1

국제 Working Group 활동 보고

(Detector)

• Brief Report on LCWS05 at SLAC

• ILC Detector concept

• Variety of Trackers, Calorimeters, Muons

• Beam tests and Organization

Reported by Il H. Park (Ewha)Based on summary talks of LCWS05

Korean ILC meeting, 건국대학교 , 2005 년 4 월 1 일

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Brief Report from LCWS05

• Please refer to our presentations at LCWS05 and summary talks on detector concepts, tracker, and calorimeter/muon (see the program who presented what)

• Three detector groups are organized: SiD, LDC, GLD• Korean Involved Area and technology: Silicon tracker,

Silicon Calorimeter, Scintillator Calorimeter• Korean activity(R&D on a tracker and calormeters, beam

tests of Silicon calorimeter prototype) is now exposed largely to the ILC community, particularly Korean silicon experience draws a serious attention at LCWS05

• At this workshop, we agree on joint activity of Korean Silicon Calorimeter with CALICE group and possibly with SiD in parallel as well. Foresee a substantial progress from such collaborative works this year

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Physics

Inclusive Higgs: Z Recoil mass

H Branching Ratios

Smuon pair-production

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• Performance goal (common to all det. concepts)

– Vertex Detector:

– Tracking:

– Jet energy res.:

Detector optimized for Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA)

Basic design concept

EEE

pp

pIP

tt

/3.0/

105/

sin/105)(52

2/3

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Tracker

• Momentum resolution set by recoil mass analysis of

• reconstruction and long-lived new particles (GMSB SUSY)

• Multiple scattering effects• Forward tracking• Measurement of Ecm,

differential luminosity and polarization using physics events

ZH l l X 0 0 , SK

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2 10t

t

p

p

Recoil Mass (GeV)

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8 10t

t

p

p

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Calorimeter

• Separate hadronically decaying W’s from Z’s in reactions where kinematic fits won’t work:

• Help solve combinatoric problem in reactions with 4 or more jets

E/E = 0.6/E

E/E = 0.3/E*e e ZH qqWW qqqql

e e ZHH qqbbbb

0 01 1 1 1

0 0 0 02 2 1 1

, e e W W ZZ

e e W W

e e ZZ

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SiD LDC GLD

Three Detector Concepts

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Comparison of parameters

SiD LDC GLD

Solenoid

B(T) 5 4 3

R(m) 2.48 3.0 3.75

L(m) 5.8 9.2 9.86

Est(GJ) 1.4 2.3 1.8

Main Tracker

Rmin (m) 0.2 0.36 0.4

Rmax(m) 1.25 1.62 2.0

m 7 150 150

Nsample 5 200 220

1/pt) 3.6e-5 1.5e-4 1.2 e-4

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GDE (Design) (Construction)

TechnologyChoice

Acc.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

CDR TDR Start Global Lab.

Det. Detector Outline Documents

CDRs LOIs

R&D PhaseCollaboration Forming Construction

Detector R&D Panel

TevatronSLAC B

LHCHERA

T2K

Done!

Detector

“Window for Detector R&D

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Review Tracking and Vertexing

Jan Timmermans - NIKHEF

32 presentations in total:

•12 vertex detector related

•10 on SI tracking

•10 on TPC R&D

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Vertex Detector•pixels ~ 20 x 20 μm2

•point resolution ~3 μm

•material <0.1% X0

•1st layer at ~1.5 cm

To keep occupancy below 1%:

•readout ~20 times during bunch train or store signals

•OR make pixels smaller ( FPCCD 5 x 5 μm2 )

Many variants: CPCCD, FPCCD, DEPFET, MAPS, FAPS, SoI, ISIS

New at LCWS05:

•(revolver)ISIS

•Add time stamping (Baltay, Bashindzhagyan)

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Vertex Detector Options

• FPCCD– Accumulate hit signals for one train and read out between

trains

– Keep low pixel occupancy by increasing number of pixels by x20 with respect to “standard” pixel detector

– As a result, pixel size should be as small as ~5x5m2

– Epitaxial layer has to be fully depleted to minimize charge spread by diffusion

– Operation at low temperature to keep dark current negligible (r.o. cycle=200ms)

Y.Sugimoto - KEK

Tracking efficiency under beam background is critical issue; simulation needed.

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• small pixels 20-30µm

• radiation tolerance (>200krad)

• low noise

• thin devices (50µm) S/N = 40

• low power (row-wise operation)

• fast readout (cold machine), 50MHz line rate

• zero suppressed datacharge collection in fully depleted substrate

drain bulksourcetop gate clear

p+

p+ n+

back contact

pn+

ninternal gate

n -

n+p+

--

++

++-

MIP

50 µ

m

--- ---

DEPFET (M. Trimpl) – Bonn, Mannheim, MPI

•FET transistor in every pixel (first amplification)

•Electrons collected at internal gate modulate the transistor current. Signal charge removed via CLEAR

•No charge transfer

•Low power consumption: ~5W for full VXD

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Flexible APS

• FAPS=Flexible APS– Every pixel has 10 deep

pipeline

• Designed for TESLA proposal. – Quick sampling during

bunch train and readout in long period between bunch trains

FAPS

Column Output

Write amplifier

RST_W

SELA

1

Memory Cell #0

Memory Cell #1

Memory Cell #9

Ibias

J. Velthuis –

UK MAPS

•S/N between 14.7 and 17.0

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Monolithic CMOS Pixel Detectors

Big Pixels50µ x 50µ

Small Pixels5µ x 5µ

Two active particle sensitive layers:

Big Pixels – High Speed Array – Hit trigger, time of hit Small Pixels – High Resolution Array – Precise x,y position, intensity

C. Baltay

After selecting hits in same bunch: occupancy ~10-6

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Designed for quick response.– Threshold detection only.

– Large pixels (~50 x 50 m).

Transmits X,Y location and time stamp of impact.

Array Designs

Contact Pads Pixel Array

Designed for resolution and querying.

– Smaller pixel size (~5 x 5 m).

– Random access addressability.

– Records intensity.

Provides intensity information only for pixel region queried.

High-speed arrays High-resolution arrays

Contact Pads Pixel Array

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Principle of SOI monolithic detector Integration of the pixel detector and readout electronics in a wafer-bonded SOI substrate

Detector handle wafer High resistive

(> 4 kcm,FZ) 400 m thick Conventional p+-n

Electronics active layer

Low resistive(9-13 cm, CZ)

1.5 m thick Standard CMOS

technology

Connection between pixel and readout channel

A. Bulgheroni - Como

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Si Tracking

T.Nelson

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Silicon Tracking System with a centralSilicon Tracking System with a centralgaseous detectorgaseous detector

The Silicon Envelope concept = The Silicon Envelope concept = ensemble of Si-trackers surrounding the TPC (ensemble of Si-trackers surrounding the TPC (LC-DET-2003-013)LC-DET-2003-013)

The Si-FCH: The Si-FCH: TPC to calorimetryTPC to calorimetry(SVX,FTD,(TPC),SiFCH)(SVX,FTD,(TPC),SiFCH) The FTD:The FTD: Microvertex to SiFCHMicrovertex to SiFCH The SIT: The SIT: Microvertex to TPCMicrovertex to TPC

The SET: The SET: TPC to calorimetryTPC to calorimetry(SVX, SIT, (TPC), SET)(SVX, SIT, (TPC), SET)

TPC

Microvertex

A. Savoy-Navarro

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Development of Double-sided Silicon Strip Detector

H. Park (BAERI, KNU)On behalf of Korean Silicon Group

• Introduction• Electrical Test• Source Test• Radiation Damage Test• Summary and Future Plan

•Fabrication “in house”

•5” wafers

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Digital Active Pixel Array

Position memory

Time memory

Position memory

Time memory

Position memory

Time memory

Position memory

Time memory

Position memory

Time memory

Position memory

Time memory

DAP Strip 1 DAP Strip 2

G.BashindzhagyanN.Sinev LCWS 2005

G.Bashindzhagyan25x25 μm2 pixels

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TPC R&D

•Gas amplification: GEM, Micromegas; compare with wires

•Different gases: Ar-CH4(5%)-CO2(2%) ‘TDR’

Ar-CH4(5%,10%) P5, P10

Ar-iC4H10(5%) Isobutane

Ar-CF4(2-10%) CF4

He-iC4H10(20%) Helium

•Laser studies

•Field cage optimisation

•Mapping a large parameter space

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Aachen

MPI/Asia

Victoria

DESY

Cornell/ Purdue

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Calorimetry and Muons

Summary Talk

Andy White

University of Texas at Arlington

LCWS05, SLAC

March 22, 2005

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Physics examples driving calorimeter design

-All of these critical physics studies demand:

Efficient jet separation and reconstruction

Excellent jet energy resolution

Excellent jet-jet mass resolution

+ jet flavor tagging

Plus… We need very good forward calorimetry for e.g. SUSY selectron studies,

and… ability to find/reconstruct photons from secondary vertices e.g. from long-lived NLSP -> G

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Large Detector

GLD

Detectors with large inner calorimeter

radius

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SiDCompact detector

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• Area of EM CAL (Barrel + Endcap)– SD: ~40 m2 / layer

– TESLA: ~80 m2 / layer

– LD: ~ 100 m2 / layer

– (JLC: ~130 m2 / layer)

How big ??

Very large number of channels for ~0.5x0.5cm2 cell size!

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Can we use a “traditional” approach to calorimetry? (using only energy measurements

based on the calorimeter systems)

60%/E 30%/E

H. VideauTarget region for jet energy resolution

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Results from “traditional” calorimeter systems

- Equalized EM and HAD responses (“compensation”)

- Optimized sampling fractions

EXAMPLES:

ZEUS - Uranium/Scintillator

Single hadrons 35%/E 1%

Electrons 17%/E 1%

Jets 50%/E

D0 – Uranium/Liquid Argon

Single hadrons 50%/E 4%

Jets 80%/E

Clearly a significant improvement is needed for LC.

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Don’t underestimate the complexity!

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Integrated Detector Design

Tracking system

EM Cal HAD CalMuon

system/ tail

catcher

VXD tag b,c

jets

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Integrated Detector Design

So now we must consider the detector as a whole.

The tracker not only provides excellent momentum resolution (certainly good enough for replacing cluster energies in the calorimeter with track momenta), but also must:

- efficiently find all the charged tracks:

Any missed charged tracks will result in the corresponding energy clusters in the calorimeter being measured with lower energy resolution and a potentially larger confusion term.

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Integrated Detector Design

- provide excellent two track resolution for correct track/energy cluster association

-> tracker outer radius/magnetic field size – implications for e.m. shower separation/Moliere radius in ECal.

- Different technologies for the ECal and HCal ??

- do we lose by not having the same technology?

- compensation – is the need for this completely overcome by using the energy flow approach?

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Calorimeter System Design

Identify and measure each jet energy component as well as possible

Following charged particles through calorimeter demands high granularity…

Two options explored in detail:

(1) Analog ECal + Analog HCal

- for HCal: cost of system for required granularity?

(2) Analog ECal + Digital HCal

- high granularity suggests a digital HCal solution - resolution (for residual neutral energy) of a purely digital calorimeter??

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Calorimeter Technologies

Electromagnetic CalorimeterPhysics requirements emphasize

segmentation/granularity (transverse AND longitudinal) over intrinsic energy resolution.

Localization of e.m. showers and e.m./hadron separation -> dense (small X0) ECal with fine segmentation.

Moliere radius -> O(1 cm.)

Transverse segmentation Moliere radius

Charged/e.m. separation -> fine transverse segmentation (first layers of ECal).

Tracking charged particles through ECal -> fine longitudinal segmentation and high MIP efficiency.

Excellent photon direction determination (e.g. GMSB)

Keep the cost (Si) under control!

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CALICE – Si/W Electromagnetic Calorimeter Wafers:

Russia/MSU and Prague

PCB: LAL design, production – Korea/KNU

Evolution of FE chip: FLC_PHY3 -> FLC_PHY4 -> FLC_TECH1

New design for ECal active gap -> 40% reduction to 1.75m, Rm = 1.4cm

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ECal work in Asia

Rt= a layer / tungsten = 15.0/3.5 = 4.8 (CALICE ~ 2) Eff. Rm = 9mm * (1 + Rt) = 52mmTotal 20 layers = 20 X0, 30cm thick19 layers of shower sampling

Si/W ECal prototype from Korea

Results from CERN beam tests 2004:

29%/E (vs. 18%/E for GEANT4)

S/N = 5.2Fit curve of 29%/√E

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ECal work in Asia (Japan-Korea-Russia)Fine granularity Pb-Scintillator with strips/small tiles and SiPM

New GLD ECal design

Previous Pb/Scint module with MAPMT readout

Study covering

Laser hitting area(9 pixels)

ECal test at DESY in 2006? YAG - 2m precision

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Scintillator/W – U. Colorado

Half-cell tile offset geometry

Electronics development is being pursued with industry

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Hybrid Ecal – Scintillator/W with Si layers – LC-CAL (INFN)

• The LCcal prototype has been built and fully tested.• Energy and position resolution as expected:

E/E ~11.-11.5% /E, pos ~2 mm (@ 30 GeV)• Light uniformity acceptable.• e/ rejection very good ( <10-3)

•45 layers

•25 × 25 × 0.3 cm3 Pb

•25 × 25 × 0.3 cm3 Scint.: 25 cells 5 × 5 cm2

•3 planes: 252 .9 × .9 cm2 Si Pads at: 2, 6, 12 X0

11.1%E

Low energy data (BTF) confirmed at high energy !!!

e-

=2.16 mm

=2.45 mm

=3.27 mm

Si L1

Si L2

Si L3

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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/analog

Minical – results from electron test beam

Full 1m3 prototype stack – with SiPM readout. Goal is for Fermilab test beam exposure in Spring 2006

APD chips from Silicon Sensor used

AD 1100-8, Ø 1.1 mm, Ubias~ 160 V

SiPM

APD

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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/digital

(1) Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) – based DHCAL

500 channel/5-layer test mid -’05 30x30cm2 foils

Recent results: efficiency measurements confirm simulation results, 95% for 40mV threshold. Multiplicity 1.27 for 95% efficiency.

Next: 1m x 30cm foil production in preparation for 1m3 stack assembly.

Joint development of ASIC with RPC

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Muon Detector Technologies

Scintillator-based muon system development

Extruded scintillator strips with wavelength shifting fibers.

Readout: Multi-anode PMTs

GOAL: 2.5m x 1.25m planes for Fermilab test beam

U.S. Collaboration

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Muon Detector Technologies

European – CaPiRe Collaboration

TB @ Frascati

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Tail Catcher / Muon Tracker – CALICE/NIU

Goal: Test Beam Fermilab/2005

SiPM location

Extrusion Cassette

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Timescales for LC Calorimeter and Muon development

We have maybe 3-5 years to build, test*, and understand, calorimeter and muon technologies for the Linear Collider.

By “understand” I mean that the cycle of testing, data analysis, re-testing etc. should have converged to the point at which we can reliably design calorimeter and muon systems from a secure knowledge base.

For the calorimeter, this means having trusted Monte Carlo simulations of technologies at unprecedented small distance scales (~1cm), well-understood energy cut-offs, and demonstrated, efficient, complete energy flow algorithms.

Since the first modules are only now being built, 3-5 years is not an over-estimate to accomplish these tasks!

* See talk by Jae Yu for Test Beam details

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Calorimeter Technology Groups

Electromagnetic

Silicon-Tungsten BNL, Oregon, SLAC

Silicon-Tungsten UK, Czech, France, Korea, Russia

Silicon-Tungsten Korea

Scintillator/Silicon-Lead Italy

Scintillator/Silicon-Tungsten Kansas, Kansas State

Scintillator-Lead Japan, Russia

Scintillator-Tungsten Japan, Korea, Russia

Scintillator-Tungsten Colorado

Calorimeter Technology Groups

Hadronic (analog)Scintillator-Steel Czech, Germany, Russia, NIU

Scintillator-Lead Japan

Hadronic (digital)

GEM-Steel FNAL, UTA

RPC-Steel Russia

RPC-Steel ANL, Boston, Chicago, FNAL

Scintillator – Steel Northern Illinois/ NICADD

Scintillator – Lead/Steel Japan, Korea, Russia

Tail catcherScintillator-Steel FNAL, Northern Illinois

RPC-Steel Italy

From K.Kawagoe @ ACFA 07

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ILC Test Beam

*On behalf of the HEP group at UTA.

• Introduction• What has been happening?• Beam Test Timeline• World-wide TB Organization• Conclusions

LCWS2005 at StanfordMarch 18 – 22, 2005

Jae Yu University of Texas at

Arlington

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What has been happening?• Tremendous activities

– Calorimeter related• CALICE ECAL electronics run at DESY together with

Asian drift chambers

• Korean SiW ECAL at CERN

– Tracker TB’s– MDI and beam instrumentation related activities– Etc..

• A lot of groups are preparing for TB in the next couple of years

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Structure 1.4(1.4mm of W plates)

Structure 2.8 (2×1.4mm of W plates)

Structure 4.6(3×1.4mm of W plates)

ACTIVE ZONE(18×18 cm2)

Multi-layer (30) W-Si Prototype :

• 3 independent C-W alveolar structures according to the thickness of tungsten plates (1.4, 2.8 and 4.2 mm)

• 30 detector slabs which are slid into central and bottom cells of each structure

• Active zone : 33 wafers 30 layers

270 Wafers Si with 6×6 pads (10×10 mm2)

Design and Prod : LLR Integration : LLR

Prod : 150 MSU (Russia) 150 IOP (Czech republic)

3 structures W-CFi (1,2,3 x1.4mm)

30 « detteur slabs » Dimension 200x360x360 mm 9720 channels in the proto.

CALICE ECAL Test Beam at DESY

G. Geycken

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50 GeV Electron

50 GeV pion

150 GeV Muon

Total ADC of an event / 640

Beam Direction

Layers of Si sensorsand Tungstens

Frontend readout boards

Digitaland ControlBoards

Korean SiW ECAL TB at CERNPEDs

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Rt= a layer / tungsten = 15.0/3.5 = 4.8 (CALICE ~ 2) Eff. Rm = 9mm * (1 + Rt) = 52mmTotal 20 layers = 20 X0, 30cm thick19 layers of shower sampling

CERN Beam Test of Si/W ECal prototype from Korea

Results from CERN beam tests 2004:

29%/E (vs. 18%/E for GEANT4)

S/N = 5.2Fit curve of 29%/√E

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Hybrid Ecal – Scintillator/W with Si layers – LC-CAL (INFN)

• The LCcal prototype has been built and fully tested.• Energy and position resolution as expected:

E/E ~11.-11.5% /E, pos ~2 mm (@ 30 GeV)• Light uniformity acceptable.• e/ rejection very good ( <10-3)

•45 layers

•25 × 25 × 0.3 cm3 Pb

•25 × 25 × 0.3 cm3 Scint.: 25 cells 5 × 5 cm2

•3 planes: 252 .9 × .9 cm2 Si Pads at: 2, 6, 12 X0

11.1%E

Low energy data (BTF) confirmed at high energy !!!

e-

=2.16 mm

=2.45 mm

=3.27 mm

Si L1

Si L2

Si L3

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Hadron Calorimeter – CALICE/analog

Minical – results from electron test beam

Full 1m3 prototype stack – with SiPM readout. Goal is for Fermilab test beam exposure in Spring 2006

APD chips from Silicon Sensor used

AD 1100-8, Ø 1.1 mm, Ubias~ 160 V

SiPM

APD

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