, The Sino-Israel Research Center

� Li Shuhua, Journal of Far East Economic Trade, the Russian Institute, Heilongjiang University

� Chen Ziguang, School of Architectural Engineering, Heilongjiang University

� Duan Guangda, School of Historical Culture, Heilongjiang University

� Ma De-yi, School of History and Culture, Heilongjiang University

� Guo Yuan, School of Historical Culture, Heilongjiang University

� Wang Zhijun, School of Philosophy and Public Administration

� Sun Jianfei, School of Architectural Engineering Heilongjiang University

� He Yanfeng, School of Economy and Business Heilongjiang University

� Su Ling, Southern Weekly Newspaper, Guangzou, China

� Shu Zhan, Ethnic and Religious Committee of Heilongjiang Province People’s Congress, Harbin, China

International Participants

� Tomoko Akami, Australian National University Canberra, Australia

� Olga Bakich, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Mark Gamsa, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Frank Grüner, University of Heidelberg, Germany.

� Madeleine Herren, Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Susanne Hohler, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Yukiko Koga, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

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� Rotem Kowner, Haifa University, Israel

� Alena Kozlova, Memorial Moscow, Russia

� Thomas Lahusen, University of Toronto, Canada

� Heinz-Dietrich Löwe, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Yoshiya Mikita, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan

� Rudolph Ng, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Ines Prodöhl , German Historical Institute, Washington, DC, USA

� Victoria Romanova, Khabarovsk State University, Russia

� Karl Schlögel, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), Germany

� Norman Smith, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

� Christian Stoertz, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Mariko Tamanoi, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

� Sören Urbansky, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Larissa Usmanova, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan

� Yuan Xin, University of Heidelberg, Germany

� Victor Zatsepine, University of Hong Kong, China

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Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies

The Harbin June 2009 International Conference

Global Challenge & Regional Response Early 20th Century Northeast China and Harbin: Their Social, Cultural,

Economic and Political Encounters with the World

Harbin, China June 17 – June 20, 2009

Wednesday June 17, 2009

17.00 Official opening of the conference

Musical performance Chinese traditional music and instruments (Heilongjiang University, School of Arts and Music)

Yin Tiechao (Harbin, China) Madeleine Herren (Heidelberg, Germany) Official Chinese welcome

Introduction

Dan Ben-Canaan (Harbin, China) Frank Grüner (Heidelberg, Germany) Ines Prodöhl (Washington DC, USA)

Musical performance Violin – Miss Chen Biying (Harbin high school student)

Mo li hua – Traditional Chinese melody Carmen Secret Garden

18.00 Opening lecture

Olga Bakich Changing Identities: Harbin Censuses

19.00 Reception dinner

PROGRAM 程序程序程序程序

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Thursday June 18, 2009

� Panel One Imperialism and National Aspirations in Northeast China

Chair: Yin Tiechao

09.00 Rotem Kowner The Russo-Japanese War and Northeast China: Global and Local Perspectives

09.20 Christian Stoertz Global Impacts of a Local War

09.40 Rudolph Ng Yuandongbao: A Chinese or Russian Newspaper?

10.00 Discussion

11.00 Coffee Break

11.30 Larissa Usmanova Involving Turk-Tatar émigré communities into the Japanese Islamic policy in Manchuria of the first half of the 20th Century

11.50 Victor Zatsepine Surveying Manchuria: Imperial Russia’s topographers at work

12.10 Discussion

13.00 Lunch

� Panel Two Economy and Trade

Chair: Susanne Hohler

14.00 Frank Grüner When the Rubel Rolled: Currency and Money Exchange Business as Part of Daily Life in Northeast China

14.20 Sören Urbansky Is there a border? Smugglers and their proto-national and trans-cultural identities

14.40 Ines Prodöhl “A Miracle Bean”: How Soy conquered the West, 1900–1945

15.00 Discussion

16.00 Coffee Break

� Panel Three The Aspects of Modernity in Manchukuo

Chair: Dan Ben-Canaan, Frank Grüner

16.30 Tomoko Akami An experiment of dominance in the new era: Japan’s use of news propaganda at Manzhouguo

16.50 Thomas Lahusen Deciphering Historical Footage: On the ‘Manchukuo’ Film Industry

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17.10 Norman Smith Shifting Narratives of Alcohol Use in Manchukuo

17.30 Discussion

18.30 End of Discussion

20.00 Dinner

Shu Zhan Lecture - Cultural Construction of Harbin in the Early 20th Century: An Academic Reflection

Friday June 19, 2009

� Panel Four Political Entanglements and cultural Transgression

Chair: Ines Prodöhl

09.00 Karl Schlögel Reading Time in Space. Mapping Cultural Junctions

09.20 Mark Gamsa Mixed Marriages in Russian-Chinese Manchuria

09.40 Yoshiya Mikita Ambivalent Enterprise: Cultural Representation of Manchuria in the Social-Hygienic Activities of the Japanese Red Cross Society in the Early Twentieth Century

10.00 Coffee Break

10.30 Yuan Xin The Tale of two Chinese Cities –The Cultural Connotation Comparison of CPR-CPE vocabulary

11.00 Discussion

12.00 Lunch

� Panel Five Memory I - Heritage and the Governing of History

Chair: Thomas Lahusen

13.30 Chen Ziguang Resurrection of Historical Block in the Modern Harbin

13.50 Yukiko Koga The Political Economy of Redemption: Colonial Inheritance and the Memory of the Sino-Japanese War

14.10 Su Ling Conducting Research and Investigation in China: A Case Study of an Investigation of the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences

14.30 Discussion

15.30 Coffee Break

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� Panel Six Memory II - Global Memories and shared Identities

Chair: Heinz-Dietrich Löwe

16.00 Mariko Tamanoi Memory Map: Oral Histories

16.20 Dan Ben-Canaan Problems of Memory and Nostalgia in Historical Reality: Imagined Communities-Imagined History

16.50 Alena Kozlova Russian View on Harbin Past on Materials of Oral Testimony of Former Harbin´s Residents in 1932-1955

17.10 Coffee Break

17.30 Madeleine Herren Globalization of Death – Foreign Cemeteries in a Transnational Perspective

17.50 Discussion

19.00 End of Discussion

20.00 Dinner

Saturday June 20, 2009

� Panel Seven The Role of the Civil Society

Chair: Victor Zatsepine

09.00 Heinz-Dietrich Löwe Fascism as a Transcultural Phenomenon? – The Russian Fascists in Manchuria and others

09.20 Susanne Hohler Local Response to Nazi Politics. The Anti-German Boycott in Harbin

09.40 Li Shuhua Jewish Association in the Early stage of Harbin history: Study of the Soviet Jewish Publications 1917—1930

10.00 Coffee Break

10.30 Victoria Romanova The Harbin Jewish Spiritual Community under the Japanese Occupation Regime in Manchuria (1931-1945)

10.50 Discussion

12.00 Conclusions:

Dan Ben-Canaan, Frank Grüner, Ines Prodöhl

13.00 Official End of the Conference

Tour of the city

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ABSTRACTS

Tomoko Akami The Australian National University. Canberra, Australia

tomoko.akami@anu.edu.au

An experiment of dominance in the new era: Japan’s use of news propaganda at Manzhouguo

he paper will discuss politics of Japan’s use of soft power, namely the power of news, in Manzhouguo in its attempt to secure its dominance in

Manzhouguo, and ponder this implication for a local community, the Japanese metropole, and international politics of the time.

The examination will largely focus on Japan’s news propaganda policy to Manzhouguo and its creation of the Manzhouguo national news agency. It argues that Japan’s news propaganda in Manzhouguo was experimental and new in a few points, and had significant implications for the Japanese metropole, a local community, and international politics of the time. First, while some Japanese foreign policy makers had different standards and codes of practice for a colonial outpost and the metropolitan centre, others regarded Japan’s news propaganda policy to Manzhouguo as a blue print for the metropolitan state. The latter group, the Army officers, saw it as a model of mobilization of news as a resource of state’s soft power for a total war system which they wanted create at its metropolitan centre. Second, Japan’s news propaganda policy and its implementation process were never simple nor consistent. The Japan-created Manzhouguo national news agency had to go through a few major institutional changes and its relationship with the Manzhouguo administration changed accordingly. This suggested that in order for Japan’s news propaganda in Manzhouguo to be effective, it had to reach and respond to local population, and local cooperation was crucial to an extent. This was even more significant in the era of the mid-late 1930s, when the masses were participating in politics more and more through the development of mass media, even in an area where a formal democratic process was yet to be institutionalized.

Third, Japan’s news propaganda tactics in Manzhouguo reflected and had implications for new norms of international politics. It was different from what Japan had employed in its formal colonies as a part of colonial management, because it had to be done through a channel of a puppet administration and the creation of the ‘national’ news agency in the puppet state. Furthermore, Japan needed to utilize news propaganda not only for a ‘colonial’ management, but also for demonstrating its ‘successful leadership’ over this experimental state to the world in order to justify its actions in the area. In this way, Japan’s policy of news propaganda in Manzhouguo demonstrated its experimental method of domination in the new era when new imperial annexation was no longer acceptable.

What Japan learned in its use of soft power in Manchuria in expanding and securing its sphere of influence without formal colonization was to become a base for its policy in the military occupied areas in China in the following war.

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• Tomoko Akami is a Senior Lecturer at the Centre of Asian Societies and Histories, the Faculty of Asian Studies, the College of Asia and the Pacific, the Australian National University. She holds a Doctor of Philosophy in Asian History (The Liberal Dilemma: Internationalism and the Institute of Pacific Relations in the USA, Australia and Japan, 1919–1942), Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Selected Publications: Internationalizing the Pacific: The United States, Japan and the Institute of Pacific Relations in War and Peace, 1919–45, London: Routledge, 2002. Among her journal Articles are ‘The emergence of international public opinion and the origin of public diplomacy in Japan in the inter-war period’, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, vol. 3 (2008), ‘In the name of people: welfare and societal security in modern Japan and beyond’, Asian Perspective, vol. 30, no. 1 (Spring, 2006), ‘Nation, state, empire and war: problems of liberalism in modern Japanese history and beyond,’ Japanese Studies, vol. 25, no. 2 (September 2005), ‘Between the state and global civil society: Non-official experts and their network in the Asia-Pacific, 1925–45,’ Global Network, vol. 2, no.1 (January 2002), ‘Post-League Wilsonian Internationalism and the Institute of Pacific Relations.’ Shibusawa kenkyû. no.11 (October, 1998), and ‘The Rise and Fall of a Pacific Sense: Experiment of the Institute of Pacific Relations, 1925-1933,’ Sibusawa Kenkyû, no. 7 (October, 1994).

Olga Bakich CERES, University of Toronto

olga.bakich@utoronto.ca

Changing Identities: Harbin Censuses

he paper analyses the ways in which multinational residents of Harbin were identified and labeled in terms of nationality and citizenship in censuses and

estimates of Harbin population in the four major periods of Harbin history: 1) before the 1917 Revolution and the Civil War, 2) in 1918-1931, the years characterized such factors as a considerable influx of Russian émigrés, China’s assertions of its sovereignty, and the powerful presence of the Soviet Union in the area, 3) in 1932-1945, the years of Japanese occupation and the puppet state of Manchukuo, and 4) in the two postwar two decades. One important point is that Harbin demographics were affected by geographical and political factors. Censuses taken before 1932 reflected the geopolitical notion of Harbin as a city within the so-called right-of-way of the Chinese Eastern Railway. In 1932, the Japanese rulers of the puppet state of Manchukuo dispensed with the right-of-way and expanded the city limits to embrace a very large area, which included Fujiadian and many outlying settlements and lands. Another point to consider is the political classification of Harbin residents. After 1924, it affected only the residents from the former Russian Empire: under the joint Sino-Soviet management of the CER, the Soviet Union demanded that only Soviet and Chinese citizens were employed on the railway, the major source of work in the area. From that time on, Harbin Russians were labeled as Soviet citizens or stateless émigrés; those who took Chinese citizenship counted as Chinese. In 1932, the Japanese rulers of the puppet state Manchukuo at first claimed Russian émigrés to be one of the Manchukuo nationalities, then reverted to the Soviet division into émigrés and Soviet citizens. With the sale of the CER in 1935, the rapidly diminishing number of Soviet citizens was sometimes listed as “foreigners, including Soviet citizens.” Other Russians were defined as émigrés or people of no nationality, denationalized people. Manchukuo censuses reflected the delusion of “five harmonious races,” listing a vast majority of the so-called Manchurians or Manchukuoans, followed by

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smaller numbers of Japanese, Koreans, Mongols, and insignificant numbers of Han Chinese. This labelling ended with the defeat of Japan in 1945. Chinese people were free to build their own national state, which embraced the Chinese majority and many minorities. For Russian émigrés the situation was different: the Red Army arrested and taken away many people, both deservedly and undeservedly, and pressured the rest to take Soviet citizenship and later to repatriate. Many did, while others eventually dispersed all over the world choosing yet another emigration.

Fengyufuping: Russian Émigrés in China

he discussion will focus on one aspect of the multifaceted and complex history of northeast China in the first half of the 20th century, namely Harbin Russian

émigrés, who have variously been described as the “flotsam of the Revolution,” the fengyufuping, and the White Russians. Here, the term Russian stands as a short cut for subjects of the former Russian Empire of various nationalities.

The first step is to discuss concepts of nationality, race, and ethnicity and to proceed to such terms as refugees, expatriates, aliens, exiles, émigrés, and immigrants – political and economic, involuntary and voluntary. How objective and impartial are these notions? How do they differ in scholarly works and in the press versus lives of those who are so labeled? Consideration is given to national, psychological, cultural, professional, linguistic, and personal traumas of these dislocations.

The seminar then proceeds to a brief overview of the history of Russian emigration after the 1917 Revolution and the Civil War to various countries in general and to China in particular, as well as by considerations of the specific features of the Russian emigration to China. The latter include crucial changes in citizenship, status, and definitions of Harbin émigrés in the 1920s – 1950s, brought on by the struggles, political encounters, and armed conflicts among the three major powers in the area: China, the USSR, and Japan. Some questions centre on the way each country regarded and treated Russian émigrés, the minor and disposable pawns caught in the monumental political struggles and changes in the Northeast:

- how China coped with the unwanted wave of homeless and dispossessed aliens in its territory as it fought to assert its sovereignty in the Northeast;

- how the USSR regarded and treated former subjects of the Russian Empire who found refuge in China, as it aimed to retain control over the Chinese Eastern Railway and its sphere of influence;

- how Japan dealt with this unwanted minority during its thirteen years of occupation and war against China;

- how the USSR, after its victory over Japan, treated Harbin Russians;

- how Harbin Russians dispersed.

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Dan Ben-Canaan Heilongjiang University – School of Western Studies, Harbin China

canaan@inter.net.il / bencanaan@gmail.com

Problems of Memory and Nostalgia in Historical Reality: Imagined Communities-Imagined History

here several problems in assessing a realistic value of oral history records and written memories. It is apparent in force when one has to deal with selective

memory, nostalgia, psychological blocks and forgetting, as well as “wishful” accounts – either political or social - rather than the reality of a space and time.

I call it “imagined history”, an extension to what Benedict Anderson called “imagined communities”, because history is made of recollections of individual accounts that illuminate collective communities.

This should of interest to a larger membership of an interdisciplinary scholarly group that represents philosophers, historians, theologians, psychologists, sociologists, journalists, and cultural and literary theorists.

Paul Ricoeur asserts that facts or events, which can be observed and scientifically described, should present human experience without considerations of objective reality. That methodological analysis of history and the interpretation of the human historical condition should raise the prospect of a "right of forgetting", and see it with "a positive meaning" because that entails the "spirit of forgiveness" and "reconciliation". It is the "reverse side of memory". This philosophical argument is a problem to historical objectivity or reality.

Memory is a strange place to visit because the process of remembering an experience, or an event – environmental or personal, that took place under certain conditions - time, space, place, and extreme conditions - have to be taken into account.

How to deal with memoirs and remembering in academic research, from a theoretical point of view as well as from a practical one, and how to approach the question of methodological problems when seeking historical reality based on memories, and especially oral ones, are some of the concerns.

In many cases the present perception of the past is influenced by the experience of risks and threats, both personal and environmental, and that these give rise to imagined history that tend to avoid memory of conflicts such as war, invasion, occupation, community conflicts, racial disputes, hardships, shortage of necessities, conflicts of survival such as plagues, and others.

Although many psychological studies were done on the subjects of remembering, memories, and nostalgia, few were applied to historical research as a collaborative tool. One of the new methods suggested here, is the application of Neurocognitive mechanisms when dealing with oral history records and written memories.

Historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, psychologists, and journalists in particular, understand the immediacy of the impact of reality. The concerns I have are in and about the way in which nostalgia, memory and forgetting, may override scientific research and avoid truthful facts in the examination of historical

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reality. History is for all people. But if it lacks reality it may give rise to historical mistakes, controversies and intentional or unintentional misguides.

• Dan Ben-Canaan is a Professor of Research and Writing Methodology at Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Director of its Sino-Israel Research and Study Center, as well as Hon. Research Fellow at the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences, and the Senior Editor of the HLJ Television China English News (2003-2007 and 2009-). Born in Israel, he earned his academic and professional degrees in the USA. He served as journalist, publicist and publisher of magazines, as Press secretary of the Local Government and the municipal lobby of the Israeli Parliament, and an advisor and lecturer on Political Information and Mass Communication in several academic institutions. Accomplishments: Distinguished Professor - School of Western Studies, Heilongjiang University – 2004; Distinguished Professor - School of Broadcasting and Journalism, Heilongjiang University – 2005; HLJTV China, best news programs – English News 2004; Best Interview Series Award for magazine feature on the issue of the Labor High Court 1998; Best public campaign award 1989 by the Israel Journalists & Editors Association; Civic Participation award for 1987 by the International Lions Organization. Fields of academic interest: Research and Writing Methodology, Creative Writing, Western and Chinese journalism, Information Communications, The Japanese Occupation of China, The History of the Jews in China and Harbin. Among his publications are: The Kaspe File: A Case Study of Harbin as an Intersection of Cultural and Ethnic Communities in Conflict 1932-1945 (2009); The Jewish People: The Harbin Experience (2008); China: A Player or Bystander in the Global E-economy (2007); The Business of Stereotyping Business (Mizrech, 2007); The Jews in Harbin – A Pictorial History (2005); A Man of All Seasons: The Life of General Yohai Ben-Nun (2002); A Diary of the 20th Century – The History of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2000); Historical Prospective: The Faculty of Agriculture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1994); Changing Media – Changing Times (Editor 1992); Political Communication - Guide for Political Candidates (1990), and many articles in magazines and daily press on international and domestic political and social issues.

Chen Ziguang Heilongjiang University, School of Architectural Engineering

swanforever0423@163.com

Resurrection of the Historical Block in the Modern Harbin

very city should have its own expression, its own characteristic. This characteristic is reflected in the culture of the city which makes greatly

influence in the city development. Harbin which lays in the northeast of China is an important regional commercial and culture center. The culture which came from European, Japanese are mixed with the Chinese traditional culture and locally Jin’yuan culture, then they formed the specific city culture and architecture style. Nowadays, protection to the historical buildings strengthened the identity of the city and extended the traditional architecture context. How to make these historical buildings and blocks blend into modern cities, how to remain and make full use of the city characteristic? We should start to do the research from shaping the environment around the historical blocks.

Since the beginning of 20th century, with the development of the China Eastern Railway (CER), Harbin became an important center for transfer of goods in east China. Foreign cultures that came from Europe and Japan mingled with the local culture and influenced people’s lives. In architecture aspect, the foreigners constructed many buildings of European style, especially of Russian architecture. (Japanese culture had little effect in the aspect of architecture)

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Harbin is the birthplace of Jin dynasty and Qing dynasty. In 1115pc, she became the capital of Jin dynasty. Jin’yuan culture was evolved over several centuries and it is a typical local culture, which played the important role in Chinese history as Song dynasty culture. The Jin Capital museum is located in the Acheng district of the city.

In the process of rebuild or renew to the historic buildings, architects and planners try to seek the recreating of the buildings. And in the process of rebuild or renew to the historic blocks, we should seek the best method for each block to be in the city. This article is elaborating the topic with the practical situation of Harbin architecture. There are many historic buildings, which are in the European style in Dao’li district of Harbin. The successful experiences of the protection of the made the Central Street become a characteristic logo of Harbin. In the area surrounding, there are many length wise direction streets which meet the Central Street in the right angle are the area of transition of the historic blocks and the modern city. We have to think about the design of these areas, then we can strengthen the identity of the city and promote and develop the specific culture characteristic of Harbin that is the main city in the northeast of the country.

China is a country with a vast territory, large population and long history. China has many minor nationalities that represent different traditions and sub-cultures. Jin’yuan cultural center is in Acheng, a district of Harbin. Because of the special history of invasion, Harbin was ruled by Russian and Japanese in the beginning and middle of the 20th century. This period marks the high development in the city construction. Cities which have similar experiences are Dalian, Qingdao in Liaoning province and Changchun in Jilin province. These cities present Chinese culture characteristics.

Frank Grüner University of Heidelberg, Germany

frank.gruener@urz.uni-heidelberg.de

When the Rubel Rolled: Currency and Money Exchange Business as Part of Daily Life in Northeast China

he complicated political situation in so-called Manchuria from the end of the 19th century until the early 1930s, caused by the weakness of the Chinese state

and the competing interests of the ruling powers in China, in particular Russia and Japan, had its equivalent in the field of business and finance. The financial or monetary system was just as fragmented and unstable as the political situation. Particularly the currency situation was chaotic and seemingly a genuine obstacle for the development of businesses of all kinds. All manner of currencies - foreign, national, as well as regional or local - existed simultaneously for several decades and there was no single monetary standard in Manchuria before 1932. It is remarkable that at the same time dynamic economic growth nevertheless took place in the region.

This talk pursues the question of the way in which the problem of multiple currencies had an effect at a regional and local level and how various social, as well as national population groups dealt with the given circumstances. Using the town Harbin as an example, it shall specifically be examined which difficulties presented themselves for

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urban life and economy at which phase of the general political developments and how, for example, the town administration, the banks, merchants, small traders and other inhabitants of the town attempted to contend with these.

• Since October 2008 Frank Grüner leads an interdisciplinary Junior Research Group within the framework of the Cluster of Excellence “Asia and Europe in a Global Context” (University of Heidelberg) on "Transgressing Spaces and Identities in Urban Arenas – the Case of Harbin". Born in 1968, he studied East European History, Slavic Languages and Literatures as well as Jewish Studies at the Universities of Heidelberg, St. Petersburg, and Moscow; in 2005 he did a PhD at the University of Heidelberg (thesis: “Jews and the Soviet State, 1941-1953”). From 2001 to 2003 he worked as a Fellow at the Slavic Department of the University of Heidelberg, from 2003 to 2005 as a Lecturer and from 2005 to 2008 as an Assistant Professor in East European History at the University of Heidelberg. Research focuses on Soviet and Russian history and culture. Publications on the history of Stalinism, Soviet Jews, anti-Semitism and the Holocaust in Eastern Europe. Major Publications: Patrioten und Kosmopoliten. Juden im Sowjetstaat 1941 bis 1953. Böhlau Verlag; Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2008 [Forschungen zur Geschichte Osteuropas; Band 43]; Grüner, F./ Heftrich, U./ Löwe, H.-D. (ed.): „Zerstörer des Schweigens“. Formen künstlerischer Erinnerung an die nationalsozialistische Rassen- und Vernichtungspolitik in Osteuropa. Böhlau Verlag; Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2006.

Mark Gamsa Tel Aviv University, Israel

gamsa@post.tau.ac.il

Mixed Marriages in Russian-Chinese Manchuria

his paper will pursue two aims: a factual one of fact-finding, and a conceptual one of understanding the image of the phenomenon under study in the eyes of

its mostly critical Chinese and Russian observers. To begin with: how widespread was “mixed” (Russian-Chinese) marriage in Manchuria, from the beginning of the Russian presence there in the 1890s up to the late 1950s? What were the typical backgrounds of such marriages, and were they especially characteristic of Harbin, or of other locations in the Northeast? Can they be related to a particular period or a set of political circumstances? And, beyond marriage, what kind of contact existed between the sexes across the ethnical divide?

Moving on to the image of the mixed marriage, we shall analyze reactions to it from both the Russian and the Chinese sides. Our purpose here will be to trace, on the one hand, specific reasons for the almost unanimous opposition to mixed marriage within both communities, and, on the other hand, to situate cultural sensitivity to this form of inter-ethnic contact within the larger concerns of race, nationalism and imperialism. Our material is furnished by travelers’ reports, the few prominent cases of mixed marriage to have attracted special attention, and the little-known life stories of Russian-Chinese families, most of which did not remain in China.

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Madeleine Herren University of Heidelberg, Germany

madeleine.herren@zegk.uni-heidelberg.de

Globalization of Death – Foreign Cemeteries in a Transnational Perspective

sked about the long lasting dynamics of deficit spending, John Maynard Keynes gave the ultimate answer. In the long run, he said, we are all dead. The

same answer holds when questioning concepts of globalization and transnational history. Since the end of the 19th century a growing global entanglement found its expression in the foundation of foreign cemeteries. With its gravestones accessible online as the result of a Heidelberg research project, the Jewish cemetery in Harbin is one example of how a graveyard brings the awareness of an outside world into a regional context, how traditions of remembrance have changed and had to focus on foreign places, globalizing the minds of those whose beloved were buried far away in a foreign country.

• Madeleine Herren is a full Professor of Modern History, at the University of Heidelberg. She serves as the Director of the Cluster of Excellence “Asia and Europe in a Global Context – Shifting Asymmetries in Cultural Flows” since 2007. Between 2007 and 2008 she served as director of the Centre for European History and Culture at Heidelberg University. Madeleine Herren’s research activities are in the fields of European and global history, Research on encyclopaedia and information transfer, Internationalism in the 19th century, foreign policy networks, History of international organizations and border-crossing civil society, and Encyclopaedias as material culture.

Susanne Hohler University of Heidelberg, Germany

s.hohler@yahoo.de

Local Response to Nazi Politics. The Anti-German Boycott in Harbin

n spring 1933 the Jewish Congress`s World Committee and other, mainly American-based, organizations declared a boycott on German goods to protest

against the anti-Semitic measures of the new National-Socialist regime. The boycott was fiercely debated in the worldwide Jewish community. Was it time to stand up and fight, as organizations like betar demanded, or would the boycott endanger the Jews even more? But even if the boycott movement did not gain the support that its organizers sought, Jewish communities all over the world, from Baghdad to Toronto, took part.

The Jewish community of Harbin had good reasons to hesitate. As early as 1921 the first Russian fascist organization was founded in Harbin and over the years the movement, which attracted several thousand members and supporters, played a decisive role in the public life of the city. Anti-Semitic agitation and violent attacks were a daily occurrence, and the coalition that the Japanese entered with fascist Russian organizations and individuals after the takeover in 1933 made the live of the Jews even more precarious. Nevertheless, the Jewish community of the city finally decided to join the boycott, probably owing to the strong presence of betar

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in Harbin. And since Jewish merchants and manufactures played an important role in the economic life of the city, the boycott had a noticeable impact on trade and commerce. For example, it is said that it was practically impossible to buy any German medication during the boycott.

Unsurprisingly, the Jewish boycott attracted much attention and criticism among the public of Harbin, especially in newspapers related to the Russians and the Japanese, who often presented the boycott as a “war of the Jews against Germany”. The leaders of the Jewish community reacted by writing letters of protest and justifying their actions in proclamations.

The anti-German boycott of the Jews in Harbin is one example of how reactions to global events are shaped by local particularities. For example, why did the conflict erupt between Jews and Russians, since after all it was the Germans that suffered from the boycott? How did the dispute shape the relationship between Jews and their fellow citizens, especially the far right Russians?

Yukiko Koga Brown University, Providence RI, USA

yk294@columbia.edu

The Political Economy of Redemption: Colonial Inheritance and the Memory of the Sino-Japanese War

his paper explores how the city of Dalian in Northeast China and its population engage in a complicated dance with “returning” Japanese in their newly

developing economic relations, which in turn demands rethinking its “colonial” history. With more than sixty-percent of Dalian’s foreign investment from Japan, the city displays a notable presence of Japanese commodity culture and work ethic, and the municipal government seeks to turn its colonial inheritance into capital through the discourse of suzhi (quality), which capitalizes on workers’ skills in the new global marketplace. This discourse produces what I call a political economy of redemption, where both Japanese and Chinese attempt to restore respective negative reputations through economic activities. This form of reconciliation, however, is premised on a selective use of the past that effaces traces of colonial violence.

Within this political economy of redemption Japan appears in Dalian today both as a model of emulation and as an object of suspicion or hatred. I examine this tension in the concept of renzhen (conscientiousness)––a cherished value attached to bodies of workers in the newly embraced global market economy––which allows for the presence of the past in the vision of the future. Through an ethnographic exploration of Dalian’s urban and industrial landscape, this paper shows how the ghostly echoes of wartime forced labor at Dalian Onoda Cement took concrete form during a visit by national heroine Wang Xuan as part of her investigation of wartime Japanese Army biological human experiments. The concept of renzhen allows us to understand how anti-Japanese sentiments in China are supplemented by an underlying anxiety toward an image of modernity that evades individual accountability and good conscience while celebrating diligence and conscientiousness as modern workers.

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Rotem Kowner The University of Haifa, Israel

kowner@research.haifa.ac.il

Who Really Won and Who Lost the War? Short- and Long-Term Victors in the Russo-Japanese War

he Russo-Japanese War was the greatest and most significant conflict in the first decade of the twentieth century. The war was fought over the control of

Northeast China and Korea, areas that were not thought then to be of much importance, but its implications echoed throughout the world. It is a common knowledge that Japan won the war and Russia lost it. Japan began hereafter its imperial expansion in East Asia, whereas Russia lost not only its momentum in the region but also much of its political influence and economic gains. Yet an examination of military results of the war and especially the long-term outcomes of the conflict brings somewhat different view. In this presentation I intend to examine the strategic goals of the two belligerents on the eve of the war and compare them with their short- and long-term geopolitical achievements in Northeast Asia after the conflict was concluded. In addition, I will explore gains and losses of the other non-belligerent parties in this conflict, namely the two nations on which territory the war was fought over and the powers involved.

The Russo-Japanese War and Northeast China: Global and Local Perspectives

rom the hindsight of a century, it is possible today to refer to the Russo-Japanese War from an appropriate historical distance. Its documents have

been declassified and fully analyzed, its heroes have long since been lying in their graves, and the significance of its immediate repercussions has been lost. Today, more than ever before, it has become clear that the war was not only of great importance at the time it occurred, but that it had important repercussions on the history of the 20th century. It is often forgotten, however, that this greatest conflict ever between Russia and Japan took place on the territory of neither of them. The war was fought on and over a Chinese land: the Northeast region known as Manchuria. Even less known is that repercussions of the war in this region were probably felt the most. In its aftermath, not only Japan gained control of the southernmost tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, but it also began to take an economic hold of the entire region, completing it by a military takeover in 1931. In this presentation I will examine the impact of the war on Northeast China in the following four decades using both local and global perspectives.

• Rotem Kowner specializes in Asian studies with a focus on Japanese Civilization and Modern History, Japanese Interpersonal Communication, Individual and Society in Japan: Japanese patterns of Personality and Behavior, and East Asian Languages, Scripts, and Their Learning. Research Areas include Interdisciplinary research on Japanese history and psychology: Behavior and images in Japan’s modern wars; Perceptions of Japanese body, race and sexuality in modern times; Japanese identity, nationalism and attitudes towards non-Japanese; and Behavior, personality and communication style in Japan. Rotem Kowner has published many books and academic articles on the subjects of Japan’s Modern Wars; the Russo-Japanese War – Behavior, Images & Legacy; Race & Body Image in Japan: Foreign Perceptions & Local Transformation and Japanese Personality, Behavior & interpersonal Communication; Japanese Identity and Nationalism; and Japan – Society, Culture & History.

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Alena Kozlova Center of the Oral History and Biography. International Memorial. Moscow, Russia

alena-memo@yandex.ru

Russian View on Harbin Past on Materials of Oral Testimony of Former Harbin’s Residents in 1932-1955

arbin - a significant place for destinies of thousand people, knot of memory, which forms Harbin experience, how people perceive it after so many years

and how “Harbin trace” is connected to a number of biographic circumstances at different groups of “Russian in China”. Various models of destinies of Russian Harbin’s residents are considered.

Circumstances of resettlement to Harbin after revolution of 1917 in Russia, level of integration into local culture, creation of own habitat.

Coexistence of two Russian societies.

A meeting of "old" and "new" Russia in the narrow, limited space of Harbin. Peculiarities of formation of presentations about Soviet Russia.

View on international relations during military conflicts in1931-1932 and 1939-1945 between Russian and Chinese, Russian and Japanese, Chinese and Japanese.

An official national policy and personal contacts. Individual models of a survival. “Strange” and “familiar” - change of a sign, cooperation, resistance, and mutual aid.

Influence of the Second World War on Russian society in Harbin. Entrance of the Soviet Army to Harbin, involving of Russian youth to the action of military patrols - effect of participation in war. Growth of the pro-Soviet moods among youth.

Departure to the USSR. The reasons and models of returning in 1935 and 1954-1955. Presentation about the USSR and the Soviet reality. Integration into the Soviet society.

Memory of Harbin. Creation of Harbin’s friendly associations (people from same area), their features. Harbin’s residents - as self-identification. Preservation of memory and traditions. Sensation of the especial importance of own biography marked as “Harbin’s sign”.

This report is based on the analysis of oral memoirs of Harbin’s friendly association (of people from same area) members, recorded in Moscow and Ekaterinburg in 2007-2008.

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Thomas Lahusen University of Toronto, Canada

tlahusen@gmail.com

Deciphering Historical Footage: On the ‘Manchukuo’ Film Industry

ilm, by definition, belongs to the realm of illusion. What if it has been produced in “Wei Manzhouguo” – “false Manchukuo,” as the puppet state of

the “Last Emperor” is usually called in China? What happens when illusion if produced by Chimera?

During the few years of its existence, Manei, the “Manchurian Film Association” of the infamous Amakasu Masahiko produced a number of feature films and documentaries not only reflecting some of the realities of the phantom country, but participating, to some extent, in its creation.

The paper discusses some of the epistemological, methodological, and practical issues that the historian and the documentary filmmaker face when confronted to these films.

Any film produced by Manei was obviously commissioned by the Manchukuo, i.e.. Japanese authorities. However, looking at some of that footage can yield quite a number of interesting complexities. The footage from the collection "Testimony by pictures: Record of Manchuria," from the Russian Film Archives, acquired by Ten Sharpe (Tokyo) in the 1990s, is a showcase of Russians working in the fields of the "Three-River" region, or, to use the Chinese name, Hulunbeier. We also see them making butter, in a church, etc. What strikes me in these images is the way they are shot: they remind us of the way Soviet avant-garde films were shot, and I will provide precise examples of these films (Eisenstein, Pudovkin, etc.) to show this. Other sources point to the same: a number of Japanese ex-Communists and lefties were working in the Manei Studios, and so were Russians: the film, which has no indication whatsoever of who made it, when it was made, etc., ends with the word "The End" in... Russian. All this shows that (the interpretation of) form is an essential part of history. It also complicates the kind of sources we are dealing with when we study a complex historical reality such as "Manchuria," and it illustrates the work of documentary filmmaking.

• Thomas Lahusen is a Distinguished Professor for Eurasian Cultural History at the Department of History, Centre for Comparative Literature at the University of Toronto. Among his publications and edited collections are How Life Writes the Book: Real Socialism and Socialist Realism in Stalin's Russia (Cornell University Press, 1997; Autour de l'"homme nouveau". Allocution et société en Russie au XIXe siècle. Essai de sémiologie de la source littéraire (Wien: Wiener Slawistischer Almanach, 1982); Harbin: Histoire, Mémoire et Différence. Revue des études slaves, 73: 2-3 (Paris, 2001); Harbin and Manchuria: Place, Space, and Identity. The South Atlantic Quarterly 99:1 (Winter 2000). Published in Fall 2001. In addition to his academic activities, Lahusen is a film producer, director, cinematographer, picture and sound editor. Chemodan Films in which he involved, is a partnership, created in October 2005 with Alexander Gershtein, and Tracy McDonald in Toronto, Canada.

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Li Shuhua Journal of Far East Economic Trade

Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China lsh61270@126.com

A Jewish association in the Early stage of Harbin history: A Study of the soviet Jewish publications in 1917—1930

rom the end of the 19th century to 1918, a Jewish association started to take form and developed initially in Harbin. The Jewish association of Harbin had

a rigid organizational system and carried out all kinds of religious, cultural, and social activities. These, in turn, and with a smaller proportion to the dominant Russian community, and other communities in the international city, left a geo-historical footmark on Harbin’s social, cultural and political life.

At the time of the establishment of the Soviet Union and forward, the Jewish culture in Harbin became a concern for the Soviet government and Russian societies all along.

In this case, Jewish publications in Harbin became the chief concern of the Books and Periodicals Inspection Institutions. In the early days after the October Revolution, the Soviet government policy of Press and Publication was beneficial to Jewish publications. In 1922, after establishing the Books and Periodicals secret bureau, there were indications that the soviet government’s attitude to Jewish publications had changed. From that, Jewish publications were to become the main object of government censorship.

In this essay, we mainly study the soviet Jewish publications and the relation between the soviet Jewish publications and the Jewish publications in Harbin.

Rudolph Ng University of Heidelberg, Germany

ng@uni-heidelberg.de

Yuandongbao: A Chinese or Russian Newspaper?

his paper discusses the promising development and eventual demise of Yuandongbao遠東報, the first modern Chinese newspaper of Harbin, which

was published from 1906 until 1921. The newspaper was financed by the Russian Chinese-Eastern Railway Company but was written in Chinese throughout its 15 years of existence. Printed daily in Harbin, the newspaper belonged to the most popular sources of information for many local residents. Opinion pieces could be read daily on its front page and the rest of the newspaper reported local, national, and international news. Although the founder, the chief executive, and its financial support were always Russian, the editorial staff was entirely Chinese. This paper will investigate if Yuandongbao represented a particular interest consistently, and if so, whether it was more of the Chinese or Russian point of view.

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Yoshiya Makita Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan

riis2007@yahoo.co.jp

Ambivalent Enterprise: Cultural Representation of Manchuria in the Social-Hygienic Activities of the Japanese Red Cross Society in the

Early 20th Century

hrough an analysis of the cultural representations of Manchuria in the medical gaze of physicians and nurses of the Japanese Red Cross Society

(JRCS), this paper illuminates the local intersection of global expansions of imperialism with (western-style) medicalization, which was crystallized in the medical practices in early-twentieth-century Manchuria. Since the late nineteenth century, territorial expansions of European imperial powers over the world had progressed in tandem with theoretical advancement of natural and social sciences. Western scientists constructed theories in which they objectified, categorized, and judged inferiority of local people in their colonial territories, thus justifying their colonial rule. In this sense, imperialism and science were interdependent in the development of colonial enterprises. When the northeastern region of China became the site of territorial conflicts over economic resources among world powers, especially between Russia and Japan in the early twentieth century, the region was also turned into a scientific laboratory to interrogate its local people. By focusing on the activities of Japanese medical workers who had rapidly westernized their profession and applied their theories into practice in Manchuria, this paper inquires into the ways in which the global trend of imperial expansions interrelated with the localized process of medicalization specialized for northeastern China by the JRCS in the early twentieth century.

The medical workers of the JRCS elaborated their medical knowledge and nursing practices under the strong influences of the Western medical profession. In the name of western-style medicine, physicians and nurses of the JRCS in fact represented medical venues of imperial intervention. Although these medical workers conducted treatments in the northeastern region of China from their humanitarian instinct, their activities also connoted social control of Manchurian people through medical practices. Through an examination of this medical intervention into Manchurian society by the JRCS, this paper furthers its analysis on colonial ventures in Manchuria beyond seemingly one-sided political conflicts among military powers, and sheds new light on the medical and cultural aspects of imperial expansions in northeastern China in the first decades of the 20th century.

While the activities of the JRCS in Manchuria signified medical venues of the imperial expansions, they were also an interactive process of negotiation between Japanese medical workers and local people. Departing from the previous historiography, which focused on the war-related activities of the JRCS in Manchuria, this paper examines its social-hygienic projects among Manchurian people, and analyzes cultural representations of Manchurian people by Japanese physicians and nurses at the sites of medical practices. Theoretical advancement of western-style medicine was embodied in everyday medical practices and here connected with imperial expansions and colonial enterprises. Yet their social

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hygiene programs often faced with the resistance from Manchurian people, and the staffs of the JRCS were forced to localize their medical practices to regulate everyday behavior of Manchurian people. Japanese medical workers constructed specific cultural representations of Manchurian people from this interactive process of localization of their medical practices, which later gave the basis for Japanese rule of Manchuria in the 1930s. This analysis of social-hygienic projects of the JRCS expands our understanding on the dynamic complexity of the expansions of imperial powers in northeastern China.

The paper examines the cultural representations of “Manchuria” by physicians and nurses of the Japanese Red Cross Society in the early twentieth century through an analysis of their social-hygienic activities in this northeastern region of China.

In the first two decades of the twentieth century, and especially after the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-1906, the Japanese Red Cross Society continuously sent their physicians and nurses to Manchuria. One of the prominent features of their enterprise in northeastern China was that, in addition to their medical services for those injured in the war activities, these medical workers developed several social-hygienic measures for Manchurian people.

While the humanitarianism of the Red Cross movement drove Japanese physicians and nurses to the healthcare treatment of people in Manchuria, the Western perception of Manchuria as the land of the “savage” also influenced these physicians’ medical gaze.

Since its foundation as the Philanthropic Society (Hakuaisha) in 1877, the Japanese Red Cross society had been under the jurisdiction of the Japanese military, and these medical workers’ stereotypes on Manchurian people shaped in the early twentieth century was later incorporated into the social welfare programs in Manchuria during the Japanese military control in the 1930s.

Focusing on cultural representation of Manchurian people by Japanese medical workers through their everyday contacts at the sites of medical practice, this paper reveals the close linkage between this early medical enterprise and the following Japanese colonial administration in Manchuria.

Ines Prodöhl The German Historical Institute, Washington DC. USA

prodoehl@ghi-dc.org

“A Miracle Bean”: How Soy Conquered the West, 1905–1945

p to the 1930s, worldwide demand for soybeans was met almost entirely by northeast China, a region known to the West as Manchuria. By the end of

World War II, however, the United States had become the main producer of this increasingly valuable commodity. I analyze this change by examining its causes and effects on both northeast China and the US.

The history of how soybeans conquered the West involves cultural diversity as well as global entanglements. In my lecture I will argue that the prevailing contemporary belief in modern progress made soy attractive to western scientists,

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who had begun to recognize this plant’s commercial potential during World War I. Industrial developments combined with political agendas to accelerate soy cultivation in the United States during the 1930s.

New chemical processes made it possible to manufacture an astonishingly broad range of affordable products from soybeans: soap, cheese, rubber, coffee, ink, crackers, margarine, celluloid, linoleum, explosives, paint, and many others. This versatility made the plant highly valued in the West, where it was also used as animal feed and fertilizer. It was rarely used a human food source, however, even though soybeans’ significant protein and oil content made them highly nutritious. Considered an excellent human foodstuff in Asia, soybeans never became a staple in either the European or North American diet.

• Ines Prodoehl's research and teaching has centered on historical questions that embed the nation state into a global context. Her current research project analyzes the global entanglements of economic interests in Manchuria, focusing on the export of soy to the west and in particular to the U.S. in the first half of the 20th Century. Ms. Prodoehl studied history at the universities of Leipzig and Zurich. She was a research fellow in Zurich, where she started a research project on national ambitions in a global context by examining general encyclopedias from the 18th to the 20th century. In 2005, Ines Prodoehl became wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin at Heidelberg University, at the chair of Professor Madeleine Herren. In 2008, she received her Ph.D. in Modern History for a thesis on the "Politics of Knowledge" focusing on Encyclopedias in the "Third Reich", Switzerland and the GDR.

Victoria Romanova Khabarovsk State University, Russia

VictoryaRom@yandex.ru

The Harbin Jewish Spiritual Community under the Japanese Occupation Regime in Manchuria (1931-1945)

his papers deal with a very complicated and contradictive period of the Harbin’s Jewish community history. On one hand it was the time of a military

occupation regime, which became an ally of the Nazi Germany. On the other hand under those conditions the Jewish community had an opportunity to keep all its organizations and to prolong an active life.

Firstly the Japanese authorities didn’t pursue any special policy with respect to the Jews. Their attitude to them didn’t differ from the attitude to other ethnic communities. But while building up the police and other structures they cooperated with the Russian “white” emigrants, mostly anti-Semitic. In 1931 the Russian fascist party led by K. Rodzaevski was organized in Harbin. Its militant members looted Jewish shops, broke synagogues’ windows, beat the Jews unmercifully and kidnapped people to get ransom. Members of the Jewish semi-military organization “Betar” started fisticuffs with them.

As the time passed the attitude of the Japanese authorities to the Jewish community improved. To some extent this was explained by Tokyo’s hopes of rapprochement with the U.S.A. They believed that the Jews made a great impact on the formation of the American policy. One more reason – the interest of some Japanese officials to the “Fugu Plan”, which proposed to attract German Jews to the colonization of Manchuria.

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The position of the Japanese occupation power allowed HJSC to spread anti-Nazi propaganda, render active assistance to the Jewish refugees. However when the war in the Pacific Ocean began the conditions for the activity of the Jewish community became considerably worse. In Harbin emigrant papers were being closed, community organizations were being restructured and educational institutions were being closed. That was difficult time for the community: its number decreased steadily and opportunities for its activities became less. But the worst blow was struck not by the Japanese but by the Soviet occupation regime, established in August of 1945.

The Jewish community history of Harbin

The history of the Jewish community of Harbin is not so long – about 60 years which were very dramatic in the world history. The Jewish community was founded in 1903 by Russian Jews who came to Manchuria from Siberia at the end of XIX c. when the treaty on the China-East railway was signed in 1896. As the policy of Russia was aimed at increasing its influence in the region the Tsarist government did not prohibit the Jews to immigrate to Manchuria (in Russia they were forbidden to reside outside the “Pale of Settlement”). In Harbin the Jews the same as other ethnic and religious groups had full civil rights and got an opportunity to start a new life.

The community set up a lot of typical Jewish institutions like synagogues, schools, an old age home, etc. and gave its members a sense of security and creativity for the whole period of existence. It also made a real contribution into the city’s economy and trade.

As it is known, the history of Harbin in those years is too dramatic. But in spite of all the difficulties the leaders of the community managed to steer most of its institutions. The Soviet Army occupation put an end to its activity.

Karl Schlögel European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), Germany

karl.schloegel@web.de

Reading Time in Space. Mapping Cultural Junctions

n one of my last books, entitled Reading Time in Space. On the history of civilization and geopolitics, I have tried to give a summary of the methodological and theoretical

approach I worked with writing history in the last 20 years (especially the history of Sankt-Petersburg as a center of modernity, of Berlin as a center of Russian émigrés and German-Russian cultural exchange, and Moscow in the 30s). This approach tries to bring back the spatial dimension into historiography. Space and place are considered as essential dimension of historical perception and reconstructing the past, although I do not want to call it as many do as „spatial turn“.

Harbin, a city which I first visited in 1978, was subject of my research when I organized a project on the centers of the Russian diaspora. Now I would like to show how the method of spacing history could be used successful for further in-depth analysis of a place like Harbin. It means first to analyze the urban texture of the city of Harbin and second to reproduce the cultural topography of the city. I

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have in mind the fragmented neighborhoods, the multiethnic composition of the city, the temples, synagogues, churches, reflecting the multiconfessional urban fabric, the institutions of civic life like the administration of the railway, the Polytechnical Institute, the harbour, the bazaar, the cemeteries, the institutions of cultural life etc. After my quite long and systematic experience in mapping cities (Sankt-Petersburg, Moscow, Berlin, Vilna, Budapest, Odessa etc.) I am convinced that it would be not only possible but fascinating to map Harbin or the many different and conflicting Harbin textures (looking from different perspectives – Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Jewish) and to create a cultural topography which demonstrates and visualizes the social, political, economic and cultural encounters of North West China with the World in the 20th century.

Norman Smith University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

nsmith06@uoguelph.ca

Shifting Narratives of Alcohol Use in Manchukuo

n Manchukuo (1932-1945), officialdom propagated Confucian-based Wangdao ideology as an integral element of the state’s modernity program. But in the

most prominent Chinese-language, Japanese-owned journals and newspapers, different elements of the “Manchukuo modern” came to the fore. This paper examines shifting alcohol narratives in advertising and other media in Manchukuo to argue that transformations in alcohol’s depiction, from an essential article of modern life to a dangerous substance, evidence changing notions of healthful living, the collapse of Manchukuo’s nascent urban consumer culture, and popular dissatisfaction with the regime.

Manchukuo’s population, at least in major urban centres, was subject to glocal influences regarding alcohol. Local commercial production dated back centuries, to at least the Kangxi reign (1661-1722), but it was in the 1930s that advertising for alcohol reached its peak of prominence; Red Ball Wine (also labelled Chi yu pai putaojiu / Akadama) was amongst the most conspicuous consumer goods of its time. That prominence was due in large measure to the efforts of its creator, Torii Shinjiro (1879-1962), the founder of Japan’s Suntory. Torii was famed for pioneering advertising practices in Osaka and extended that expertise to Manchukuo via Red Ball, reinforcing long-standing traditions of alcohol consumption while introducing innovative ways of marketing them. Advertising campaigns stressed consumption in terms of positive Chinese, Japanese, and ‘Western’ traits, thus aiming for the most ‘modern’ blend of glocal consumption practices. Through the 1930s and 1940s, that ‘blending’ extended even further through industry ownership. In 1936, for example, two of the largest Chinese-owned beer producers in Harbin (The Manchuria Hop and Beer Company and Taxing Ltd Brewery) were annexed by the Japanese-owned Harbin Brewing Company. In terms of ownership, marketing and other forms of narrative production, alcohol was deeply imbedded in glocalization practices.

The expansion of war in 1941 had dramatic ramifications for the alcohol industry. Scholars Bufo Yamamuro and Naotaka Shinfuku have argued that in Japan alcohol was historically subject to official control as the result of famine or crop shortages

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rather than from health concerns, which had influenced Chinese policy formation. In 1940s Manchukuo, officials expanded control over the alcohol industry as war-time exigencies – economic, military, and labour – resulted in more regulation and dramatic changes in marketing campaigns. Social commentators such as Nakamura Kōjirō and Zhang Chunyuan argued for abstinence, though for different reasons: Nakamura explicitly drew a correlation between military strength and alcohol consumption, while Zhang decried weakening of the people through addiction, which was discussed in inherently glocalized terms. Thus, the move to ‘total war’ resulted in increased state intervention, rations altered consumption patterns, and expressions of personal health and responsibility transformed. These shifts underline the importance of considering the glocal, in terms of alcohol and its many narratives, in Manchukuo.

Christian Störtz University of Heidelberg, Germany

c.stoertz@stud.uni-heidelberg.de

Global Impacts of a Local War

he conflict between Russia and Japan in the, according to the measures of contemporary world politics peripheral, northeast of Asia was observed by a

large public all around the world. In an unprecedented way this war impacted political processes worldwide. Affecting not only “every major nation involved in the chronicles of the 20th century” (Rotem Kowner), a multitude of processes on the spheres of regional, national, supranational and global politics were influenced or even initiated by it. Based on assorted examples on topics like (anti-) colonialism, nationalism, the balance of powers, political movements etc. this presentation will deal with the mutual influences of the local and global spheres determined by diverging local receptions of this war.

• Christian Störtz, born 1982 is student of Modern History and Jewish Studies at the University of Heidelberg and the Hochschule für Jüdische Studien, Heidelberg. Fields of interest: Eastern European History, History of the Jewish People

Mariko Tamanoi University of California, Los Angeles

mtamanoi@ucla.edu

Trying to integrate “sensibility” with the study of colonialism: A suggestion of a new approach to the history of Northeast China

“Sensibility” sounds like an anathema to the study of colonialism: the colonizer exercised the formidable power on the colonized population and the modern history of Manchuria is no exception to this rule. Nonetheless, in order to overcome the simple dichotomy of the colonizer and the colonized and to consider the fates of victims at their individual levels, my paper suggests that we exercise our “sensibility” in the study of colonialism. What is “sensibility”? How are we expected to use it in our study of the history of Manchuria? Is there such a thing as “colonial sensibility”? I will consider these and other questions in my study of the memories of Manchuria shared by the Japanese and the Chinese in various moments in time of “the present” that spans from the mid-1940s to the 2000s.

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• Mariko Asano TAMANOI serves as professor At the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. Among her major publications are Memory Maps: The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan. University of Hawaii Press (2009). “Suffragist Women, Corrupt Officials, and Waste Control in Interwar-era Japan,” to be published in the Journal of Asian Studies in 2009. Crossed Histories: A New Approach to Manchuria in the Age of Empires, edited by Mariko Tamanoi. Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawaii Press (2005). “Songs as Weapons: The Culture and History of Komori (Nursemaids) in Modern Japan.” In Women and Gender Relations, Susan Mann ed. Association for Asian Studies, Inc (2004). “Between Colonial Racism and Global Capitalism: The Japanese Repatriates from Northeast China since 1946.” American Ethnologist 30:4:527-38 (2003). “A Road to ‘A Redeemed Mankind’: The Politics of Memory among the Former Peasant Settlers in Manchuria.” South Atlantic Quarterly 99:1:143-71 (2001). “War Responsibility and Japanese Civilian Victims of Japanese Biological Warfare in China,” Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 32:3:13-22 (2000).

Su Ling Southern Weekly, Guangzhou, China

soo30@163.com

Conducting Research and Investigation in China: A Case Study of an Investigation of the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences

he history of northeast China between 1898 and 1949 is an important chapter in the Chinese experience. It is a special history sample, and we can see and

learn much through the transformations in politics, economy and cultures.

As an investigating journalist working then for the prestigious ‘Southern Metropolis Magazine’ in Guangzhou, I visited Harbin few years ago, aiming to disclose an unknown history during that period. The story I was assigned to write was about the research done at the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences and the Jewish Research Institute there.

Based on previous observations and experiences, I did not have much confidence in Chinese academic researches, especially in the social sciences fields. But the facts that I uncovered were indeed far beyond my expectations. What was found were conflicting goals, contradicting reports and practices, and twisting important history in order to match personal requirements and wishes, to make the Heilongjiang government satisfied. I changed my mind and wrote another article to reveal the issue. It brought me some trouble: the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences said I failed in asking them for money, and then faked up the story. The persons whom I interviewed were under great pressure and denied what they said before. All the telephone interviews were recorded on tape, and one of my workmate, a photo journalist, followed me during every interview. The evidences were enough to prove what I wrote is true.

Conducting research and investigative work is very difficult process in China. It requires sensitivity, patience, care, endurance and good relationships. I hope my own experience as an investigative journalist may open a small window for the way foreign historians should conduct their research in China. My paper will attempt to present a Chinese prospective on the ways, which are necessary for conducting research and investigative work in China. The experience I had with the Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences and the Jewish Research Institute there, will serve as a case study.

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Sören Urbansky University of Heidelberg, Germany

soeren@urbansky.org

Is there a border? Smugglers and their proto-national and trans-cultural identities

his paper tackles the issue of smuggling at the Sino-Russian border during the first decades of the 20th century. Contraband trade almost always originates

from economic incentives. While studying the phenomena of smuggling we can also learn more about interethnic and intercultural contacts in border regions.

The paper is part of a bigger project. It is an outline for a chapter of my PhD dissertation in which I investigate the formation of the Sino-Soviet border during the 20th century. The dissertation’s core question is: How did the border became a border in the modern sense, that is, firstly, a sharp line of economic and political separation, and, secondly, a boundary of ethnic and cultural segregation? I analyze the transformation from “frontier” to “border” from a long-term perspective and in a comprehensive sense, considering aspects of ethnicity, culture, politics, power and economy. I analyze how the border emerged in terms of state control (e.g. customs), official representation (e.g. propaganda), education and reform (e.g. collectivization), and how these aspirations were challenged (e.g. smuggling). The study is framed by a local perspective, namely the region in the vicinity of the two border settlements of Manzhouli and Zabaikalsk at the trilateral junction of present Mongolia–China–Russia, of Southeastern Transbaikalya and Northwestern Manchuria.

My paper addresses a major research question raised in the conference’s outline: How was the transfer of commodities connected with migrations, and how did those migrations in turn lead to processes of cultural and social exchange? What I want to sketch out is a somewhat different framework for discussing these and other questions: I want to investigate smugglers’ careers and strategies, their transnational biographies as well as their perception of the emerging border.

Smuggling is anything but a modern phenomenon. It became a widely discussed issue at times when states tried to tighten border controls, by establishing customs. At the beginning of the 20th century the local border population still heavily depended on – partly legal – border trade and labor. Russian Cossacks lumbered wood and grazed their cattle on the left bank of the river Argun, subjects of the Qing Empire worked in Russian mines, and traded their goods with Russians.

Two products were especially popular among smugglers and will be the focus of this paper: Russian gold and Chinese alcohol. The former was smuggled by Chinese prospectors who worked in Transbaikalyan gold mines, realizing a much higher profit on the Chinese market. The latter was produced on the Chinese side of the border and consumed by Russians. Contraband trade of alcohol especially became a big issue during World War I, when the government in St. Petersburg enacted a strict import and export ban on alcohol.

While using questioning transcripts of arrested smugglers, in which the detainees were asked about their illegal careers and contacts to the “other side”, I will analyze smuggler’s networks and biographies to examine the “openness” of the

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Sino-Russian border at the turn of the century. While the general focus of this conference’s papers is on “Global Challenges and Regional Response” in 20th century Northeast China, my argument is that we have to look at the regional level its local challenges. By doing so, I hope to make a contribution to the international academic discussion on the validity and practicability of existing concepts and terminologies such as “border city” and “culture’s in between”.

• Sören Urbansky was born in 1980. He studied Russian and Chinese history in Berkeley and Frankfurt (Oder) where he took a Diploma in Social and Cultural Studies. He is currently a PhD candidate at Heidelberg University within the Cluster of Excellence “Asia and Europe”. His main research interests include regional, transnational aspects of the Sino-Russian border. Since 2004 also freelance writer for Neue Zürcher Zeitung. In 2008 he published a book entitled Kolonialer Wettstreit. Russland, China, Japan und die Ostchinesische Eisenbahn.

Larisa Usmanova The University of Shimane, Japan

ousmanova@yahoo.com

Involving Turk-Tatar Émigré Communities into the Japanese Islamic Policy in Manchuria of the First Half of the 20th Century

he paper deals with the development of the Turk-Tatar communities in Manchuria throughout the 20th century. Within the specific Manchurian (the

later Manchukuo) context the history of Tatar-Japanese relationships has to be taken into account. The Turk-Tatar diasporas in Manchuria is treated as a transnational ethnic actor on the international political scene, and Japanese policy before the World War II in its relation to Muslim and Turk-speaking emigrants from Russia is sought to be explained from a constructivist point of view: the host country strategy was based on the regional common identity, feeling of ‘brotherhood’ and the need to ‘defend’ Islamic and Asian people from the West and communism (in accordance with the Diaspora leaders ideologies). The author’s methodology for Diaspora research is based on a constructivist idea that Diaspora and host country construct a collective (common) identity, which makes its impact on the latter’s foreign and internal politics and encourages it to reform the system of international relations. The author describes five historical periods of Turk-Tatar’s presence in Manchuria and shows how their identity shifts provoked the community evolution from a Muslim mahallya as a part of Russian Diaspora into a national community with a distinct political goal as a main actor of Japanese Islamic policy among Manchurian Muslim society.

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Xin Yuan Heidelberg University, Germany

yuan@asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de

The Tale of two Chinese Cities The Cultural Connotation Comparison of CPR-CPE vocabulary

he aim of this paper is aimed at analysing the organization of the civil society of Harbin by focusing at the area of social exchange realized by the contact of

two languages (Russian and Chinese). This topic is part of my PhD dissertation which compares two pidginized societies (colonial Harbin and colonial Shanghai) through pidgin language comparison, which is mainly focused on vocabulary comparison between Harbin CPR and Shanghai CPE and their semantic, pragmatic and cultural implication.

In the previous studies, CPR is little focused in overall pidgin studies. In addition, few studies have looked into the different cultural connotation displayed by the formation of vocabularies; hence what the language contact tells us about the society contact could reveal intersting perspective about the people’s hierachy and social status, in what social areas does the contact happen the most, how were the Russian and Chinese comunities looked at each other, as well as the foreign language and diplomatic policy of the government in Manchuria.

The first result hoping to receive is to contribute the collection of CPR language materials. Secondly, it is hopeful to revitalize the fading period of colonial Harbin through the language they once spoke. It is hopeful that if we “read between the lines” hard enough, we could hear the distant voice from the past, telling us lively stories about the people, social values, life scopes and hopefully even surprisingly more, about the colorful and mysterious past that once lived and changed this country.

Victor Zatsepine University of Hong Kong, China

vic.victorious@gmail.com

Surveying Manchuria: Imperial Russia’s topographers at work

he paper analyzes Russia’s colonization projects in Manchuria from the 1890s to the end of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). While most of the previous

scholarship studied either Russia’s diplomacy, railway expansion and military presence in Manchuria, little attention has been paid to the process of collecting knowledge about this region. Imperial Russia’s expansion in Manchuria since 1850s had been accompanied by geographic expeditions, which became more specialized and professional during the second wave of Russia’s expansion in this region in the 1890s. How did geographic and military expeditions contribute to Russia’s economic and military expansion in Manchuria? How the knowledge about this region been collected? Geographic and military expeditions to this region were persistent and wide-ranging, examining Manchuria’s geography, climate, indigenous peoples, local traditions, flora and fauna. This search for knowledge was not a product of curiosity coming from European Russia alone.

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The provincial government of Siberia played a dominant role in these explorations and in colonization of this frontier, hoping to satisfy its own needs.

Topographic surveys produced detailed maps of Manchuria, and facilitated the expansion of the Trans-Siberian Railway to the Chinese Eastern Railway in Manchuria, which was built with unparalleled speed. The knowledge acquired by state-sponsored expeditions helped Russia to negotiate border on favorable terms and to claim more space. Yet, these surveys failed to inform the Russian government about the challenges of Manchuria’s geography and climate for the long-term colonization. They were either incomplete or were ignored by different competing ministries, which had different visions of Russia’s role in this region. The paper analyzes the limits of knowledge supplied by the Russian expeditions to the imperial court.

Russian topographers’ work is being analyzed on two different levels. On macro level, they represented the high tide of global imperialism, which in China culminated in 1900, when allied armies of eight countries invaded Beijing, and when Russian troops occupied Manchuria. By the beginning of the 20th century, collecting topographic knowledge was a well-established practice used by European powers either to colonize or to negotiate spheres of influence in different parts of China (Germany in Shandong, Britain in the Yangze River delta, and France in Yunnan), in East and Southeast Asia and elsewhere. On local level, the agents of imperial colonization met peasants, workers and traders, and had interactions with local authorities. Local responses to Russian presence in Manchuria were very different, from offers of labor and cooperation to fierce resistance. Based on empirical research, I will establish the outcomes of these encounters, and long-term consequences, if there were any. In sum, I will use comparative historical approach to analyze Russian explorations in Manchuria. My interest goes beyond the history of international relations or nationalist-constructed histories. I am aware of both Russian and Chinese approaches to the study of Manchuria’s history and would like to see more dialogue between international scholars on this subject.

• Victor Zatsepine is currently a research assistant professor at the University of Hong Kong, writing a book on socio-economic history of the Heilongjiang frontier during late 19th and early 20th centuries. Zatsepine received his BA from Beijing Language and Culture University, Master's from Harvard, and PhD from the University of British Columbia in 2006. He has a strong interdisciplinary background in the history of the Qing-Russian imperial border.

Shu Zhan Minorities and Religious Affairs Office at the Heilongjiang People’s Congress

Cultural Construction of Harbin and Manchuria in the Early 20th Century: An Academic Reflection

he early 20th century is one of the most important historical periods in the formation and development of Harbin – the central town in northeast China

at the time. In this period, the China Eastern railway was constructed and put into use; the Manchurian Incident took place; northeast China was liberated; the People’s Republic of China was founded. During the whole process, the flow of immigrates to the area brought about the circulation of goods, and consequently,

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the city expanded. It was transformed from a very small old fishing village into a metropolis. The tremendous changes that Harbin has gone through exert great influence on its character.

The early 20th century witnessed Harbin becoming an eastern hub of communications for Eurasia Land Bridge. Immigrants from different countries lived together in this city, with various kinds of cultural collision, impact and diffusion. The diversity of the nation gave rise to diversified cultural formation of this city. From architectural style to way of life, from concept of management to people’s ideas, from customs to religious belief, all demonstrate the differences and similarities among cultures. Moreover, they display the diversity of culture, which largely enrich the cultural contents of Harbin.

The negative influences that had been exerted by the colonial rule of the Russian Czar and Japan in the early 20th century can be summarized as suffering period in the process of development. Back then, China’s sovereignty was deprived of, her land invaded, her resources plundered, her ecosystem damaged, minds bonded, talents throttled, and national culture combated and held back.

Several reflections: Different ethnic groups contributed respectively to the formation of Harbin’s cultural diversity in the early 20th century. It is their contributions that motivated and sourced cultural construction of Harbin. We should identify not only our own ethnic cultures, but also value those of other ethnic groups, which is the prerequisite for the coexistence of cultural diversity in the same region. Adhering to national characters of culture and the diversity of world culture is the eternal theme in the development of human civilization. Therefore, we should inherent, preserve and develop the fine traditional cultures of different nations.

• Mr. Shu Zhan is a member the Standing Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference Committees of Heilongjiang Province (CPPCC), and director of the Ethnic and Religious Committee of the Heilongjiang Province People’s Congress.

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The China Harbin 2009 International Conference and Summer School

June 9 – June 20, 2009

Conveners and Organizers:

Heilongjiang University, Harbin China

School of Western Studies * The Sino-Israel Research and Study Centre

Harbin, China

The University of Heidelberg, Germany

Cluster of Excellence “Asia and Europe” * The Institute of Eastern European History

The Institute of History at the Centre for European History and Culture

Heidelberg, Germany

The German Historical Institute

Washington DC, USA