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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

УО «Белорусский государственный экономический университет»

С.К. РОДИОН, А.И. САВИНОВА

ВВЕДЕНИЕВМЕНЕДЖМЕНТ

INRODUCTION INTO MANAGEMENT Электронное учебно-методическое пособие

по дисциплинам «Деловой иностранный язык (английский)»,

«Иностранный язык (английский)», «Профессионально ориентированный

иностранный язык»

Минск 2020

Рецензент: зав.кафедрой английского и восточных языков, кандидат пед. наук, доцент Малашенко Е.А.

Рекомендовано кафедрой английского и восточных языков БГЭУ

Родион, С. К., Савинова, А. И.

Введение в менеджмент = Introduction into Management:

Электронное учебно-методическое пособие / С. К. Родион, А. И.

Савинова. – Минск: БГЭУ, 2020. – 190 с. (8,9усл.печ.л.)

Учебно-методическое пособие содержит лексический материал, тексты

для чтения, комплекс упражнений и заданий для формирования англоязычных

коммуникативных навыков студентов в рамках актуальных, профессионально

значимых тем управленческого характера по дисциплинам «Иностранный язык

(английский)», «Деловой иностранный язык (английский)», «Профессионально

ориентированный иностранный язык».

Данное пособие предназначено для студентов факультета экономики и

менеджмента БГЭУ дневной формы обучения, продолжающих изучение

английского языка на факультативных занятиях.

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Содержание

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ................................................................................................5

Unit 1 OUTSTANDING MANAGEMENT THINKERS..................................7

Unit 2FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENT.................................................17

Unit 3DECISION-MAKING.............................................................................30

Unit 4FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING.........................................................43

Unit 5GOAL-SETTING....................................................................................56

Unit 6MOTIVATION........................................................................................68

Unit 7PERFORMANCE....................................................................................81

Unit 8COMMUNICATION..............................................................................94

Unit 9LEADERSHIP.......................................................................................110

Unit 10TIME MANAGEMENT......................................................................122

Unit 11BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE CULTURE.....................138

Unit 12CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN MANAGEMENT..............151

Unit 13MANAGEMENT IN MULTICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT..........164

Unit 14ORGANISATION STRUCTURE.......................................................177

References........................................................................................................191

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов БГЭУ по специальностям «Государственное управление», «Национальная экономика», «Менеджмент» и может быть использовано как для работы в аудитории, так и для самостоятельной внеаудиторной работы.

Целью пособия является развитие и совершенствование англоязычных коммуникативных навыков в рамках актуальных, профессионально значимых тем управленческого характера у студентов, изучающих основы менеджмента.

При написании пособия авторы ориентировались на конечную цель обучения студентов в неязыковом вузе и исходили из концепции взаимосвязанного обучения основным видам иноязычной речевой деятельности. Этот подход определил структуру и содержание пособия.

Пособие состоит из 14 разделов, в каждом из которых раскрыт определенный профессиональный аспект деятельности современного менеджера.

Все разделы учебного пособия имеют одинаковую структуру и включают следующие блоки: Lead-in (введение), KeyVocabulary (базовая лексика), Pre-readingActivities (предтекстовые упражнения), Reading (тексты для чтения), ComprehensionCheck (упражнения на понимание текстов), VocabularyFocus (лексические упражнения),Watching/Listening (упражнения на понимание видео/аудио материалов),TalkingPoints (коммуникативные упражнения), SummaryPoints (упражнения на реферирование), Writing (письменные упражнения), IndependentStudy (задания для управляемой самостоятельной работы).

При подборе тематики текстов и определении их объёма авторы учитывали специфику обучения студентов, специализирующихся в области экономики и менеджмента, а также особенности организации самостоятельной работы студентов. Предполагается, что к началу работы над пособием студенты владеют английским языком не ниже среднего уровня: знакомы с основными грамматическими категориями, владеют определенным объемом лексических единиц, речевых моделей и имеют навыки самостоятельной работы.

Текстовый материал, пред- и послетекстовые упражнения направлены на развитие речевых навыков студентов путём обучения пониманию прочитанного материала, активизации словарного запаса и речевых структур в процессе работы над текстом.

Материал блока Watching/Listening представлен аутентичным видео/аудиорядом, что способствует решению коммуникативных задач и повышает мотивацию студентов к овладению иноязычным общением.

Задания в блоке TalkingPoints носят преимущественно творческий характер и направлены на совершенствование коммуникативных навыков и умения формулировать собственное мнение на английском языке. Особое

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внимание уделяется умению аргументированно доказывать или опровергать предложенное утверждение в виде цитаты.

Целью заданий блока SummaryPoints является формирование одной из важнейших компетенций современного студента – умения выполнять реферирование текстов.

Блок Writingсостоит, в основном, из заданий, направленных на развитие умений написания эссе и деловых писем.

Блок IndependentStudy представлен заданиями творческого характера, которые дают возможность студенту проявить креативный подход в ходе выполнения самостоятельной работы.

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Unit 1

OUTSTANDING MANAGEMENT THINKERS

Lead-in

Answer the following questions before you read the text below.

A. Do you know or can you guess why Peter Drucker is considered to be “father of management thinking”?

B. What other management thinkers do you know? What was their contribution to the development of management science?

Key Vocabulary

Study the following list of vocabulary and do the tasks that follow.

1. influential adj влиятельный2. prolific adj продуктивный, успешный3. depict v описывать4. distinct adj определенный, отдельный5. responsibility n ответственность6. sympathy n сочувствие, сопереживание7. face v сталкиваться8. take off v набирать обороты9. popularize v популяризировать10. management by objectives (MBO) целевое управление11. founder n основатель12. scholarly adj научный, грамотный13. explore v изучать14.predict v предсказывать15. decisive adj важнейший, определяющий16. emergencen возникновение17. contributor n тот, кто вносит вклад18. lay foundations положитьначало19. underlying factors основополагающиефакторы20. comprehensively adv всесторонне21. synthesize v обобщить, свестивоедино22. division of work разделениетруда23. authority n полномочие, власть, авторитет24. unityn единство, целостность

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25. equityn равенство26. relateto v касаться, относиться27. subordination n подчинение28. staffing n работасперсоналом

Pre-reading Activities

1. Use a dictionary to complete the following table. Use some of these words to speak about famous economists or managers you know.

Noun Verb Adjectiveinfluence

responsible popularize found

decisionscientific

unitesubordinate, subordination

2. Use your Key Vocabulary to complete the sentences. Each word can be used only once.

take off comprehensively distinct prolificemergence lay foundations sympathy popularized

A. These training courses include six … but interrelated programmes.B. The … of a dynamic service sector has been regarded as the feature of a

post-industrial society.C. The report of the Secretary-General to this Summit captures the challenges

and the means to address them… .D. According to this report, Mr. Schott is a pretty … inventor.E. That tragedy has given rise to broad … and solidarity throughout the world.F. Programmes designed during reconstruction can … for child protection and

strengthen social infrastructures, particularly in relation to health and education.G. They need to include more people if the scheme's going to really … .H.Dream analysis was … by Sigmund Freud.

Reading

Read the text and be ready to discuss the role of P.Drucker and H.Fayol in the development of management theory and practice.

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Peter Drucker (1909-2005) was one of the most widely-known and influential thinkers on management, whose work continues to be used by managers worldwide. He was a prolific author, and among the first people to depict management as a distinct function and being a manager as a distinct responsibility. His writing showed real understanding of and sympathy for the difficulties and demands faced by managers.

Drucker’s career as a business thinker took off in 1942, when his first writings on politics and society won him access to the internal workings of General Motors, one of the largest companies of the world. The resulting book “The Concept of Corporation”, popularized GM’s structure and led to numerous articles and additional books.

He was a leader in the development of management education, he invented the concept known as management by objectives and self-control, and he has been described as "the founder of modern management".

Drucker's 39 books have been translated into more than 36 languages. The books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government, and nonprofit sectors of society. He is one of the best-known and most widely influential thinkers and writers on the subject of management theory and practice. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning.

Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French mining engineer and director who developed a general theory of business administration. He was also one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management.

Thanks to scientists like H.Fayol the first foundations were laid for modern scientific management. These first concepts, also called ‘principles of management’ are the underlying factors for successful management. Mr. Fayolexplored this comprehensively and, as a result, he synthesized the 14 principles of management: Division of work, Authority, Discipline, Unity of command, Unity of direction, Subordination of individual interests to the general interest, Remuneration, Centralization, Order, Equity, Initiative and others. These principlesexplain how managers should organize and relate to their employees in a productive manner.

Moreover, it was Fayol, who proposed that there were five primary functions of management: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling. Fayol’s scientific management theory forms the base for business administration and business management. In the academic world, this is also known as Fayolism.

Comprehension Check

1. Browse the text through and match the two halves of the sentences to make them sound true and correct grammatically.

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1) Peter Drucker was one of the most influential thinkers on management, whose work

a) developed a general theory of business administration.

2) Henri Fayol was one of the most influential contributors

b) was invented by Peter Drucker.

3) MrFayol c) is still used by managers worldwide.4) The books written by MrDrucker d) explain how managers should

organize and relate to their employees in a productive manner.

5) The concept known as management by objectives and self-control

e) to modern concepts of management.

6) The 14 principles of management f) explored how humans are organized across the business, government, and nonprofit sectors of society.

2. Answer the questions. Use the text to support your viewpoint.

A. What were the main ideas of MrDrucker’s theories?B. Who laid the first foundations for modern scientific management? What

were they?C. Does Drucker’s scientific management theory form the base for business

administration and business management?D. Whose books and articles explored how humans are organized across the

business, government, and nonprofit sectors of society?E. How many primary functions of management did H. Fayol propose?

3. Reproduce the context in which the following word-combinations are used.

a prolific authoran influential thinkeran influential contributor toto predict major developments into develop a theory ofto synthesize principles ofto form the base forto lay foundations for

Vocabulary Focus

1. Look through the text and find the words that mean the following.

a) the process of coming into existence or prominenceb) the quality of being fair and impartialc) an underlying basis or principle

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d) the right to act in a specified way, delegated from one person to anothere) of chief importance, mainf) great in number, manyg) the action of separating something into parts or the process of being

separated

2. Fill in the gaps with prepositions, if necessary.

1. Academic writings … the development of national action plans were a valuable resource for my project.

a) on b) in c) for2. Center publications should be translated … languages other than English.a) in b) into c) to3. Indicators relate … budgets, taxation, monetary growth and interest rates.a) on b) to c) -4. Principle 10 combines public participation with public access …

information.a) on b) - c) to5. These recommendations must lead … practical and measurable outcomes.a) - b) in c) to

3. Give the English equivalents to the following expressions. Use them in the sentences of your own.

влиятельный мыслитель и автор многих научных трудовописать менеджмент как отдельную функциюввести понятиепредсказать основные этапы развитиявозникновение информационного обществанепрерывное обучениеразработать теориюосновополагающие факторыразделение трудаподчинение личных интересов общим интересам

Listening

1. Study the picture below. Add a caption or give an explanation of it with reference to the process of management in a company.

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2. What was P.Drucker’s contribution to the development of management science? You are going to listen to a short lecture about one of the concepts he introduced. Can you guess which one?

A. Pre-listening

1.Look through the list of the following words, memorize them. These words will help you understand the lecture you are going to listen to.

1. essence – the basic or most important idea or quality of something2. participative – based on the idea that things can be achieved more easily if

everyone works together and is involved in making decisions3. performance – an execution of an action; something accomplished4. to fulfill – to achieve or realize something

2. Choose the words from the box to complete the sentences.

agree / essence / measurement / defining / fulfill

A. The process of … objectives is rather complicated.B. Everybody should … to the objectives and understand what to do within an

organization.C. What is the … of Management by Objectives (MBO)?D. … of the employees’ performance is extremely important in MBO.E. As the head of the department he didn’t … his responsibilities.

B. First Listening

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1. Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NDU-FlnA3M(or find a video explanation of MBO on YouTube) and listen to the lecture. Choose the right variant to complete the sentences.

1. MBO is the process of … objectives.a) setting b) understanding c) defining 2. The term MBO was first popularized in … .a) 1964 b) 1954 c) 18543.MBO is participative…, choosing course of actions and decision-making

between managers and employees.a) goal-setting b) acting c) management

2. Answer the following questions.

A. Does the lecturer give the definition of MBO? What is it?B. What is an important part of MBO, according to the lecture?C. When does MBO work best?

C. Second Listening

Listen to the lecturer once again and discuss the following question in pairs, then report to the group.

Why are set standards important in MBO?

D. Follow-up Activity

Imagine you are a teacher who is about to explain the essence of MBO and Peter Drucker’s role in generalto first-year students. What would you say? Role-play the situation, be ready to answer students’ questions.

Talking Points

1. Here are some Peter Drucker’s quotations. In what way do they characterize him? Use the text to prove your opinion.

“If you want something new, you have to stop doing something old.” “Results are obtained by exploiting opportunities, not by solving

problems.” “Knowledge has to be improved, challenged, and increased constantly,

or it vanishes.” “Whenever you see a successful business, someone once made a

courageous decision.”12

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NDU-FlnA3M

2. Comment on one of the most prominent quotes by Henri Fayol.

“To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. To foresee and plan means examining the future and drawing up the plan of action.”

3. Pretend to be a lecturer. Ask questions on the text for your groupmates to answer. Ask them:

- if prominent management scholars and thinkers should be studied by students and why;

- what kind of person Peter Drucker was;- if Peter Drucker contributed to the development of management as a science;- what they know about Drucker’s career as a business thinker;- what they know about H.Fayol and his role in modern scientific management.

Summary Points

Read the text and make a summary. Be ready to answer the questions after the text.

Frederick Herzberg - Motivation Theory

Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000), clinical psychologist and pioneer of ‘job enrichment', is regarded as one of the great original thinkers in management and motivational theory. Frederick Herzberg was born in Massachusetts on April 18, 1923. His undergraduate work was at the City College of New York, followed by graduate degrees at the University of Pittsburgh. Herzberg was later Professor of Management at Case Western Reserve University, where he established the Department of Industrial Mental Health. He moved to the University of Utah's College of Business in 1972, where he was also Professor of Management. He died at Salt Lake City, January 18, 2000.

Frederick Herzberg's book 'The Motivation to Work', written with research colleagues Bernard Mausner and Barbara Bloch Snyderman in 1959, first established his theories about motivation in the workplace. Herzberg's survey work, originally on 200 Pittsburgh engineers and accountants remains a fundamentally important reference in motivational study. While the study involved only 200 people, Herzberg's considerable preparatory investigations, and the design of the research itself, enabled Herzberg and his colleagues to gather and analyze an extremely sophisticated1 level of data.

Herzberg's research used a pioneering approach, based on open questioning and very few assumptions2, to gather and analyze details of 'critical incidents' as recalled by the survey respondents. He first used this methodology during his

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doctoral studies at the University of Pittsburgh with John Flanagan, who developed the Critical Incident3 method in the selection of Army Air Corps personnel during the Second World War. Herzberg's clever open interviewing method gleaned4 far more meaningful results than the conventional practice of asking closed (basically yes/no) or multiple-choice or extent-based questions, which assume or prompt a particular type of response, and which incidentally remain the most popular and convenient style of surveying even today - especially among those having a particular agenda or publicity aim.

On the basis of this, he developed the theory that people’s job satisfaction depends on two kinds of factors: factors for satisfaction (motivators/satisfiers) and factors for dissatisfaction (hygiene factors/ dissatisfiers). Herzberg expanded his motivation-hygiene theory in his subsequent books: Work and the Nature of Man (1966); The Managerial Choice (1982); and Herzberg on Motivation (1983).

Significantly, Herzberg commented in 1984, twenty-five years after his theory was first published: "The original study has produced more replications5 than any other research in the history of industrial and organizational psychology."

The absence of any serious challenge to Herzberg's theory continues effectively to validate6 it.

It also provided some foundations and basic principles of Nudge theory – a powerful change-management and motivational concept which emerged in the 2000s.

Vocabulary:1.sophisticatedadj – зд.: имеющийсложнуюструктуру2..assumptionn – предположение3. theCriticalIncidentmethod – методкритическихситуаций4. gleanv – собирать, подбирать5. replicationn – копирование6. validatev – подтверждать

Questions:1. What was the book that first established Herzberg’s theories about

motivation in the workplace?2. What was his research based on? 3. Did John Flanagan develop the Critical Incident method?4. According to Herzberg, what does people’s job satisfaction depend on?

Writing

Choose one of the topics below and write a well-organized essay of at least 200 words. Remember to follow the plan below to make your essay logical and informative:

Paragraph 1: IntroductionParagraph(s) 2 (3): Main BodyParagraph 3 (4): Conclusion

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Topics:- Scientific Theory by Frederick W. Taylor.- Administrative Theory by Henri Fayol.- Bureaucratic Theory by Max Weber.- Human Relations Theory by Elton Mayo.

Independent Study

1. Browse the Internet, find additional information about the 14 principles of management and take notes. Then make short reports in groups of 3-4 students on one of the following topics.

- How to apply management principles in start-ups?- How to apply management principles in running a business?- How to apply management principles to your job search?

2. Do you know any influential managers of the 21st century? Carry out research and share information about their contribution to the development of management science.

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Unit 2

FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENT

Lead-in

1. Discuss the following issues in small groups and then report your findings.

1. What is management? Is it an art or a science?2. What do you think makes a good manager? Which of the following qualities

do you find to be the most important? Give sound reasons for your choice.A. being decisive: able to make quick decisions;B. being efficient: doing things quickly, not leaving tasks unfinished, etc.C. being sociable and friendly;D. being logical, rational, and analytical;E. being able to motivate, inspire, and lead people;F. being authoritative: able to give orders;G. being competent: knowing the job perfectly;H. being persuasive: able to convince people to do things;I. having good ideas.3. Are there any qualities that you think should be added to this list?

2. Since you have chosen management as your career, what personal qualities do you feel you have to become a manager? Use the list of personal qualities to help you. confident, humorous, helpful, competitive, thorough, caring, focused, generous, enterprising, ambitious, forceful, flexible, tolerant, prudent, supportive, wise

Key Vocabulary

Study the following list of vocabulary. The words are given in the order you will meet them in the text.

1. society n общество;общественность

2. guide v руководить; управлять;направлять; ориентировать

3. emphasize v подчеркнуть; уделять особое внимание;

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особо отметить4. need smth desperately остро, крайне

нуждаться в чём-л.5. essentially adv в сущности; в

основном; главным образом

6. goal accomplishment достижение, выполнение цели

7. combine and use organizational resources сочетать и использовать ресурсы организации

8. achieve goals достигать целей9. assign activities поручить, возложить

работу10.perform activities / functions выполнять

работу/функции11.design activities разрабатывать

мероприятия12.contribute to v способствовать,

содействовать13.attainment of goals достижение целей14.strive v стремиться15.encourage / discouragev поощрять, стимулиров

ать, побуждать/препятствовать, сдерживать, противодействовать

16.hinder v препятствовать, мешать

17.refer to smth относиться к; касаться18.career n карьера, творческий

путь19.contemporary adj современный20.encompass v охватывать, включать

в себя21.propose v предлагать;

предполагать22.involve v включать в себя,

касаться23.put plans into action воплощать планы в

действие; осуществлять задуманное

24.output n результат;

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показатель;производительность

25.rigid adj жёсткий26.flexible adj гибкий27.meet challenges / standards решать проблемы,

задачи / соблюдать стандарты

28.circumstance n обстоятельство; ситуация

29.appropriate / inappropriate adj соответствующий; подходящий /несоответствующий; неподходящий

30.subordinate n подчинённый31.resolve conflicts урегулировать,

уладить конфликты32.measure performance оценивать результаты

работы, эффективность работы, результативность

33.ongoing process непрерывный, постоянный процесс

34.improve production улучшать, совершенствовать производство

35.viable alternative приемлемая, действенная, эффективная альтернатива

36.spans of management охват мер, масштабов управления

37.impropercommunicationnetwork

ненадлежащая, неправильная коммуникационная сеть

Pre-readingActivities1. Complete the chart. Use a list of Key Vocabulary and a dictionary if

necessary. Verb Noun

measureimprovepropose

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involvereferhinderattainachieveassignperformcontributeaccomplishemphasizediscouragesubordinate

2. Make up 10 sentences with the verbs and 10 sentences with the nouns from Task 1.Tryto connect your sentences with the topic of the Unit.

3. Give answers to the following questions.

If you were asked to define management, what definition would you give? If you work as a manager, what functions will you perform?

Reading

Read the text and compare your answers to the questions in Task 3 with the information in the text. Be ready to speak about management and its functions.

Our society could neither exist nor improve without a steady stream of managers to guide its organisations. Peter Drucker emphasized this point when he stated that effective management is probably the main resource of developed countries and the most needed resource of developing ones. In short, all societies desperately need good managers.

Essentially, the role of managers is to guide organizations toward goal accomplishment. All organizationsexist for certain goals, and managers are responsible for combining and usingorganizational resources to ensure that their organizations achieve their goals. Managementmovesan organization toward its goalsby assigning activities organization membersperform.If the activities are designed effectively, the production of each individual worker willcontribute to the attainment of organizational goals. Management strives to encourage individualactivity thatwill lead to reaching organizational goals and to discourage individual activity thatwill hinder the accomplishment of those goals.

The term management can be, and often is, used indifferent ways. For instance, it can refer simply to the process that managers follow in order toaccomplish organizational goals. It can also refer to a body of knowledge, - in this context,

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managementis a cumulative body of information that furnishes insights on how to manage. Moreover, the termmanagement can also refer to the individuals who guide and direct organizations or to a careerdevoted to the task of guiding and directing organizations.

As used most commonly, management is the process of reaching organizationalgoals by working with and through people and other organizational resources. A comparison ofthis definition with the definitions offered by several contemporary management thinkers indicatesbroad agreement that management encompasses the following three main characteristics:

1.It is a process or series of continuing and related activities.2.It involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals.3.It reaches these goals by working with and through people and other

organizationalresources.In the early part of the 20-th century, a French industrialist, Henry Fayol,

proposed that all managers perform five management functions: planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. In modern management these functions have been condensed down to four basic functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Planning involves choosing tasks that must be performed to attain organizationalgoals, outlining how the tasks must be performed, and indicating when they should be performed. The function of planning is essential to getting the “right” things done.Planning is also concerned with organizational success in the near future (short term) as well as in themore distant future (long term).

Organizing can be thought of as assigning the tasks developed under the planningfunction to various individuals or groups within the organization. Organizing, then, creates amechanism to put plans into action. People within the organization are given work assignmentsthat contribute to the company’s goals.Tasks are organized so that the output of individuals contributesto the success of departments, which, in turn, contributes to the success of divisions,which ultimately contributes to the success of the organization. Organizing should not be rigid, but adaptable and flexible to meetchallenges as circumstances change.

Leading—also commonly referred to as motivating, influencing, or directing —is concernedprimarily with people within organizations.This function can be defined as guiding the activities oforganization members in appropriate directions. An appropriate direction is any direction thathelps the organization move toward goalattainment. When managers motivate subordinates, direct the activities of others, select the most effective communication channel, or resolve conflicts among members, they are leading.

Controlling is the management function through which managers:1. Gather information that measures recent performance within the

organization.2. Compare present performance to preestablished performance standards.3. From this comparison, determine whether the organization should be

modified to meetpreestablished standards.

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Controlling is an ongoing process, because managers continually gather information, make their comparisons,and then try to find new ways of improving production through organizationalmodification.

It is interesting to know that managers commonly make a number of mistakes when planning, organizing, leading,and controlling. Knowing these mistakes should help managers avoid making them. For example:

Planning:- not establishing objectives for all important organizational areas;- making plans that are too risky;- not exploring enough viable alternatives for reaching objectives.Organizing:- not establishing departments appropriately;- not emphasizing coordination of organization members;- establishing inappropriate spans of management.Leading:- not taking the time to communicate properly with organization members;- establishing improper communication networks;- being a manager but not a leader.Controlling:- not monitoring progress in carrying out plans;- not establishing appropriate performance standards;- not measuring performance to see where improvements might be made.It is worth mentioning that planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are

interrelatedbecause the performanceof one depends on the performance of the others. For example, organizing is based on well-thoughtoutplans developed during the planning process.

In short, to be effective, a manager must understand how the four management functions are practiced,not simply how they are defined and related.

Comprehension Check

1. Explain in your words exactly what the following statements from Reading mean.

A. All societies desperately need good managers. B. The function of planning is essential to getting the “right” things done.C. Organizing should not be rigid, but adaptable and flexible.D. Managers commonly make a number of mistakes when planning,

organizing, leading,and controlling. E.Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are interrelated.

2. Basing on paragraphs 1-5 of the text, give detailed answers to the following questions.

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A. What statement did Peter Drucker make about the role of effective management? Do you agree with this statement? Explain your agreement /disagreement.

B. What is the role of management in goal accomplishment?C. What can the term management refer to?D. How is management defined?E. What typical characteristics does management encompass?F. What are the functions of modern management?

3. Taking into account the information about the functions of modern management, fill in the following table. Get ready to make comments on the information from the table.

Function Its description Possible mistakes

Vocabulary Focus

1. Find a word in Key Vocabulary that matches each definition below. The words don’t appear in order.

A. give smb confidence, try to persuade smb to do smthB. people in general, thought of as a large organized groupC. the job or profession that someone does for a long period of their lifeD. to make a great effort to do smth or get smthE. to have a share in bringing about (a result); be partly responsible for smthF. smth that cannot be changed or variedG. a person who has a less important position than you in the organization that

you both work forH. make smth more difficult for smb to do or make progressI. the condition that affects what happensJ. able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as

they occur

2. Find words in Reading that mean the same as the words or expressions below. The words don’t appear in order.

A. include, involveB. highlight, stressC. philosopher, theoristD. suggestE. fundamentally, basically

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F. lead, directG. get better, developH. reachI. modernJ. aim

3. Using Key Vocabulary and Reading translate the fragments in brackets into English.

A. Planning is concerned with organizational success (вближайшембудущем) as well as in the more distant future.

B. As well as organizing and supervising the work of their (подчинённых), managers have to work with people in other areas and functions.

C. Managershaveto(оценитьрезультативность) of their staff, to see whether the objectives set for the organization as a whole and for each individual member of it are being achieved.

D. Organising creates a mechanism to (воплощатьпланывдействие).E. Business professors believe that intuition is not enough for managers; there

are management (умения) that have to be learnt. F. Managers have to decide how best to allocate human, physical, and capital

(доступныересурсы). G. An (подходящее, соответствующеенаправление)is any direction that

helps the organization move toward goal attainment.H. Controlling is an (постоянный, непрерывныйпроцесс), because

managers continually gather information, make comparisons, and try to find new ways of improving production.

I. Team members often develop plans, make decisions, and monitor their (собственнуюдеятельность).

J. Knowing errors should help managers (избегать)making them.

4. Give your own explanations to the following word combinations.

an effective manager communicate properly and effectively viable alternatives a developed / developing country organizational resources encourage subordinates flexible organizing

Watching

“Management Tutorial – What Is Management”

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A. Pre-watching

1. How would you define management in your own words?

2. Before watching the film make sure you know the following words and word combinations. Consult a dictionary if it is necessary. The words are given in the order you will meet them in the video.

1. complete projects2. procedure n3. competence n4. conceive v5. assumption n6. resist work7. hierarchy n8. bureaucracy n9. evolve v10. humanize the workplace11. have less sick time12. huge cost savings13. paycheck n14. priority n15. economic slump16. thrive v17. yield decisions18. agile model19. reap benefits

3. While watching the film you will hear the following expressions.

generation X;millenials

What do they mean? Consult a dictionary or use the Internet resources if it is necessary. Share the information you have found with your group.

4. Translate the sentences into English. Mind the list of vocabulary from Task 2.

A. Руководство этой компании умеет расставлять приоритеты.B. Спад в экономике привел к росту безработицы.C. Менеджер убежден, что его подчиненные выполнят работу вовремя.D. Эта теория начала зарождаться в 19 веке.E. Автократический стиль управления все еще пользуется популярностью

у многих руководителей.

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F. Процветающие компании всегда придают большое значение вопросу социальной ответственности.

G. Ваша главная цель на ближайшее время – улучшить работу планового отдела.

H. Он много работал и сейчас пожинает плоды своего усердия и трудолюбия.

I. Наша компания заинтересована в уменьшении времени пребывания на больничном.

J. Никто не сомневается в его компетентности.

B. First Watching

Follow the linkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EBlLBenBfw or find the video“Management Tutorial – What Is Management”on YouTube and watch it to answer the following questions.

A. How are good managers described in the film?B. What management skills are described in the film?C. When did management begin its development?D. What impact does the way of treating employees have on companies?E. What are the latest tendencies in the work of managers?

C. Second Watching

Watch the film again and say whether the following statements are true or false. Make the false ones sound true.

A. Good management is the use of key skills and practices designed to help the organization reach its highest potential.

B. Early management theories focus on controlling workers.C. There was an assumption that people enjoyed their work and they didn’t

need to be forced to do their jobs.D. In the past the structures like hierarchy, bureaucracy and punishment were

used to create productivity.E. The efforts of the labour movement certainly have done a lot to motivate

workers.F. Happy employees treat their employers better.G. Generation X and millenials expect more from their jobs than just a

paycheck.H. Autocratic management is a thing of the past.I. Organisations that are thriving, focus on motivating and engaging

employees.J. In today’s fast pace world managers are giving employees less autonomy and

independence.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EBlLBenBfw


1. Basing on the information given in the video and your own knowledge, prepare a 5-7minute presentation on the topic “Management has come a long way since its initial roots”.

2. The film says that autocratic management is not a thing of the past. Agree or disagree with this statement and find out advantages and disadvantages of autocratic management.

Talking Points

1. React to the quotations by explaining what they mean and showing their relevance and connection to modern times. Take into account the information from Reading.

A. If you pick the right people and give them the opportunity to spread their wings – you don’t have to manage them.

Jack WelchB. Management is, above all, a practice where art, science, and craft meet.

Henry MintzbergC. Good management is the art of making problems so interesting and their

solutions so constructive that everyone wants to get to work and deal with them.Paul Hawken

D. Success in management requires learning as fast as the world is changing.Warren Benni

2. Work in small groups and decide which of the following statements you agree / disagree with. Give strong arguments to support your agreement / disagreement.

Successful managers …

a. are happy when their staff make progress in the company.b. tryto be positive even when times are difficult.c. praisetheir staff as often as they can.d. concentrate on their employees’ strengths and try to correct their

weaknesses.e. enjoy new challenges.f. find it difficult to delegate responsibility.g. don’t promise more than they can deliver.h. feel responsible for the errors made by team members.i. create an environment in which people feel free to express themselves.

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3. Manager’s work involves making a choice out of alternatives. If you were a manager, what choice would you make? Explain your decision.

A. Democracy OR Dictatorship.B. Firing a person for some gross violation of rules immediately OR Giving

another chance.C. Flexible schedule OR Rigid schedule.D. Young but inexperienced staff OR Middle-aged but really experienced staff.E. Playing favorites OR Treating everyone equally.F. Working as one team OR Everyone has their own duties.G. Having a thorough plan OR Doing everything on the spot.

4. Work in pairs to act out the following situations.

A. You are a manager of the department. One of your subordinates doesn’t follow your instructions, is regularly late for work, from time to time doesn’t meet deadlines. You decided to invite him to your office and have a talk with him.

B. You’re a new manager of the company and have doubts whether the staff will accept your style of management. You decided to discuss it with your Deputy.

C. It has been a month of your work as an HR manager, and you realize that your managerial skills leave much to be desired. You decided to discuss it with your friend who has been working in this field for 10 years.

D. You are in charge of the R&D department. On the one hand, you understand that delegating is very important in your work, on the other hand, you think that it may lead to losing power. Moreover, you don’t believe that your subordinates will be able to perform the delegated duties as well as you would. You decided to speak about your hesitations to your former colleague who has always been good at delegating tasks.

E. You are a manager of the company. You feel there are some barriers in communication among your employees. You decided to discuss it with your friend who works as a psychologist and majors in communication issues.

Summary Points

Read the text, give its summary and be ready to answer the questions on its contents.

Defining Management Skill

No introduction to the field of management would be complete without a discussion of managementskill.Management skill is the ability to carry out the process of reaching organizationalgoals by working with and through people and other organizational resources.

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Learning aboutmanagement skill and focusing on developing it are of critical importance, because possessing this skill is generally considered the prerequisite1 for management success.Because managementskills are so critical to the success of an organization, companies commonly focus on possible stepsthat can be taken to improve the skills of their managers.

There are three types of skills which are important for successful management performance:technical, human, and conceptual.

• Technical skills involve the ability to apply specialized knowledge and expertise2 to work- relatedtechniques and procedures. Examples of these skills are engineering, computer programming,and accounting. Technical skills are mostly related to working with“things”—processes or physical objects.

• Human skills build cooperation within the team being led.They involve working with attitudesand communication, individual and group interests—in short, working with people. Managers with good human skills are able to get the best out of their staff, because they know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust.

• Conceptual skills involve the ability to see the organization as a whole. A manager withconceptual skills is able to understand how various functions of

the organization complement3one another, how the organization relates to its environment, and how changes in one part ofthe organization affect the other parts of the organization.

As one moves from lower level management to upper level management,conceptual skillsbecome more important and technical skills – less important. It happens so because when managers advance in an organization, they become less involved with the actualproduction activity or technical areas, and more involved with guiding the organization as awhole. Human skills, however, are extremely important to managers at top, middle, and lowerlevels.

Vocabulary:1. prerequisiten – предпосылка; предварительноеусловие2. expertisen – (зд.) опыт3. complement v – дополнять

Questions:1. What is the definition of management skill?2. Why is focusing on developing management skill of critical importance?3. What abilities do technical, human, and conceptual skills involve?

Writing

Choose one of the following topics and write a well-organized (there should be introduction, body, conclusion), well-developed essay of at least 200 words. Remember to use proper connectors.

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A. What should a great manager be like?B. Are managers born or made?C. A manager’s way to success: what is it like?D. Why have I chosen the career of a manager?E. Is management an art or a science?

Independent Study

Using the Internet resources find information on early evidence of management practice. Prepare a report or presentation on the topic “Yesterday’s management: what was it like?” Present it to your group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

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Unit 3

DECISION-MAKING

Lead-in

1. We make hundreds of big and small decisions every day. Many of these decisions are opportunities that can change our life, yet many of us don’t know how to assess a decision to be successful. Are you good at making decisions? If you find it hard to make a decision, what do you usually do?

Read how different people make decisions. Who are you most like?

“I am for the rational approach - it is a systematic, step-by-step process. Sometimes I even research an expert opinion.”

“I trust my instinct. If I think too much about something, I often get it wrong.”

“My decisions are usually emotional, not logical. I rush into them too quickly and often regret what I’ve done!”

“I talk it over with a friend – it helps a lot!” “I like to toss a coin or throw the dice– nothing depends on me…” “I make a list of pros and cons of each option before I decide.”

2. According to the discussion you’ve just had, what types of decision-makers are your groupmates? Read and discuss these definitions.

The Gut Instinct Follower has an instinctive feeling which possibility to choose.

The Interviewer doesn’t like to make decisions alone. When confronted with a tough choice, it’s better to ask top advisors, peers, employees, and maybe even friends and family what they think about the matter.

The Researcher collects information about the situation from as many sources as possible.

The Debater sketches out exhaustive pro/con lists.The Random Chance Submitter has a hard time picking a clear winner among

different possible options. The best idea for this type of a person is to rely on a chance: throwing the dice or flipping a coin, for example.

3. Can you explain why decision-making is viewed as the primary function of management?

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Key Vocabulary


1. subconsciously adv подсознательно2. consciously adv осознанно3. sound decision-making принятие обоснованных/правильных

решений4. primary function основная функция5. purposelyadv преднамеренно, умышленно6. a set of alternatives ряд альтернативных вариантов7. achieve objectives достичь целей8. ensurev обеспечивать, убедиться9. determine v определить10.programmed/ non-programmed запрограммированный/

незапрограммированный11.activity n деятельность12. repetitiveadj повторяющийся13. take decisions принимать решения14. middle and lower level managers менеджеры среднего и низшего звена15.short-term/ long-term adj краткосрочный/ долгосрочный16.impactn влияние, последствие17.be related to касаться, иметь отношение к18.top executive руководитель высшего звена19.collect/ gather v собирать20.analyse v анализировать21.forecast v прогнозировать22.data n данные, информация23.strategicadj стратегический24.major and minor decisions важные и второстепенные решения25.routine adj рутинный26.solve problems решать проблемы27.examine n исследовать, изучить28.decide on принимать решение по поводу29.a step-by-step approach поэтапный подход30.efficient adj эффективный31.thoughtful adj обдуманный

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32.be divided into быть поделенным на33.identifyv определить, выявить34.recognize v выявить35.fellowemployeesn коллеги36.judgmentn суждение, мнение37.relevantadj уместный, относящийся к делу38.seek out v отыскивать39.weigh the evidence взвесить, обдумать факты40.reviewv пересматривать, проверять41.overlookv не заметить, просмотреть42.implementation n осуществление, реализация43.pitfalln ловушка


1. Use your Key Vocabulary to find pairs of words similar or opposite in meaning.Then use these words in Task 2.

Similar:efficient to collectinformation to selectto gather to make a decisionfellow employees objectivesto take a decision colleaguesto determine to identifyalternative datagoals effectiveto choose option

Opposite:long-term inefficientmajor irregularefficient short-termroutine minor

2. Use some of the above words to complete the following sentences. Translate them. Sometimes several variants are possible.

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A. These agencies and organizations may not pursue commercial … .B. He informed his … about the policy of the company. C. The key issues concerning these … releases are confidentiality and legality. D. Mr. Smith then reviewed the … decisions that the Summit had made and

highlighted the Work Programme for the next year. E. Some countries may … information according to different criteria. F. This coming December, the Union will take … and … decisions on future

enlargement. G. To be fully … and successful any international organization must be

adequately funded.

3. Consult a dictionary or your teacher to pronounce these words correctly. Practice reading them aloud in class.

managerial, programmed/ non-programmed, strategic, routine, to determine, failure, thoughtful, repetitive, procedure

Can you think of any phrases with these words?

E.g.: managerial activity, strategic plan…

Reading

Read the text and be ready to discuss it according to the following plan.

1. Decision-making as a key management responsibility.2. Types of managerial decisions.3. Seven steps of the decision-making process.

Decision-making is an integral part of modern management. Every manager takes hundreds and hundreds of decisions subconsciously or consciously, therefore, rational or sound decision-making is taken as the primary function of managers.

A decision can be defined as a course of action purposely chosen from a set of alternatives to achieve organizational or managerial objectives. Decisions are made at every level of management to ensure organizational or business goals are achieved. Decisions play important roles as they determine both organizational and managerial activities.

There are different types of managerial decisions; some of them are as follows:1. Programmed and Non-Programmed DecisionsThe decisions which are normally repetitive in nature are known as

programmed decisions. They are taken by the middle and lower level managers. Programmed decisions have very short-term impact. Pricing ordinary customers’ orders, recording office supplies, purchase of materials, etc. are some of the examples

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of programmed decisions. Therefore, we can say that they are related to policy and the rules of the management.

Non-programmed decisions are decisions, which are non-repetitive in nature. They are taken by top executives. Non-programmed decisions don’t have ready-made course of actions. Managers have to collect data, analyze them, forecast and prepare strategic plans.

2. Major and Minor DecisionsThe decisions, which are relatively more important, are known as major and

which are less important, are known as minor decisions. The major decisions have long-term impact like replacement of men by

machine, diversification of existing product line, etc.Just opposite of major decisions, minor decisions are those decisions which do

not have long-range impact. For example, minor decisions are related to storing raw materials.

3. Tactical (Routine) and Strategic (Basic) DecisionsThe decisions which are often taken to achieve a high degree of efficiency in

the ongoing activities are called routine or tactical decisions. For example, parking facilities, cafeteria services, etc.

Basic or strategic decisions are prepared by the top level of management for the formulation of the organizational rules, regulations, programmes, etc. It has long-term impact in the management. Therefore, much analysis is needed. A small mistake in the basic decisions may be the cause of business failure.

In general, the decision-making process helps managers and other business professionals solve problems by examining alternative choices and deciding on the best route to take. Using a step-by-step approach is an efficient way to make thoughtful, informed decisions that have a positive impact on your organization’s short- and long-term goals.

The business decision-making process is commonly divided into seven steps:1. Identify the decision. The first step in making the right decision is

recognizing the problem or opportunity and deciding to address it. Determine why this decision is important for your customers or fellow employees.

2. Gather information.Next, it’s time to gather information so that you can make a decision based on facts and data. This requires making a value judgment, determining what information is relevant to the decision, along with how you can get it. Ask yourself what you need to know in order to make the right decision, then actively seek out anyone who needs to be involved.

3. Identify alternatives.Once you have a clear understanding of the issue, it’s time to identify the various solutions at your disposal. It’s likely that you have many different options when it comes to making your decision, so it is important to come up with a range of options. This helps you determine which course of action is the best way to achieve your objective.

4. Weigh the evidence.In this step, you’ll need to know which alternative is the best. Managers need to be able to weigh pros and cons, then select the option that has the highest chances of success.

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5. Choose among alternatives.When it’s time to make your decision, be sure that you understand the risks involved. You may also choose a combination of alternatives now that you fully grasp all relevant information and potential risks.

6. Take action.Next, you’ll need to create a plan for implementation. This involves identifying what resources are required and gaining support from employees and stakeholders.

7. Review your decision.An often-overlooked but important step in the decision-making process is evaluating your decision for effectiveness. Ask yourself what you did well and what can be improved next time.

Although following these steps will help you make more effective decisions, there are some pitfalls to look out for. There are common challenges you may face, like having too much or not enough information, misidentifying the problem or overconfidence in the outcome.

Decision-making is a very important skill in the business workplace, particularly for managers and those in leadership positions. Following a logical procedure, along with being aware of common challenges, can help ensure both thoughtful decision-making and positive results.

Comprehension Check

1. Give extensive arguments to prove or disprove the following statements.

A. Every manager takes hundreds and hundreds of decisions subconsciously or consciously.

B. Decisions are made at every level of management to ensure organizational or business goals are achieved.

C. The decisions which are normally repetitive in nature are known as minor ones.

D. Programmed decisions have long-term impact.E. The decision-making process helps managers and other business

professionals solve problems by using a step-by-step approach.F. Determining why this or that decision is important for your customers or

fellow employees is the first step of the decision-making process.G. When you have a clear understanding of the issue, it’s time to take action.H. Weighing the evidence is the step that is often overlooked.I.There are some common challenges a manager may face while making a

decision.J. Having too much or not enough information is the most important problem

of the decision-making process.

2. Read the text once again and identify the types of decisions.

A. deciding how to manage performance to achieve the strategy in a company. What resources are needed? What is the timescale?

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B. deciding on the spot to give a refund to a customer who has brought back a product

C. decisions about developing new productsD. choosing the right suppliers and distribution channels for productsE. looking for an agent in an overseas market

3. Provide questions to which the following statements would be the right answers.

A. It’s a course of action purposely chosen from a set of alternatives to achieve organizational or managerial objectives.

B. No, they aren’t. They are made at every level of management.C. These are programmed decisions.D. They are related to policy and the rules of the management.E. They are often taken to achieve a high degree of efficiency in the ongoing

activities.F. It is commonly divided into seven steps.G. … following a logical procedure and awareness of common challenges.

4. Explain what you understand by the following.

A. Non-programmed decisions don’t have ready-made course of actions.B. Minor decisions do not have long-range impact.C. The decision-making process helps solve problems by examining alternative

choices and deciding on the best route to take.D. Managers need to be able to weigh pros and cons.E. There are common challenges you may face making a decision.

5. Speak about the process of decision-making following the plan presented in Reading section.

Vocabulary Focus

1. Using Key Vocabulary and Reading fill in the gaps with prepositions, if necessary.

A. While he was at the library, Steve decided to seek ... some information on the historyof the area.

B. She had decided … her plan of action before the group weighed … the evidence.

C. The study examines social change within the city and relates it … developments in the country as a whole.

D. I think there is one key fact that you have overlooked … .

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E. At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide… small discussion groups.

F. A true leader takes responsibility … their team and helps them achieve goals.

2. Use your Key Vocabulary and find words which mean the following.

A. with full awareness of what one is doing B. coming before all others in importanceC. to bring together from several sources into a single volume or listD. to look over closely (as for judging quality or condition)E. to tell of or describe beforehand, predictF. a collection of factual knowledge about somethingG. containing or characterized by repetition, especially when unnecessary or

tiresomeH. assess the nature or importance of, especially with a view to a decision or

actionI. fail to noticeJ. according to the rules of logic, rational and reasonable

3. Say in what connection the words from Task 2 are mentioned in the text.

4. Give the English equivalents to the following words and combinations. Recall the contexts in which these combinations are used.

- неотъемлемый компонент- намеренно выбранный план действий- достигать организационных и управленческих целей- быть связанным с политикой и правилами- неповторяющиеся по своей природе решения- приготовить стратегический план- оказывать долгосрочное воздействие- принимать обдуманные решения- принимать решения, основанные на фактах и собранной

информации- обеспечить как обдуманное принятие решений, так и

положительные результаты

Watching

A. Pre-watching

1. Discuss the following questions.

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A. Do you agree that when considering highly successful people, we often attribute their success, at least in part, to their decision making?

B. What decisionmaking skills can help people make better choices? C. Is making better choices a talent, or is decision making skill something that

can be learned and improved?D. What are the possible reasons why people make poor decisions?E. What advice would you give your groupmates (colleagues) to help them

make more effective decisions?

2. Before watching the video, make sure you understand what the following words mean. The words and phrases appear in the order they are mentioned by the speaker.

1. emotional triggers2. confirmation bias3. to devalue4. to contradict5. rush decisions6. to procrastinate7. to tackle8. in line with9. to overthink10. procrastination

3. Use a dictionary, if necessary to give the opposites of the words below.

controlled actions – …complete information – … true facts – … to value smth– …poor decisions – …

4. Discuss which words or phrases from Tasks 2 and 3 the following phrases define.

A. to make someone or something seem less important orvaluableB. to try to deal with a difficult problemC. to delay doing something that you ought to do, usually because you do not

want to do itD. an opinion about whether a person, group, or idea is good or bad that

influences how you deal with itE. in agreement or accordance with someone or something

B. First Watching

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Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tCYy66CyuQ or find the video “How to Improve Decision Making Skills / Decision Making Process” on YouTube. Watch it and complete columns 1 and 2 in the table.

Reasons why people make poor decisions

Tips on how to tackle the skill of decision making

Examples which illustrate or explainthe reasons and tips

1. …… information 1. Decisions must ...…2. Confirmation … 2. Small decisions ……3. … 3. Take yourself ……4. Rush and … 4. Make just ……

C. Second Watching

1. Watch the same video once again and complete the rest of thetable.

2. Be attentive while watching and take notes on the following:- In what way do marketers influence our buying decisions?- What types ofdecisions are mentioned in the video?


1. Basing on the information you’ve just received, prepare a speech on the topic “How to Improve Decision Making Skills”. Be ready to speak in front of the audience and answer your groupmates’ questions. If possible, think of some other examples to illustrate or explain different concepts of decision making process.

2 A. Work in small groups. Imagine that you are colleagues. Have a discussion on oneof these two topics.

You have to decide on a dress code for all members of staff. Someone has suggested that everybody should have the same salary,

whatever their position in a company or their responsibilities.

2B. Tell the rest of the class how your discussion went.

What different stages of decision making did you follow? What types of decisions are these? How much confrontation, consensus, compromise and consultation were

involved? Who put forward some good or poor ideas? Were there any decisions which contradicted each other?

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2tCYy66CyuQ

Who expressed opinions? Did you run the risk of making a poor decision? Did you have any confirmation bias / emotional triggers? What decisions have you come to?

Talking Points

1. Express your opinion on the following.

In some cultures senior managers make decisions and others carry out their instructions. In other cultures decisions are made by consensus after everyone contributes suggestions and opinions. What is common in your country? How might this difference cause misunderstanding in multicultural teams?

2. Marion Haynes, a well-known writer on decision-making, recommends eight steps for making decisions. Compare them with those in a seven-step approach. Is there any difference?

A. Discuss and analyze the situation.B. Define the problem.C. Set an objective.D. State what is essential and desirable.E. Think of alternatives.F. Decide how to evaluate them.G. Evaluate alternatives.H. Choose among alternatives.

3. Use the information about seven or eight steps of decision-making process to do the role-play below. Follow each step and analyze your discussion afterwards.

You are Board members in a manufacturing firm which employs 500 people. As your company is making losses, you must cut costs. Hold a meeting to choose one of the following options. State what action you intend to take.

Cut factory workers’ wages by 10% Reduce everyone’s salary by 8% Make 50 employees redundant Pay no end-of-year bonuses

4. Find the right and logical way to continue these quotations about the process of decision-making. Discuss with your groupmates which of them you agree or disagree with. Justify your point of view.

1. When your values are clear to you, a. an ignorant man follows the public opinion.

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2. A wise man makes his own decisions, b. and experience comes from bad decisions.

3. Our life is the sum total of all the decisions we make every day,

c. making decisions becomes easier.

4. Good decisions come from experience,

d. are unsafe decisions.

5. Quick decisions e. and those decisions are determined by our priorities.

Summary Points


How Business Research Helps Businesses in Decision-Making

Businesses of all types and sizes undertake different research methods to improve and grow. The long-term success of a start-up, medium sized business and even established business depends on efficient and cost- effective research undertaken1.

Companies often rely on various business research methods to obtain information from the consumers or other businesses.

Based on the information obtained through the different business research methods, companies, whether new or established, can undertake some essential business decisions, for example:

- Possibility of the business to survive and succeed - Assessment about competitors- Adopting a suitable market approach for a productBusinesses may choose to adopt either one or all of the below discussed

research methods to achieve their business goals:1. Case Studies are for those who want a detailed understanding of the

consumer response about a particular product or service.Though case study method of business research is time-consuming, it helps in

the collection of in-depth information about customer’s likes, dislikes and preferences.

2. Conducting Surveys2 is a very common method adopted by businesses to gather larger amount of information immediately at a very low cost.

The biggest drawback of this method is failure of response from consumers in the specific target market3.

3. Interviews. Companies rely on this method to track4 actual consumer experiences with respect to a particular product or service.

The main advantage of this research methodology is the chance to ask follow-up questions, which throws light about the consumer response with respect to a specific product or service. The only drawback is that a careless interviewer can

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partially influence the response provided by the interviewee. Alsothis method of business research tends to be time-consuming.

4. Focus Groups can be described as an in-between research methodology among the various business research methods. The idea is to obtain an honest suggestion and feedback from the consumers about a specific product or service.

The focus groups aim to provide a larger sample5 as compared to interviews and case studies. The only drawback is that there are chances of the facilitator 6 in asking irrelevant questions which might divert7 the research in a particular direction.

Research is fundamental to all business and it is often as essentially important to the business as the data availability. Many errors are likely to occur in the process of business research.

Vocabulary:1. undertakev – предпринимать2.conductsurveys – проводитьопросы3. targetmarket – целевойрынок4. trackv – отслеживать, контролировать5. samplen – выборка6. facilitatorn – посредник, помощник, содействующая сторона7. divert v – перенаправить

Questions:1. Why do businesses of all types and sizes undertake different research

methods?2. What kind of essential business decisions can companies take with the help

of information obtained through the different business research methods?3. What are Case Studies?4. Are there any disadvantages in conducting surveys?5. What is the main advantage of interviews?6. What can be described as an in-between research methodology among the

various business research methods?

Writing

Choose one of the following topics and write a well-organized essay of at least 200 words.

A. Top 10 ways to make better decisions.B. Never make a decision when you are upset, sad, jealous or in love.C. Decision making as a vital component of small business success.

Independent Study

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Using the Internet resources find information about the decision-making process in different famous companies. Prepare reports or presentations in small groups and be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions.

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Unit 4

FOUNDATIONS OF PLANNING

Lead-in


A. It goes without saying that managers are involved in the planning process. What qualities should a manager possess to be an effective planner?

B. What are the benefits that companies gain through good planning?C. Management writerssay that there are “the worst enemies” of good planning.

What are they?

2. Finish the statements about planning in your own words. Take into account your findings in Task 1.

A. Planning helps identify and quantify risks, because … .B. Planning is one of the most critical ingredients needed for the success of any

organization, because … .C. There is no single method of planning to fit every situation, because … .D. Planning isn’t an isolated act that takes place at a certain point in time and

then stops, because … .E. Planning reduces uncertainty, predicts and controls the future, because … .

Key Vocabulary

Study the following list of vocabulary. The words appear in the order you will meet them in the text.

1. primary adj основной; главный2. precede v предварять; предшествовать3. develop a plan разработать план4. determine v определить; установить5. establish control установить контроль6. aim at быть нацеленным, направленным на7. evaluate opportunities оценить возможности8. foresee v предвидеть; предусматривать9. critical adj решающий; ключевой; важнейший10. sound planning рациональное, эффективное

планирование11. non-profit / for-profit organisation некоммерческая / коммерческая

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организация12. spin-off n побочный эффект, результат13. protective purpose защитная цель14. affirmative purpose позитивная, положительная цель15. reduce uncertainty снизить, сократить неопределённость16. clarify consequences разъяснить, уточнить последствия17. increase v увеличить; повысить18. vigorous adj (зд.) сильный; эффективный19. benefit n выгода; преимущество20. confront v противостоять; сталкивать с21. enhance v повысить; укрепить; способствовать22. affect a decision повлиять на решение23. overall adv в целом24. advantageous adj выгодный25. create a venture создать предприятие26. survey n опрос; исследование27. failure n неудача; провал28. inadequate planning неадекватное, ненадлежащее

планирование29. established plan установленный, принятый план30. formal statement (зд.) официальное изложение31. outline v излагать; определять; описывать32. eliminate risk устранить, исключить риск33. cause havoc вызвать хаос34. downside n недостаток; минус; негативная

сторона35. overemphasize v переоценить; преувеличить36. take up a lot of time занимать много времени37. strike a balance найти, установить баланс38. neglect v пренебрегать; игнорировать39. overall economy экономика в целом40. competitor n конкурент; соперник41. stipulate v предусматривать42. occur v происходить43. premise n (зд.) предпосылка; условие44. feasibility n (зд.) обоснованность;

целесообразность45. assumption n предположение; допущение46. evaluation n оценка; анализ47. exclude from consideration исключить из рассмотрения48. pursue v осуществлять; преследовать;

добиваться49. furnishv (зд.) снабжать50. implement v выполнить; осуществить

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51. primacy n приоритет; главенство; первенство

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Pre-readingActivities

1. Complete the chart. Use a list of Key Vocabulary and a dictionary if necessary.

Verb Noundevelopdetermineestablishevaluatereduceclarifyincreasebenefitconfrontenhancedecidecreatefaileliminateneglectcompetestipulateoccurassumeexcludepursueimplement

2. Using the words from Task 1 share your thoughts about the importance and necessity of sound planning for a modern manager.

3. Express your opinion on the following questions.

If you were asked to define planning, what definition would you give? What do you think the main purpose of planning is?

Reading

Read the text and compare your answers to the questions in Task 3 with the information in the text. Be ready to speak about planning, its advantages and downsides. Focus your attention on the steps of the planning process.

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Planning is the primary management function—the one that precedes and is the basis for the organizing, leading, and controlling functions of managers. Only after managers have developedtheirplansthey candetermine how they want to structure their organization, place their people,and establish organizational controls.

Planning is the process of determining how the organization can get where it wants to go,and what it will do to accomplish its objectives. In more formal terms, planning is “thesystematic development of action programs aimed at reaching agreed-upon business objectivesby the process of analyzing, evaluating, and selecting among the opportunities which are foreseen.”

Planning is a critical managementactivity regardless of the type of the organization beingmanaged. Modern managers face the challenge of sound planning in small and relatively simpleorganizations as well as in large, more complex ones; in non-profit organizations as well as in for-profit organizations.

Over the years, management writers have presented several different purposes of planning.The fundamental purpose of planning is to help the organization reach its objectives.All other purposes are spin-offs of this fundamentalpurpose. These other purposes may be, for example, protective and affirmative. The protective purpose of planning is to minimize a riskby reducing the uncertainties surrounding business conditions and clarifying the consequencesof related management actions. The affirmative purpose is to increase the degree of organizational success.

A vigorous planning program produces many benefits. First, it helps managers be future-oriented.They are forced to look beyond their everyday problems to project what situations may confrontthem in the future.Second, a sound planning program enhances decision coordination. No decisionshould be made today without some idea of how it will affect a decision that might have to bemade tomorrow.The planning function pushes managers to coordinate their decisions.Third, planningemphasizes organizational objectives. Because organizational objectives are the starting pointsfor planning, managers are continually reminded of exactly what their organization is trying to accomplish.

Overall, planning is advantageous to an organization, particularly in the creation of new ventures.

According to an often-cited survey, as many as 65 percent of all newly started businesses in the world are not around to celebrate their fifth anniversary.This high failure rate seems primarily a consequence of inadequateplanning. Successful businesses have an established plan, a formal statement that outlinesthe objectives the organization is attempting to achieve. Planning does not eliminate the risk, of course,but it does help managers identify and deal with organizational problems before they cause havoc ina business.

The downside is that if the planning function is not well executed, planning can haveseveral disadvantages for the organization. For example, an overemphasized planning programcan take up too much managerial time. Managers must strike an appropriate balance betweentime spent on planning and time spent on organizing, leading, and controlling. Ifthey don’t, some activities that are extremely important to the success of the organizationmay be neglected.

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Overall, the advantages of planning definitely outweigh the disadvantages. Usually, the disadvantagesof planning result from using the planning function incorrectly.

The planning process consists of six steps.1. State organizational objectives.Because planning focuses on how the

management systemwill reach organizational objectives, a clear statement of those objectives is necessary beforeplanning can begin. Often planners examine important elements of the environment oftheir organizations, such as the overall economy or competitors, when forming objectives. Inessence, objectives stipulate those areas in which organizational planning must occur.

2. List alternative ways of reaching objectives.Once organizational objectives havebeen clearly stated, a manager should list as many available alternatives as possible for reachingthose objectives.

3. Develop premises on which to base each alternative.To a large extent, the feasibilityof using any one alternative to reach organizational objectives is determined by the premises,or assumptions, on which the alternative is based. For example, two alternatives a managercould generate to reach the organizational objective of increasing profit might be to (a) increasethe sale of products presently being produced, or (b) produce and sell a completelynew product.

4. Choose the best alternative for reaching objectives.An evaluation of alternativesmust include an evaluation of the premises on which the alternatives are based. A managerusually finds that some premises are unreasonable and can therefore be excluded fromfurther consideration. This elimination process helps the manager determine which alternativewould best accomplish organizational objectives.

5. Develop plans to pursue the chosen alternative.After an alternative has beenchosen, a manager begins to develop strategic (long-range) and tactical (short-range)plans.

6. Put the plans into action.Once plans that furnish the organization with both long-rangeand short-range directions have been developed, they must be implemented.Obviously, the organization cannot directly benefit from the planning process until this step is performed.

Peter Drucker stated: “Planning is invaluable”. These words show vividly the essence and primacy of the planning function in carrying out managerial work.

Comprehension Check


A. Planning isthe basis for the organizing, leading, and controlling functions of managers.

B. A vigorous planning program produces many benefits.C. The planning function pushes managers to coordinate their decisions.D. Overall, the advantages of planning definitely outweigh the disadvantages.

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E. Planning is invaluable.

2. Correct the following statements.

A. Planning is the secondary management function.B. Planning is the systematic development of action programs aimed at

discussing business objectives.C. Modern managers face the challenge of sound planning in large and for-

profit organisations.D. Over the years, management writers have presented the fundamental

purpose of planning.E. The protective purpose of planning is to minimize a risk by downsizing.F. The affirmative purpose of planning is to increase the degree of the CEO’s

power.G. Planning helps managers be future-oriented. They are forced to solve

everyday problems.H. A high failure rate of newly started businesses seems primarily a

consequence of bad working conditions.I. Planning eliminates all risks a company may face.J. Planning has no disadvantages for the organization.

3. Taking into account the information about the steps of the planning process, fill in the following table. Get ready to summarize the information from the table.

Function Its brief description

Vocabulary Focus

1. Find the odd one out and explain your choice.

A. neglect, enhance, improve, increaseB. explain, clarify, illustrate, confrontC. predict, foresee, precede, anticipateD. pursue, aim at smth, strive, stipulateE. decrease, furnish, reduce, eliminateF. essential, critical, primacy, primaryG. control, determine, define, identifyH. evaluate, assess, estimate, engageI. rational, sensitive, sound. EffectiveJ. survey, research, consultant, interview

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2. Write the correct form of the words to fill in the gaps.

A. Good managers shouldn’t … their personal role in the activity of a company. (emphasize)

B. The failure of the department seemed primarily a consequence of … planning.(adequate)

C. This deal is really … to us. (advantage)D. … leads to instability and can threaten world peace and security. (certainty)E. Our primary … is General Motors. (compete)F. The … purpose of planning is to reduce the uncertainties surrounding

business conditions. (protect)G. Measures are being taken to streamline the restructuring of … enterprises.

(profit)H. Every … brings you one step closer to success. (fail)I. If her … was correct, she wondered why the matter was not on the agenda.

(assume)J. Active cooperation with regional organisations would be … when dealing

with economic issues. (benefit)

3. Using Key Vocabulary and Reading translate the fragments in brackets into English.

A. Having chosen an alternative, a manager begins developing (долгосрочныепланы).

B. A manager is expected to be able to find out that some (предпосылки, условия)are unreasonable and can be excluded from further consideration.

C. Planning (фокусируетсянатом) how managers will reach organizational objectives.

D. The advantages of planning (перевешивают, превосходят) disadvantages.

E. Managersmust(найти, установитьбаланс)between time spent on planning and time spent on other activities.

F. The failure of some managers is a (следствие, последствие)of rather poor planning.

G. The creation of new (предприятий)is the primary objective of modern governments.

H. A (сильная, эффективная) planning program gives a lot of benefits to top management.

I. Planning is a critical management activity (несмотряна)the type of the organization.

J. Nobody can deny the (главенство) of planning in the managerial world.

4. Fill in the necessary prepositions.52

A. Each situation in planning must be evaluated separately according ... its own unique set of circumstances.

B. An effective anti-poverty strategy should aim … correcting inequality and gender biases.

C. Our company attempts to predict how competitors will respond … price changes, new promotional campaigns, and new products.

D. Planning sets the stage for the other managerial functions, and is absolutely critical … the success of any organization.

E. Labor policies must be advantageous … women and equalize employment opportunities.

F. Sustainable development is important … stability but it faces different obstacles.

G. War violence usually results … deliberate political decisions.H. Planning consists … two basic phases: the first one is a 5-year strategic

growth plan and the other one is an annual plan.I. The type of planning a manager uses, and the emphasis he or she puts …

planning, depends … the manager’s position in the organizational hierarchy. J. The work of planners usually results … a written document, which is the

end product of a series of studies, forecasts, and managerial decisions.


a critical activity face the challenge non-profit / for-profit organization reduce uncertainties future-oriented managers inadequate planning the environment of the company

Watching

“The Best Planning Approach for Managers”

A. Pre-watching

1. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statement: “Failing to plan is planning to fail”. Give arguments supporting your point of view.


1. to drive performance and productivity53

2. to strike a balance3. to adjust v4. accordinglyadv5. to give input on smth6. to come up with7. to delegate v8. to give up power9. participative approach10. to rectify v11. to set aside12. to facilitate v

3. Translate the sentences into English. Mind the vocabulary from Task II.

A. Я считаю, что одна из приоритетных задач эффективного управленца – стимулировать деятельность и продуктивность своих подчинённых.

B. Нам следует установить баланс между расходами и прибылью. C. Большинство людей постепенно приспосабливаются к изменяющимся

обстоятельствам.D. Среди множества подходов к функции планирования наиболее

распространенным является подход на основе участия.E. Данная система обеспечивает возможность заблаговременно

обнаружить и исправить ошибки в документах.

B. First Watching

Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a__ofSd3NAIor find the video “Best Planning Approach for Managers” on YouTube and watch it to answer the following questions.

A. What, according to Stephen Goldberg, does planning involve?B. What is the role of employees in the planning process?C. Why may managers fear delegating management responsibilities to their

employees?D. What is the main reason for the low engagement of employees in their job?

What can rectify the problem?E. What aspects should be taken into consideration when it comes to planning

and taking a participative approach?

C. Second Watching

Watch the film again and state whether the following statements are true or false. Make the false ones sound true.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a__ofSd3NAI

A. Planning is a useless skill for managers as it doesn’t help to drive performance and productivity in their departments.

B. Planning is an essential people skill.C. Some managers are really afraid of delegating their management

responsibilities to their employees, because they believe their subordinates to be incompetent.

D. Taking a participative approach in the planning process with the employees will rectify their low engagement in their job.

E. You need to set aside the time while planning only in case you’re doing the planning yourself.


1. Summarize the video by playing a chain game. The idea is the following: Student 1 starts the summary by giving the first sentence. Student 2 repeats the sentence of Student 1 and adds his own sentence. Student 3 repeats what has already been said and adds his own statement, etc. In the end, the last student is to have the full summary of the video. Start with the sentence: Planning is an essential skill.

2. Basing on the film fill in the table by adding some information from the video. In addition, add your own ideas.

PlanningAspect Advice on dealing with the aspectTime Set aside the time (for research, discussion, etc.)

whether you’re doing the planning yourself or you’re involving employees in the process.

Delegating responsibilities Training and coaching employees for them to be more competent.

Personal qualities

3. Imagine that you are to make a video on the same topic. Which ideas would you borrow from the video of Stephen Goldberg? Which ones would you disagree with (if any)? What would you add from your own part?

Write a short summary of your future video, giving the most important information mentioned in it.

Talking Points


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A. A goal without a plan is just a wish.Antoine de Saint-Exupery

B. Good planning without good working is nothing.Dwight D. Eisenhower

C. A clear vision, backed by definite plans, gives you a tremendous feeling of confidence and personal power.

Brian TracyD. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow.

George S. PattonE. Proper planning and preparation prevents poor performance.

Stephen Keague

2. It is known that governmental, economic, and social forces influence an early stage of the planning process. Basing on your own knowledge of the foundations of planning and using the Internet resources, if necessary, explain in what way the forces, mentioned above, influence the planning process. First discuss it in small groups and then report your findings.

3. Imagine, you are a guru in planning techniques, who delivers lectures at major business conferences across the globe on how to be effective in the planning process. You kindly agreed to meet with the students of the School of Economics and Management and to answer their questions on planning. While answering students’ questions, rely on the information from Reading.

Students are to ask reasonable questions on planning (at least one question from each student). Mind the information from Reading.

Summary Points


Managers start planning by formulating organizational objectives. Only after they have a clear view of organizational objectives they can appropriately carry out subsequent steps of the planning process. Organizational objectives serveas the foundation on which all subsequent planning efforts are built.

According to its definition, an organizational objective is a target towards which the management system is directed. Properly developed organizational objectivesreflect the purpose of the organization—that is, they flow naturally from the organization’smission.

If an organization isaccomplishing its objectives, it is thereby justifying its reasonfor existence.

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Organizations exist for various purposes and thus have various types of objectives.A hospital,for example, may have the primary purpose of providing high-quality medical services to thecommunity.Therefore, its objectives are aimed atfurnishing this assistance.The primary purposeof a business organization, in contrast, is usually to make a profit. The objectives of the businessorganization, therefore, concentrate on ensuring that a profit is made. Some companies, however,assume that if they focus on such organizational objectives as producing a quality product at acompetitive price, profits will be inevitable.

In a 1956 article that has become a classic, John F. Mee suggested that organizational objectivesfor businesses should be summarized in three points:

1. Profit is the motivating force for managers.2. Service to customers by the provision of desired economic values (goods and

services) justifiesthe existence of the business.3. Managers have social responsibilities in accordance with the ethical and

moral codes of thesociety in which the business operates.Deciding on the objectives for an organization, then, is one of the most

important actionsmanagers take. Unrealistically high objectives are frustrating for employees, while objectives that are set too low do not push employees to maximize their potential. Managers should establishperformance objectives that they know from experience are within reach for employees, but notwithin easy reach.

Peter F. Drucker believed thatthe survival of a management system wasendangered when managers emphasized only the profitobjective because this single-objective emphasis encourages managers to take action that willmake money today with little regard for how a profit will be made tomorrow.

Managers should strive to develop and attain a variety of objectives in all areas where activityis critical to the operation and success of the management system.

Vocabulary:1. subsequent adj– последующий2. reflect v–отражать3. inevitable adj – неизбежный

Questions:1. What is an organizational objective according to its definition?2. What kinds of purposes may different organisations have?3. Why is deciding on the objective for an organization considered to be one of

the most important managers’ actions?4. What opinion did P. Drucker have about profit objectives?

Writing


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A. The role of planning techniques for a manager.B. The qualities a modern manager should possess to be an effective planner.C. Effective planning is the key to success in business.

Independent Study

1. Using the Internet resources find proper information on the SWOT analysis. Prepare a report or presentation on the topic “The necessity of the SWOT analysis for business success.” Present it to your group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

2. Choose one of the following businesses which you’d like to start up and make up a draft plan of its development. Present your plan to the group.

Advertising agency Café / Restaurant / Coffee Bar Sports complex IT company Clothing store Travel agency. Beauty Salon Car Dealership Entertainment Centre Private Day Care Centre

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Unit 5

GOAL-SETTING

Lead-in

1. Read a small dialogue from the story “Alice in Wonderland”. Discuss with your partnerin what way it is connected with the topic of the Unit. Share your opinion with the group.

“Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?”“That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,” said the Cat.“I don’t much care where,” said Alice.“Then it doesn’t matter which way you go,” said the Cat.

2. To be successful in your studies and future career, you should be able to set challenging but achievable goals. Check whether you are good at goal-setting by finishing the following statements.

A. My goal(s) is (are) to … .B. This (these) goal(s) is (are) important to me because … .C. My goal(s) is (are) realistic, achievable, and yet challenging

because … .D. The time I will take to achieve my goal(s) is … .E. The action steps I willtake to achieve my goal(s) are … .

3. Say, whether you agree or disagree with the formula mentioned below. Give arguments to support your agreement or disagreement.

Goals + Commitment = Dreams Come True

Key Vocabulary


1.make an impressionon smb произвестивпечатлениенакого-то2. implement v внедрить, осуществить, выполнить3.handle smthv справиться с, разобраться с4.tangibleadj ощутимый, реальный, материальный5. vagueadj расплывчатый, нечеткий, неопределённый

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6.blueprintn план, концепция,схема7.aid v помогать8. strive v стремиться9. measurable adj измеримый, ощутимый10. coordinate v координировать, контролировать11. forecast v предсказывать, прогнозировать12. primaryadj главный, основной13. alignv согласовывать14. track v отслеживать15. executionn исполнение, осуществление, выполнение16. tiesmth to smthv связыватьчто-то с чем-то17.collaborativeadj совместный, коллективный18. frameworkn концепция, основа19.specificadj конкретный20.goal completion достижение цели21.milestonen рубеж, этап22. attainable/achievableadj достижимый23. relevantadj актуальный, уместный24. time-bound в рамках установленных сроков,

обусловленный сроками25. underminev препятствовать, нарушать26. deadline n конечный срок27. overtakev обогнать, настигать28. fit in with вписываться в29. big picture общая картина30. access v получить, иметь доступ31. redundancy n сокращение штатов32. flexibilityn гибкость33. agility n оперативность, быстрота, ловкость34. effortn попытка, усилие35. accountabilityn подотчетность, ответственность36. assignv назначать37. articulated adj сформулированный38. company-wide общекорпоративный39. step in вмешиваться40. assistance n помощь41. handy adj под рукой, удобный42. stay on track сохранить курс43. reward system система поощрений, вознаграждений44. from the bottom up (зд.) начиная с низового уровня45. precise adj точный, конкретный, чёткий46. fluctuate v варьироваться, меняться, колебаться47. impede v препятствовать, мешать

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1. You are given a KWL chart on the topic “Goal-Setting”. Fill in the 1st and the 2nd columns.

1. What I know about goal-setting

2. What I want to get to know about goal-setting

3. What I have learnt about goal-setting

2. Look through the list of Key Vocabulary. Make up possible collocations with the word “goal”. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

3. Using Key Vocabulary and your collocations from Task 2 express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements. Support your opinions with sound arguments.

A. Managers should challenge their employees to set both professional and personal goals.

B. Comparatively few people have tangible goals.C. The process of setting goals should be a collaborative process between an

employee and his/her manager.D. Managers need to be aware of their employees’ progress on goals to step in

with assistance when it appears that goal targets will possibly be missed.E. If you want to live a happy life, tie it to a goal, not to people or things.F. Managers who set goals have an easier time focusing on activities relevant to

those goals and avoiding distractions that prevent them from reaching those goals.G. The only goal of any organization is to make a profit.H. It’s unethical for a manager to use his/her formal position to impose specific

goals on employees.I. Managers know where and how to start planning without setting any goals.J. All businesses share a primary goal: success.

Reading

Read the text and be ready to discuss the influence of goal-setting on the effectiveness of the managerial process.

Many people begin their careers in management with high hopes of making an impression on their bosses by developing business or by implementing new and

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better ways of performing their duties. Unfortunately, because of insufficient goal-setting, most of them find that they are too busy handling day-to-day issues to have time for anything else.Furthermore, comparatively few people have tangible goals; mostpeople have the awareness thatgoal-setting could be improved, but they have only vague ideas about how to make these improvements.

Goals and objectives provide organizations with a blueprint that determines a course of action and aids in preparing for future changes. Agoal can be defined as a future state that an organization or individual strives to achieve. For each goal that an organization sets, it also sets objectives. An objective is a short-term target with measurable results. Without clearly defined goals and objectives, organizations willhave trouble coordinating activities and forecasting future events. All businesses share a primary goal: success. Goal setting, aligning and tracking those goals through actions and results are critical to greater business execution and, as a result, greater success.

Most organizations see a dramatic increase in employee and business performance when they effectively set individual goals and closely tie them to the company's overall strategy.

Undoubtedly, the process of setting goals should be a collaborative process between an employee and his/her manager. Whether setting long- or short-term goals, the most widely-used framework is SMART, which means that goals should be:

specific: well-defined to inform employees exactly what is expected, when, and how much. With specific goals, managers can easily measure progress towards goal completion;

measurable: able to provide milestones to track progress and motivate employees towards achievement;

attainable: achievable with an effort by an average employee.Goals should be neither too high nor too low;

relevant: focused on the greatest impact on the overall company strategy;

time-bound: provided with enough time to achieve them, but not too much time to undermine the performance. Goals without deadlines tend to be overtaken by day-to-day crises.

Managers should take into account that goal alignment is critical for business success. It ensures that each person within an organization can see the direction for the business and know how their job fits in with the “big picture”. To achieve goal alignment in the organization, a manager must, first of all, clearly communicate his/her strategic business objectives across the entire organization. With everyone working together towards achieving the same objectives, the company can execute strategy faster, with more flexibility and adaptability. Essentially, goal alignment strengthens leadership and creates organizational agility by allowing managers to:

focus employees’ efforts on company's most important goals; understand more clearly all responsibilities associated with specific

goals;

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strengthen accountability by assigning measurable, articulated and visible company-wide goals.

Once a manager established company-wide and individual goals, the next step is tracking progress on those goals. Managers need to be aware of progress on goals to step in with assistance or resources when it appears that goal targets will possibly be missed. Having this information handy is also helpful when management is not aware of all the steps involved in reaching a goal.Tracking goals helps a manager stay on track in several ways:

organize, manage and reassess goals frequently; create action plans with milestones for larger goals; track time to make sure that daily efforts are focused on meaningful

tasks.It’s necessary to mention that it is important for employees as well to track

their progress on goals, because they need to have the information available during allthe review process. It has been proved by various surveys that employees who clearly understand their individual goals and how they relate to the larger goals of the company, naturally become more engaged in their work.

By and large, goal settingcan aid individual performance in four ways:1. Goals allow organization members to be focused and committed to

achieving the end result.2. Goals serve as an energizer: they stimulate people to make an extra

effort to achieve them.3. Goals encourage organization members to use their initiative to make

effective decisions with long-term impacts. This often results in more efficient and successful working practices that are driven from the bottom up rather than by management.

4. Goals motivate employees to organize their time efficiently to maximize productivity.

Modern successful companies realize that their achievements are linked to their ability to manage, track and communicate goals through informing their workforce and linking reward systems with individual and organization performance to keep employees engaged in their work.

It is obvious that the quality of goal-setting can vary significantly. There are some general guidelines that managers can use to increase the quality of their objectives.

• Let the people responsible for attaining the objectives have a voice in setting them. Often the people responsible for attaining the objectives know their job situationbetter than managers do, and can help make the objectives more realistic.

• State objectives as specifically as possible. Precise statements minimize confusion and ensure that employees have explicit directions for what they should do. Research shows that when objectives are not specific, the productivity of individuals attempting to reach those objectives tends to fluctuate significantly over time.

• Relate objectives to specific actions whenever necessary. In this way, employees do not have to conclude what they should do to accomplish their goals.

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• Identify expected results. Employees should know exactly how managers will determine whether an objective has been reached.

• Set goals high enough that employees will have to strive to meet them, but not so high that employees give up trying to meet them. Managers want employees to work hard but not to become disappointed.

• Specify when goals are expected to be achieved. Employees must have a time frame for accomplishing their objectives. They then can speed themselves accordingly.

• State objectives clearly and simply. The written or spoken word should not impede communicating a goal to organization members.

Comprehension Check

1.Imagine that after skimming the text your groupmate wasn’t able to understand some pieces of information.He/she asked you to clarify them. Basing on the text, explain the following.

A. The difference between a goal and an objective.B. The meaning of SMART goals.C. The importance of goal alignment for a manager.D. The importance of tracking goals for a manager. E. The role of goal-setting for individual performance.

2. Find the passage in the text that describes general guidelines which managers can use to increase the quality of their objectives.Finish the sentences, basing on the information from the passage.

A. People responsible for attaining the objectives should have a voice in setting them, because … .

B. It’s very important to state specific objectives, because … .C. Managers should identify expected results, because … .D. Goals which a manager sets for his employees should be relevant, because

… .E. Goals should be clear, because … .

3. Go back to Task 1 in Pre-reading Activities and fill in the remaining 3rd

column.Get ready to summarize the information you have learnt about goal-setting. Mind using proper phraseology while summarizing.

Vocabulary Focus

1. Using Key Vocabulary and Reading fill in the prepositions, if necessary. Practice your translation skills. Discuss any controversial moments with your groupmates and teacher.

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A. As tax revenues continue to reduce, Baltic governments were forced to implement steep budget cuts in an effort to stay … track for joining the Euro zone.

B. It’s important to tie the progress of the company … the progress of its employees.

C. Do you really think we’ll fit … … thecurrent situation and succeed?D. Interviewees sometimes strive so much to make a good impression … their

interviewers!E. We should decide … the course … our future actions.F. Hungary stressed the difficulties and problems associated … small water

supplies.G. The society wants policy makers to be aware … the consequences of their

decisions.H. They hoped that Member States would reach … an agreement on the issues

under discussion.I. Permanent relocation should never result … homelessness.J. Non-proliferation efforts are expected not to impede … peaceful use of

nuclear energy.

2. UsingKey Vocabulary and/or a dictionary find at least 1 synonym(the more – the better) to each of the following words and expressions.

a. to interveneb. formulatedc. cooperatived. definitee. realf. within time bordersg. quicknessh. conceptioni. to predictj. to execute

3. Using Key Vocabulary find derivatives to the following words.

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4. Imagine that you were asked to create a slogan for the International Business Conference “From Effective Goal-Setting to Successful Business”. Basing on the vocabulary from Tasks 2-3, together with your partner try to create such a slogan. Be ready to present it to your group.

Watching

Setting Employee Goals

A. Pre-watching

Before watching the video make sure you know the following words and word combinations. Consult a dictionary if it is necessary. The words are given in the order you will meet them in the video.

1. in conjunction with2. quarterly/annual review3. far-reaching benefit4. accomplishment n5. win-win adj6. employee input7. equitably adv8. in compliance with

B. First Watching

Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2OPEUjBYdwor find the video “Setting Employee Goals” on YouTube and watch it to answer the following questions.

A. What are the benefits of goal-setting for employees?B. What does the goal-setting process allow employers to do?C. What should managers know about setting goals?D. What criteria should goals meet?

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a. redundantb. completec. attaind. executee. measuref. flexibleg. accounth. collaboratei. specifyj. agile

E. What advice is given at the end of the video?

C. Second Watching

Basing on the video, fill in the following table.

Criteria that goals should meet

Criterion Its description1.2.3.4.5.6.7.


1. Taking into account the information which you included in the table from Second Watching, discuss possible advantages of each criterion with your partner. Which criterion do you find the most (least) important? Report your findings to the group.

2. Taking into account the information from the video and using other Internet sources, prepare a short presentation or speech on the topic “Far-Reaching Benefits of Goal-Setting”. Make your presentation or speech well-structured. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions.

Talking Points

1. Fill in the given words in the quotations to make them sound logical.

desire miss live for commands halfway

A. You should set goals beyond your reach, so you always have something to … .Ted Turner

B. The greater danger for most of us is not that our aim is too high and … it, but that it is too low and we reach it. Michelangelo

C. A goal properly set is … reached. Zig ZiglarD. If you are bored with life – you don’t get up every morning with a burning

… to do things – you don’t have enough goals. Lou Holtz

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E. If you want to be happy, set a goal that… your thoughts, liberates your energy and inspires your hopes. Andrew Carnegie

React to the quotations by explaining what they mean and showing their relevance and connection to modern times. Take into account the information from Reading.

2. Read the beginning of the dialogue between the CEO and a Department Manager.

CEO: I would like to say that I’m fairly happy with your work. In fact, you are meeting my expectations.

Department Manager:Thanks. It’s a pleasure to hear this. I enjoy reaching my targets.

CEO:I see. But according to the review I received yesterday, your latest achievements leave much to be desired.

Department Manager: Well, I always try to do my best, but to be honest, sometimes I disagree with the way of goal-setting in our company.

CEO:Oh, I’m ready to speak about it. What exactly do you mean?Department Manager: I mean …

Finish the conversation. Take into account the vocabulary from the Unit. Present your dialogue to the group.

Summary Points


Some managers find organizational objectives such an important part of managementthat they use a management approach based exclusively on them. This approach, calledmanagement by objectives (MBO), was popularized through the writings of PeterDrucker.

TheMBO strategy has three basic parts:1.All individuals within an organization are assigned1 a specialized set of

objectives that they try to reach during an operating period. These objectives are mutually set and agreedupon by individuals and their managers.

2.Performance reviews are conducted periodically to determine how closeindividuals are toattainingtheirobjectives.

3.Rewards are given to individuals on the basis of how close they come to reaching their goals.

The MBO process consists of five steps:1. Review organizational objectives: the manager gains a clear understanding

of theorganization’s overall objectives.

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2. Set employee objectives: the manager and employee meet to agree on employee objectives tobe reached by the end of the operating period.

3. Monitor progress: at intervals during the operating period, the manager andemployee check whether the objectives are being reached.

4. Evaluate performance: at the end of the operating period, the employee’sperformance is judged by the extent to which he/she reached the objectives.

5. Give rewards: rewards given to the employee are based on the extent to which the objectiveswere reached.

Certain key factors are essential to the success of an MBO program. First, top management mustbe committed to the MBO process and set

appropriate2 objectives for the organization. If the overall objectives are inappropriate,individual MBO objectives will also be inappropriate and work activitywill be nonproductive.

Second, managers and subordinates together must develop and agree oneach individual’s goals. Both managers and subordinates must feel that the individual objectives areappropriate.

Third, employeeperformance should be evaluated against established objectives. This evaluationhelps determine whether the objectives are fair and if appropriate means are being used to attainthem.

Fourth, management must follow through on employee performance evaluations by rewardingemployees accordingly.If employees are to continue striving3 to reach their MBO program objectives, managersmust reward those who do reach, or surpass4, their objectives more than those whose performancefalls short of their objectives.

Experienced MBO managers claim that the MBO approach has two advantages. First, MBO programscontinually emphasize what should be done in an organization to achieve organizationalgoals. Second, the MBO process secures employee commitment to attaining organizational goals. Because managers and subordinates have developed objectives together, both parties are interested in reaching those goals.

MBO managers also admit that MBO has certain disadvantages. One is that the developmentof objectives can be time consuming, leaving both managers and employees less time to do theiractual work. Another is that the written goals, careful communication of goals, anddetailed performance evaluations required in an MBO program increase the volume of paperworkin an organization.

On balance, however, most managers believe that MBO’s advantages outweigh its disadvantages.Therefore, they find MBO programs beneficial.

Vocabulary:1. assignv – поручить, возложить2. appropriateadj – соответствующий, надлежащий3. strivev – стремиться, добиваться4. surpassv – превзойти

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Questions:1. What does MBO stand for?2. How many parts are there in the MBO strategy?3. There are 3 steps in the MBO process, aren’t there?4. What key factors are essential to the success of an MBO program?5. Do disadvantages outweigh advantages of MBO?

Writing

Write a short summary of your opinions regarding the role of goal-setting for a modern company. Prove that effectiveness of goal-setting depends not only on managers but on their subordinates as well. Mind the structure and try to use appropriate phraseology.

Independent Study

1. Using the Internet resources find information on goal-setting of any well-known company (local or international). Prepare a report or presentation on your research. Present it to your group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

2. Interview your friends or relatives on their attitude towards the importance of goal-setting in their personal and professional lives. Find out whether goal-setting helps them do more during the day or they find it to be rather time-consuming. Report your findings to the group.

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Unit 6

MOTIVATION

Lead-in

1. Whether you are trying to lead a team of employees, teach a child, or even get through your own workday, staying motivated is the key to success. Nonetheless, this isn’t always as easy as waking up and deciding to be motivated.

Which of the following factors motivate or would motivate you in your job? Consider the points below and put them in the order of importance. Add anything else that is important to you. Discuss your opinion with the rest of the group.

2. Are there any fears that can make people work hard? What are they? Can fear motivate people as successfully as rewarding them?

3. What motivates you to study for your current qualification?

4. To what extent do you agree with the opinion below? Have you ever put it into practice?

The biggest sources of motivation are your own thoughts, so think big and motivate yourself to win.

Key Vocabulary


1. accomplish v выполнять2. apply to v распространяться на, применять к

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3. staff n персонал4. perksn льготы, бонусы5. performv работать, выполнять6. ensurev гарантировать, убедиться7. encouragev поощрять, способствовать8. engage inv участвовать, включиться в9. fulfillv выполнять, реализовывать10. mundaneadj обыденный, повседневный11. retainv сохранить, удержать12.dissuade v отговорить, разубедить13. competitorn конкурент14. lead to v приводить к чему-либо15. driven стимул16. arouse v пробудить, вызывать17. tacklev справиться, заниматься18. frame v сформулировать19. incentiven стимулирование, поощрение20. hierarchyn иерархия21. basic needs основные, низшие потребности22. advanced needs высшие потребности23. at the top/ at the bottom сверху/ снизу24. requirements n потребности, требования25. meet/ satisfyneeds удовлетворять потребности26. safetyn безопасность27. securityn защищенность, безопасность28. esteemn уважение, почтение29. accomplishment n достижение30. emphasizev подчеркивать, делать акцент31. cause v быть причиной32. supervisors and peers руководители и коллеги33. draw the conclusion прийти к выводу34. remedyingn устранение35. eliminatev устранить, покончить с чем-либо36. give a promotion повысить, продвинуть по службе37. affectv влиять, воздействовать38. authoritarian adj авторитарный39. participative adj основанный на участии40. critical adj важнейший


1.Use a dictionaryand Key Vocabulary section to fill in the derivatives of the words given in the chart below. Note that some boxes will not be filled.

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Noun Verb Adjectiveparticipate

causeaccomplish

authoritarianhierarchy

requireremedy

competitivesatisfaction

supervise

2. Give the opposites of the following words.

A. satisfactionB. effectiveC. to persuadeD. an allyE. danger

3. Match the words to their definitions. Use your Key Vocabulary, if necessary.

1. security A. a person of a similar age, position, abilities, etc. as others in a group or a company

2. accomplishment B. respect for or a good opinion of someone3. eliminate C. the act of raising someone to a higher or more important

position or rank4. participative D. based on the idea that things can be achieved more easily

if everyone works together and is involved in making decisions

5. esteem E. the things you must have for a satisfactory life6. mundane F. to remove or take away someone or something7. promotion G. very ordinary and therefore not interesting8. critical H. of the greatest importance to the way things might happen9. peer I. something that is successfulor that is achieved after a lot of

work or effort10. needs J. the feeling of being confident in one's family and

relationships

Reading

Answer the following questions before you read the text below. - What is motivation, in your opinion?

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- To your mind, is there any difference between the motivation of managers andthe motivation of staff?

- Do you know any theories concerning motivation?

Motivation is the word derived from the word ’motive’ which means needs, desires, wants that cause individuals to act. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. The idea of motivation may apply to different people in different ways. For example, for staff, motivation may be a question of how much they are paid or what the perks and benefits of a job are. On the other hand, one of the most important functions of management is to create willingness amongst the employees to perform in the best of their abilities. Therefore, the issue is how to make staff work more effectively and find ways of ensuring they continue to give 100%.

For any organization, motivating of individuals is one of the key success factors. Using motivation in the organizations creates and encourages the inner interest in the people, and their willingness to engage in fulfilling the tasks and goals of the organization. It is equally important that effective managers understand how to influence people to perform specific behaviors and tasks they are likely to find mundane. A manager needs to be able to persuade workers to stay with the organization. With an effective motivational scheme in place, managers are much more likely to retain the most talented workers and dissuade them from leaving and going to a competitor.

There are factors that lead to differences in employee job performance. A good manager needs to understand what causes those differences and that the process of motivation consists of some specific stages. In particular, these stages are:

1. a felt need or drive;2. a stimulus in which needs have to be aroused;3. the satisfaction or accomplishment of goals when needs are satisfied.Therefore, we can say that motivation is a psychological phenomenon which

means that needs and wants of the individuals have to be tackled by framing an incentive plan.

The motivation concepts were mainly developed around 1950’s. Three main theories were made during this period. Thesethreeclassicaltheoriesare:

Maslow’s‘HierarchyofNeeds’Theory Herzberg’s‘Two-Factor’Theory Theory X and Theory Y

Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ Theory Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper

“A Theory of Human Motivation” and his subsequent book “Motivation and Personality”. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs.

Maslow's hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the most complex needs are at the top of the pyramid.

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Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security.

As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority.Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential.

Herzberg’s ‘Two-Factor’ TheoryFrederick Herzbergtheorized that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act

independently of each other.The two-factor theory (also known as Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory and dual-factor theory) states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction.

Factors for Satisfaction (Motivators)

Factors for Dissatisfaction (Hygiene Factors)

Achievement Company policiesRecognition SupervisionThe work itself Relationship with supervisors and

peersResponsibility Work conditionsAdvancement SalaryGrowth Status

Security

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The conclusion Herzberg drew is that job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not opposites: the opposite of satisfaction is no satisfaction; the opposite of dissatisfaction is no dissatisfaction.

Remedying the causes of dissatisfaction will not create satisfaction. Nor will adding the factors of job satisfaction eliminate job dissatisfaction. If you have a hostile work environment, giving someone a promotion will not make him or her satisfied. If you create a healthy work environment but do not provide members of your team with any of the satisfaction factors, the work they're doing will still not be satisfying.

Theory X and Theory YIn the 1960s, social psychologist Douglas McGregor developed two contrasting

theories that explained how managers' beliefs about what motivates their people can affect their management style. He labeled these Theory X and Theory Y. Actually, they refer to two styles of management – authoritarian (Theory X) and participative (Theory Y).

If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to McGregor, you'll likely use an authoritarian style of management. This approach is very "hands-on" and usually involves micromanaging people's work to ensure that it gets done properly. On the other hand, if you believe that your people take pride in their work and see it as a challenge, then you'll more likely adopt a participative management style. Managers who use this approach trust their people to take ownership of their work and do it effectively by themselves.

All these theories are building blocks of the contemporary theories developed later. The working managers and professionals even nowadays use these classical theories to explain the concept of employee motivation which is a critical aspect at the workplace.

Comprehension Check

1. Find facts from the text to support the following statements.

A. Getting the most out of the people you work with is a key function of management.

B. Employee motivation is based on the culture management creates and what the leader or the manager says and does to help employees perform at their highest level.

C. Effective managers have the ability to motivate those they work with to behave in a specific, goal-directed way.

D. Motivation is defined as energizing, directing and sustaining employee efforts.

E. People who are satisfied at work and love their jobs certainly tend to perform at a higher level than do people who dislike their jobs.

F. Abraham Maslow is one of the most influential psychologists of the twentieth century.

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G. Maslow's theory suggests that the basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire the secondary or higher level needs.

H. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction.

I. In 1960, Douglas McGregor developed a leadership theory about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people.

J. Motivation is what drives us to make the things happen – but staying motivated isn’t always easy.

2. Answer the following questions using the information from the text.

A. What kind of process is motivation?B.What is the difference between the motivation of managers andthe

motivation of staff?C.Why is the right motivation of staff considered to be one of the key success

factors for any organization?D. Are there any stages the process of motivation embraces?E. Is it right to state that motivation is a psychological phenomenon?F.Maslow contextualized his theory of self-actualization within a hierarchy of

needs, didn’t he?G. Why is Maslow's hierarchy most often displayed as a pyramid?H. In Herzberg’s theory, do motivators give rise to positive satisfaction?I. Are job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction opposites?J. Which of the theories (X or Y) involves micromanaging people's work to

ensure that it gets done properly?

Vocabulary Focus

1. Use the vocabulary of the text to complete the sentences.

1. People everywhere need to be given responsible jobs based on their ability to … properly and effectively in the best interests of the community.

A. dissuade B. eliminate C. perform

2. Government should also facilitate research and development and … innovation.

A. emphasize B. encourage C. tackle

3. This is a completely … and rational business decision, aimed at minimizing tax obligations.

A. mundane B. participative C. critical

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4. This candidate does not meet the … that secondary school should be completed.

A. supervisors B. perks C. requirement

5. It was a relationship founded on mutual… .A. esteem B. hierarchy C. safety

6. He was at the bottom of the corporate … .A. hierarchy B. incentive C. security

7. Staff members are trained by their … at our company.A. competitors B. peers C. incentives

8. Parents tried to … her from her intention to drop out of college.A. dissuade B. encourage C. accomplish

9. There are several different ways we can … this problem.A. tackle B. ensure C. arouse

10. For further information, … the address below.A. engage in B. lead to C. apply to

2. Look through the text and find the words which mean the following (A-E). Then use these words to complete the sentences (1-5).

A. all the people employed by a particular organizationB. a system in which members of an organization or society are ranked

according to relative status or authorityC. specialbenefits that are given to people who have a particular job or belong

to a particular groupD. respect and admirationE. a person, team, or company that is competing against others

1. He rosequickly through the political … to become the party leader.2. Because of theirachievements they were held in high … .3. Their pricesare better than any of their… .4. Many agencies are helping to keep personnel at their jobs by providing … .5. Management have offered … a 3% payincrease.

3. Read the text about The Expectancy Theory of Motivation. Complete the text with the words from the box and be ready to discuss its main idea with your groupmates.

satisfy / motivation / choice / perform / lead to

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The Expectancy Theory of Motivation was developed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management, in the year 1964. He was of the opinion that people made a conscious (1)…, while deciding whether or not to (2)… at the workplace. However, the choice made by the employee depended entirely on the employee's level of (3)…, which in turn, was a function of three factors.

Very simply, the expectancy theory says that an employee will be motivated to exert a high level of effort when he or she believes that:

1. The effort will (4)… a good performance appraisal.2. A good appraisal will lead to organizational rewards.3. The organizational rewards will (5)… his or her personal goals.The key to the expectancy theory is an understanding of an individual’s goals

and the relationships between effort and performance, between performance and rewards, and finally, between the rewards and individual goal satisfaction.

Watching

“How to Keep Your Team Motivated?”

A. Pre-watching

1. In the following video Professor Leigh Thompson, the director of the Kellogg Team and Group Research Center, offers four game changing tips to motivate a team and produce better results.

Before watching the film make sure you know the following vocabulary. The words are given in the order you will meet them in the video.

to slack;to pull a rope;intervention plan;mission statement;frequent meetings;line of sight;to raise money.

2. Basing on the vocabulary above, can you guess what kind of advice Leigh Thompson gives to help managers increase team motivation?

B. First Watching

Watch the video “How to Keep Your Team Motivated?” on YouTube or follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9LSopkLbpwand answer the questions, according to the speech of Leigh Thompson.

What example demonstrates how people behave in a team?

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What were the four steps that helped the company succeed?

C. Second Watching

Watch the video once again and complete the following table. Then discuss it with the group.

The problems the company was trying to solve:

Intervention Plan: The consequences it led to:

1) the team wasn’t …2) the drivers were …3) the team members were not …4) there were a lot of …

1) develop …2) introduce …3) make team members …4) create …


Work in pairs or small groups. Imagine that you are Leigh Thompson’s team members. Discuss the speech that you are to deliver at a conference “Motivating and Engaging Employees”. Use the tips you’ve discussed and add your own ideas. Report to the group.

Talking Points

1. Work in pairs, be ready to express your opinions, argue and compromise. Develop the ideas below discussing them with your partner. Report your joint decision to the class.

It is important for managers to know at least some motivation theories. Employee motivation isn’t a top priority challenge for managers. Happy workers are productive workers. To be an efficient leader, you must be self-motivated. Employees cannot be trusted and must therefore be closely supervised. The best motivation is money and recognition for meeting targets.

2. When people feel motivated by their jobs, it obviously gives them a sense of personal satisfaction, which results in better quality work. Keeping staff motivated is therefore a priority for managers and supervisors. Look at the following phrases, which can be used to motivate people.

A. We are all in this together.B. This is the last chance I’m giving you.C. I’m offering an additional commission to whoever …

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D. It’s in everybody’s interests to …E. I’m going to let you handle this.F. You get the business, you get the bonus!G. Come on. You’ve got to do better than that!H. Would you like to take full responsibility for this?

Study the following approaches to motivating people. Match phrases A-H with the different approaches.

1. using authority / threats2. establishing a common purpose3. giving people a financial incentive4. empowering people to work autonomously

Which of the approaches above would work for you? Which would you adopt if you were a manager and had to motivate a member of your staff?

3. Often, the ideas of 'happy' employees and 'motivated' employees are confused. These may be related, but motivation actually describes the level of desire employees feel to perform, regardless of the level of happiness. Employees who are adequately motivated to perform will be more productive, more engaged and feel more invested in their work. How would you motivate a group of employees to work hard and help your business grow?

Work in groups of 3-4 to role-play one of the following situations.

A. Motivating EmployeesYou have just been appointed to the Board of an unprofitable company that has

recently been privatized. You have been asked to put forward proposals to remotivate staff who have been demotivated by rumours of redundancies and by press criticisms of standards of service and efficiency.

Where should your priorities lie and how would you tackle the problem?

B. Staff LoyaltyThe junior and middle management levels of your company have been

seriously affected by the lack of promotion prospects and they have become a soft target for head-hunters and competing companies.

What are you going to do to ensure that your company does not lose vital staff?

C. Incentives or Rewards?The Board of Directors of your company have asked you to present proposals

for a new incentive scheme for your salesmen. Discuss and decide on the objectives of the scheme. Should it encourage better results in the future or reward the good results in the past?

Draw up proposals for the details of the scheme.

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Summary Points

Motivation Methods

Read the text about motivation methods and make a summary. Be ready to answer the questions after the text.

There are as many different methods of motivating employees today as there are companies operating in the global business environment. Still, some strategies are prevalent across all organizations striving to improve employee motivation.

EmpowermentGiving employees more responsibility and decision-making authority increases

their realm1 of control over the tasks for which they are held responsible and better equips them to carry out those tasks. As a result, energy is diverted from self-preservation to improved task accomplishment.

Creativity and InnovationThe power to create motivates employees and benefits the organization in

having a more flexible work force, using more wisely the experience of its employees, and increasing the exchange of ideas and information among employees and departments.

LearningCompanies can motivate employees to achieve more by committing to

enhancement2 of employee skills. Accreditation and licensing programs for employees are an increasingly popular and effective way to bring about growth in employee knowledge and motivation. Often, these programs improve employees' attitudes toward the client and the company. Supporting this assertion, an analysis of factors which influence motivation-to-learn found that it is directly related to the extent to which training participants believe that such participation will affect their job or career utility. In other words, if the body of knowledge gained can be applied to the work to be accomplished, then the acquisition of that knowledge will be a worthwhile event for the employee and employer.

Quality of LifeCompanies that have instituted flexible employee arrangements have gained

motivated employees whose productivity has increased. Programs incorporating flex-time, condensed3 workweeks, or job sharing, for example, have been successful in focusing overwhelmed employees toward the work to be done and away from the demands of their private lives.

Monetary IncentiveFor all the championing of alternative motivators, money still occupies a major

place in the mix of motivators. The sharing of a company's profits gives incentive to employees to produce a quality product, perform a quality service, or improve the quality of a process within the company. What benefits the company directly benefits the employee. Monetary and other rewards are being given to employees for

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generating cost-savings or process-improving ideas, to boost productivity and reduce absenteeism. Money is effective when it is directly tied to an employee's ideas or accomplishments.

Nevertheless, if not coupled with other, non-monetary motivators, its motivating effects are short-lived. Study after study has found that the most effective motivators of workers are non-monetary. Monetary systems are insufficient motivators, in part because expectations often exceed results and because disparity4

between salaried individuals may divide rather than unite employees. Proven non-monetary positive motivators foster5 team spirit and include recognition, responsibility, and advancement. Managers who recognize the "small wins" of employees, promote participatory environments, and treat employees with fairness and respect will find their employees to be more highly motivated.

Vocabulary:1.realmn – рамки, область2. enhancementn – улучшение, укрепление3. condensev – сжать, сократить4. disparityn – расхождение5. fosterv – укрепить

Questions:1. What are the benefits of giving employees more responsibility?2. What is a popular and effective way to bring about growth in employee

knowledge and motivation?3. Is money an effective motivator, according to the article?

Writing

Choose one of the following quotations and write a well-organized essay. Remember to express your opinion with reference to the material you have studied.

An employee’s motivation is a direct result of the sum of interactions with his or her manager. Bob Nelson

Setting goals is the first step in turning the invisible into the visible. Tony Robbins

Management is nothing more than motivating other people. Lee Iacocca

Independent Study

Using the Internet resources find additional information on any psychological theory of motivation. Make a presentation and report it to the group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

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Unit 7

PERFORMANCE

Lead-in

1. Share your opinion on the following questions. Listen to your groupmates’ answers as well and be ready to support them or debate.

A. How do you assess your academic performance (or performance at work)? What about other activities (like sports, your hobby, friendship, language classes)? Evaluate your performance in some of these areas and say what improvements you could make.

B. How can performance be assessed? Are there any factors which influence it?

2. Work in pairs to do the task, then report your conclusion to the group.

How do you define success? Which things on this list are important? Discuss, rank the most/ the least important and explain why. What else would you add?

money and wealth family good health appearance job and career personal relationships qualification type of car busy social life how your colleagues view you

Key Vocabulary

Study the following list of vocabulary.

1. overarchingadj всеобъемлющий2. employeeperformance показатели результативности,

результаты работы сотрудника3. cornerstonen ключевой элемент, краеугольный

камень

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4. overalladj общий5. developmethods разрабатывать методы6. consistentadj последовательный, согласованный7. evaluatev оценивать8. determinev определить, выявить9. potentialmanagerialgaps потенциальные управленческие

пробелы, недостатки10. qualityandquantity качество и количество11. setexpectations определить ожидаемые результаты12. monitorv следить, контролировать13. performancemetrics показатели работы14. employeeperformancereviewmethods

методы анализа результатов деятельности сотрудника

15. improvev улучшить16. ensurev обеспечить, убедиться17. meetneeds удовлетворять потребности18. setandachievegoals ставить и достигать цели19. meetdeadlines соблюдать предельные сроки20. apatheticadj равнодушный21. moralen боевой дух22. getaboost расти, получить заряд энергии23. bringdownv вызвать крах, поражение; снизить24. fosterv способствовать25. reward v поощрять, вознаграждать26. high-performing employee лучший сотрудник27. incentive n стимул, мотивация28. group recognition признание коллектива29. on a consistent basis на стабильной основе30. make progress добиться прогресса, делать успехи31. cultivate v культивировать, развивать32. benefitv извлекать пользу33. affect v воздействовать34. the bottom line финальнаяприбыльилиубыток;

окончательныйрезультат35. succeed v преуспеть36. deficiency n недостаток, нeполноценность37. contribution n вклад38. performance appraisal служебная аттестация, оценка

эффективности работы39. feedback n обратная связь40. justify v оправдать, оправдываться41. termination n увольнение, расторжение котракта42. annual and semi-annual ежегодный и полугодовой43. quarterly adj ежеквартальный

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44. award raises and bonuses назначать повышения и надбавки45. allocate v распределять46. accordingly adv соответственно47. shortcoming n недостаток48. assessment n оценка49. rate v оценивать50. peer n коллега51. mediator n посредник52. adversarialadj состязательный53. supervisors and subordinates руководители и подчиненные54. eliminate v исключить55. adoptv принять, придерживаться56. abandon v отказаться от57. overcome v преодолеть58. agree on договориться, согласиться


1. Study the list of your Key Vocabulary and group the following words into five synonymous groups.

overarching evaluate overall succeedrate deficiency appraise bossshortcoming assess supervisor make progressweakness have a success general disadvantage

2. Read the following definitions and guess the words from your Key Vocabulary.

A. a person of thesamelegalstatusB. thechieffoundation on whichsomething is constructed or developedC. a reaction or response to a particularprocess or activityD. the final total of an account or balance sheet; the fundamental and most

important factorE. something thatstimulates or tends to incite to action or greatereffort, as a

reward offeredfor increasedproductivity

Continue playing the game: choose any word or phrase from the list of vocabulary, give its definition. Let your groupmates guess the word.

3. Look through the Key Vocabulary. Can you find any methods to assess an employee’s performance? Do you know anything about them?

Read the following statements and say whether you consider them to be True or False. Then read the text and check.

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A. The performance appraisal is the process of assessing employee performance by way of comparing present performance with already established standards which have been already communicated to employees.

B. Performance appraisals are important because documenting performance provides a basis for pay increases and bonuses.

C. Peer Evaluation or Peer review is a type of performance evaluation that is done by one or more people of matching competencies.

D. The most effective and the only way to evaluate employee performance is to conduct it annually.

E. There are few performance management processes, tools and approaches companies can take to monitor performance and inspire employees.

Reading

1. Read the text and be ready to discuss the statements in task 3 from Pre-reading Activities.

2. Make a conclusion about the importance of assessing performance at work.

There is no general, overarching theory about employee performance. The effectiveness with which organisations manage, develop and stimulate their employees is an important cornerstone for how organisations perform. Business owners need employees that are able to get the job done, because employee performance is critical to the overall success of the company. Business leaders need to understand the key benefits of employee performance so that they can develop consistent and objective methods for evaluating employees. Doing so helps determine strengths, weaknesses and potential managerial gaps in the business organization. Although performance evaluations are never fun, they help business leaders determine performance levels for each employee.

Employee performance involves such factors as quality, quantity and effectiveness of work as well as the behaviors employees show in the workplace. Any business owner has control over setting these expectations and monitoring them regularly. Understanding performance metrics, employee performance review methods and ways to improve performance will help ensure the workforce can meet all business's and customers' needs.

One of the most important factors in employee performance is achieving goals. Successful employees meet deadlines, make sales and build the brand via positive customer interactions. When employees do not perform effectively, consumers feel that the company is apathetic to their needs, and will seek help elsewhere.

When people are doing their jobs effectively, morale in the office gets a boost. Employees who aren't motivated to get the job done as indicated, can bring down an entire department. It is important to foster a positive, energetic work environment and cultivate a positive work environment by rewarding high-performing employees with

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incentives and group recognition during meetings. High-performing offices also attract quality talent in recruiting, because the office feels alive and that it's working toward goals.

Using employee evaluations on a consistent basis helps employees see their growth, so that they can feel good about making progress over time. It also helps them set new goals, keeping the energy in the office high. Rewarding high-performing employees often motivates these employees to exceed their efforts from what it was during the previous period. It's one thing to have effective employees doing a great job; it's better to cultivate that strength so that it grows into something bigger and that benefits the entire department or company. Watching employees grow shows the potential they have for advancement and leadership.

When employees are not performing well, it negatively affects productivity and ultimately, the bottom line. Business owners shouldn’t make the mistake of thinking that poor performance indicates a poor employee. They should look for common trends in which groups of employees are succeeding and where there are deficiencies. Smart managers evaluate the deficiencies to see if it is a talent issue or a management and development issue. This can affect team training strategies, as well as future recruiting strategies.

A regular review of an employee's job performance and overall contribution to a company is a performance appraisal. Also known as an "annual review," "performance review or evaluation," or "employee appraisal," a performance appraisal evaluates an employee’s skills, achievements and growth, or lack thereof. Companies use performance appraisals to give employees big-picture feedback on their work and to justify pay increases and bonuses, as well as termination decisions. They can be conducted at any given time but tend to be annual, semi-annual or quarterly.

Companies have a limited pool of funds from which to award raises andbonuses, that’s why performance appraisals help determine how to allocate those funds. They provide a way for companies to determine which employees have contributed the most to the company’s growth so companies can reward their top-performing employees accordingly.

Performance appraisals also help employees and their managers create a plan for employee development through additional training and increased responsibilities, as well as identify shortcomings the employee could work on to resolve.Ideally, the performance appraisal is not the only time during the year that managers and employees communicate about the employee’s contributions. More frequent conversations help keep everyone on the same page, develop stronger relationships between employees and managers, and make annual reviews less stressful.

Most performance appraisals are top-down, meaning supervisors evaluate their staff. But there are other types:

Self-assessment: Individuals rate their job performance and behavior. Peer evaluation or Peer Review: An individual's work group rates his or her

performance.

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360-degree feedback assessment: Includes input from an individual, their supervisor, peers, and sometimes customers.

Negotiated appraisal: A newer trend, uses a mediator and attempts to moderate the adversarial nature of performance evaluations by allowing the subject to present first. It also focuses on what the individual is doing right before any criticism is given. This structure tends to be useful during conflicts between subordinates and supervisors.There is one more term which many writers and consultants are using

nowadays as a substitution for the traditional appraisal system – Performance Management. Performance management eliminates the need for performance appraisals, employee reviews, and employee evaluations. It is an ongoing process of communication between a supervisor and an employee that occurs throughout the year, in support of achieving the strategic objectives of the organization. This ongoing process is a cycle which includes Planning, Checking-In, and Review. Moreover, there are a number of performance management processes, tools and approaches companies can take to monitor performance and inspire employees. An effective performance management system requires commitment and dedication from not only the human resources department but from managers and employees.

Since 2015, this philosophy of continuous performance management has been adopted by leading organisations such as Microsoft, Deloitte, Adobe and General Electric. All these major names have abandoned traditional once-a-year performance appraisals in favour of regular ‘check-ins’ and frequent feedback. These regular performance discussions are typically developmental and future-focused. They provide an opportunity to explore what has gone well and how success can be replicated again, any challenges being faced and how they may be overcome and agree on actions that both the individual and manager need to take to develop the individual and further improve their performance.

Comprehension Check

1. Read the text once again and provide questions to which the following statements would be the right answers.Add all the necessary information.

A. Because employee performance is critical to the overall success of the company.

B. Yes, they do. It helps determine strengths, weaknesses and potential managerial gaps in the business organization.

C. In this case it negatively affects productivity and ultimately, the bottom line.D. Employees who aren't motivated to get the job done as indicated.E. It is a regular review of an employee's job performance and overall

contribution to a company.F. They can be conducted at any given time but tend to be annual, semi-annual

or quarterly.G.They are called top-down performance appraisals.

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H. It includes input from an individual, their supervisor, peers, and sometimes customers.

I. It tends to be useful during conflicts between subordinates and supervisors.J. They are Planning, Checking-In, and Review.

2. Work with the text. Divide into groups A, B, C and do the following tasks, accordingly.

Group A: Prepare five statements which are not complete for your groupmates to give the best continuation to them.

Group B: Discuss the text and prepare five statements for your groupmates to decide whether they are True or False.

Group C: Discuss and make up five interesting and substantial questions on the text. Let your groupmates answer them.

3. Provide evidence from the text to prove the following statements.

A. Employeeperformance is a key factor that contributes directly to the performance of the company.

B. Usually employee performance measurement is not an easy task and companies need to plan it well in order to execute it well.

C. Performanceappraisal system is a useful management tool which helps to gain feedback, review and estimate whether the performance is effective.

D. Managers perform evaluations to benefit employees, the employer, and the customers.

E. In today’s business world, performance management is an essential part of any business’s strategy.

VocabularyFocus

1. Connect each verb from the column on the left with the proper phrase or the word on the right. Skim the text and say in what connection these collocations are mentioned. Use the vocabulary of the text.

1. use a) consistent and objective methods2. moderate b) performance metrics3. affect c) a positive, energetic work environment4. improve d) performance5. develop e) performance appraisals6. identify f) shortcomings7. abandon g) productivity negatively8. understand h) the adversarial nature of performance evaluations9. foster i) the need for performance appraisals10. eliminate j) traditional performance appraisals

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2. Fill in the gaps with prepositions, if necessary. Using your key vocabulary, discuss what you remember from the text about these ideas.

A. Employee performance is critical … the overall success of the company.B. Performance evaluations help business leaders determine … performance

levels for each employee.C. Business owners should look … common trends … which groups of

employees are succeeding.D. Using employee evaluations … a consistent basis helps employees see their

growth.E. Companies use performance appraisals to give employees big-picture

feedback … their work and to justify … pay increases and bonuses.F. Regular performance discussions provide an opportunity to agree … actions

that both the individual and manager need to take to develop the individual and further improve their performance.

G. More frequent conversations help develop stronger relationships … employees and managers.

H. When employees do not perform effectively, consumers feel that the company is apathetic … their needs.

I.Performance management eliminates the need … performance appraisalsJ. Smart managers evaluate … the deficiencies to see if it is a talent issue or a

management and development issue.

3. Work in pairs. Read the following adjectives. What notions or processes do they describe in the text? Recall the contexts and discuss. Different variants are possible.

A. overarchingB. positiveC. regularD. traditionalE. poorF. frequentG.high-performingH. annualI. poorJ. apathetic

Watching

“Performance Appraisal”

A. Pre-watching

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1. Before watching the video about Performance Appraisal, make sure you understand the following vocabulary.

to empower – give (someone) the authority or power to do somethingto disregard – to pay no attention to a numerical scale – any scale which renders a quantitative symbolization of an

attributeto incorporate – to unite in or as one bodybias – inclination or prejudice for or against one person, group, or idea,

especially in a way considered to be unfair

2. The video you are going to watch is about Performance Appraisal and its types. Look through the list of the vocabulary below and divide it into three groups, according to your opinion:

a) the phrases which describe the types of Performance Appraisalb) the phrases which describe their strengthsc) the phrases which describe their weaknesses

Measure accomplishmentsEstablish objectives clearlyCompare the goal with the final outcomeSimpleClearFunctionalEmpowerDisregardRate an employeeDefine competenciesIncorporate data from different sourcesProvide a multidimensional picturePaint an accurate picture of strengths and weaknessesTreat fairly

B. First Watching

Watch the video “Performance Appraisal” on YouTube or follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcGhX7Htk9U&feature=youtu.be and complete the following sentences.

A. A performance appraisal is also sometimes called ...B. With its help an employee's performance is ..., and strengths and weaknesses

are ... so that ...

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C. New types of reviews are used not only for raises, promotions or bonuses, but for an employee's ...

D. New types include ...E. The first method is simple, clear, and … , but it ... non-goal related ...F. The most common review type is ...G. Using this method a supervisor ...H. The disadvantage of this method is ...I. The newest method incorporates data from ...J. To make you performance appraisal reviews as productive as possible,

remember to follow these steps: ...

C. Second Watching

Watch the video once again and complete the following table. Then discuss it with the group. Check if your decision was right in task 2 Pre-watching.

Types of Performance Appraisal

Advantages Disadvantages

C. Follow-up Activity

1. Discuss whether there are any other strengths and weaknesses of each type of Performance Appraisal.

2. Read the following performance review example questions, do not read possible answers! Try to guess what kind of answers will be considered as “good” or “bad” ones. In what way should one be prepared to have a success? As soon as you’ve formed an opinion, read the possible ways to answer, say if you consider these ideas to be “good” or “bad”.

1. What was your greatest accomplishment at work?You should give an example of a true work accomplishment, extra-points for showing

leadership and acting collaboratively.

2. What do you hope to accomplish over the coming year?A detailed list of goals should be given.

3. What position at the company do you want to move to next?You should be ambitious and demonstrate a clear understanding of department’s hierarchy.

4. Where do you feel there’s room for you to improve?You should refuse to acknowledge your weaknesses.

5. Where has management helped and hindered your work?94

You shouldn’t respond honestly or you should make up some facts.

If you’re interested in the right way to answer such questions, follow the link https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/the-10-best-performance-review-questions-with-examples to read the article “The 10 Best Performance Review Questions”.

3. Make a conclusion on the importance of the employee performance review. Let your groupmates ask you questions, if there are any.

Talking Points

1. Imagine that you have to deliver a lecture on Employee Performance and different methods to evaluate it. Prepare a well-structured and inspiring speech, using the information you’ve learned from the text and the video. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions.

2. Match the two halves of these quotations. Discuss the quotes with reference to the material you’ve studied.

Always treat your employees exactly as you

train them and back them.

Appreciate everything your associates give them the energy to go get the job done.

Trust gives you the permission to give people direction, get everyone aligned, and

be a year-round process with no end.

Your performance depends on your people. Select the best,

do for the business.

To be effective and yield results for your business, performance management must

want them to treat your best customers.

Browse the internet to find the authors of these quotes. What have you learned about these people and their views?

3. Work in groups of 3-4 and prepare a scenario for an annual employee performance review. Choose any method, formulate questions and think over the answers. If you need, use the internet resources. Role-play the situations and discuss with your groupmates how successful your “employees” were during the given period.

Summary Points

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Read the text and make a summary. Be ready to answer the questions after the text.

Performance Review Tips That Actually Improve Employee Performance

The best employee performance reviews are positive experiences that motivate and drive high performance. But creating that kind of experience is easier said than done for most managers.

Performance management is rapidly evolving. Although the traditional, annual review is still useful, it's not enough to keep up with the modern workplace.

The first step toward better performance reviews is to start with a coaching1mindset. Many managers are used to acting as judges or evaluators — but this isn't the most effective approach. If you come into a performance conversation with the mindset of a judge, your employee is going to feel like they are on trial2.

Show your employee that you're on the same team, and that you want to help them improve.Your goal should be to help employees — and ultimately your organization — win.

When managers and employees only converse about performance once a year, there's room for a lot of suspense and anxiety3. These conversations tend to feel awkward because they are less practiced. They also tend to focus on past performance, missing the opportunity to focus on future results.

Ongoing performance conversations shift the focus forward. Managers work on improving current and future performance. They can coach, motivate, modify behaviors, adjust goals, and recognize employees in real-time. This creates a more positive experience for managersandemployees. It reduces the tendency for unnecessary anxiety and uncertainty to arise.

Theannual performance reviewstill has a place — but you need to supplement it with ongoing performance conversations. The best practice is to have these conversations throughout the year, at least quarterly. Monthly one-on-one conversations are even better!

Managers aren’t the only ones with visibility to employees’ work. In fact, a lot of employees’ everyday work might be more visible to their peers than their managers. To get a more complete picture of employee performance, ask others for feedback as part of the performance review process.

Incorporating 360-degree feedback into a review ensures it won’t be one-sided. This benefits the employee and the manager. Feedback can shed light on4 certain aspects of an employee's performance that their manager might not have been aware of. It can also uncover themes and provide strong evidence for the impact of an employee's performance.

No one wants to walk into an important conversation blindly. Having to answer questions or discuss topics you're not prepared for can be stressful. Set everyone up for a more effective performance conversation by allowing time forpreparation. By sharing notes ahead of time, you both can enter the meeting on the same page and make the most of your time together. Consider including:

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Topics or events you want to discuss Data points you want to review Questions you want to answer Anything else relevant to the employee's performance

These are only several tips on how to improve your employee performance and demonstrate you invest in employees’ continued growth and development. Remember that employee performance is unlikely to improve if it is only discussed once per year. Be intentional. Set the tone that employee coaching will happen throughout the year by scheduling the next conversation.

Vocabulary:1. a coach – наставник, тренер2. on trial – передсудом3. anxiety – тревога4. shedlighton – пролитьсветна

Questions:1. What is the first step toward better performance reviews?2. What does “a coaching mindset” mean in the text?3. Is it effective to conduct a performance review once a year?4. What are the advantages of ongoing performance conversations?5. In what way can 360-degree feedback benefit?

Writing

Use any resources to find a quotation which resonates with your view on employee performance and write a well-organized essay. Express your opinion. Remember to use the information you’ve discussed in this unit.

Independent Study

Study different employee performance review examples on the Internet. Write a short report on your own approach (as a future boss of your company) to appraisal of your subordinates.

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Unit 8

COMMUNICATION

Lead-in


A. Why is communication considered to be a vital form of human interactions?B. What do you think helps peoplebegood atcommunication? Which of the

following qualities do you find to be the most/ least important? Give sound reasons for your choice.

being open-minded and friendly; being assertive; being attentive; being logical, rational, and analytical; being authoritarian; being persuasive; having good listening skills; being educated; beingquick-tempered.C. What advice would you give to your friend who would like to improve his/

her communication skills?

2. Since you have chosen management as your future career, prove that for a manager, as an individual who must work with others to achieve organizational objectives, the ability to communicate is crucial.

Key Vocabulary


1. deal with разобратьсяс, иметь дело с, рассматривать2. interactionn взаимодействие, сотрудничество, общение3. interpersonal adj межличностный4. communicator n собеседник5. feedbackn отзыв, обратная связь6. transmit information передавать информацию7. source/sender n источник/отправитель8. encode v закодировать

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9. decoder/receiver n декодер, дешифратор/получатель10. determine the meaning определить значение, смысл11. convert v преобразовать, превратить12. respond accordingly реагировать соответствующим образом13. assign v назначить, поручить, возложить14. assignment n задание, задача, поручение15. ascertain v установить, выяснить, определить16. conversely adv и наоборот, с другой стороны, и напротив17. intend v намереваться, собираться18. probability n вероятность, шанс19. interpret v толковать, интерпретировать, понимать20. overload v перегружать21. communication network коммуникационная сеть22. distort v искажать, деформировать23. be confronted with сталкиваться с24. emphasize v подчёркивать, уделять особое внимание, делать

акцент25. lessen v уменьшить, снизить26. furnish v предоставлять, снабжать27. intricacies n сложности, тонкости28. (in)appropriate adj (не) соответствующий, (не) надлежащий, (не)

подходящий29. conclude v констатировать, сделать заключение30. assume v полагать, предполагать31. encourage v поощрять, способствовать, содействовать32. relevant adj соответствующий, релевантный, уместный33. perceive v воспринимать34. failure n неспособность, неудача, провал35. constitute v являться, представлять собой, составлять36. clarify v уточнить, разъяснить, прояснить37. adhere to придерживаться, соблюдать, выполнять38. commandment n заповедь39. obtain v получить, приобрести40. intent n смысл, замысел41. convey v передать, выразить42. setting n обстановка, условия43. circumstance n обстоятельство44. render a decision вынести решение45. pervade v пронизывать, наполнять, проникать46. conform to соответствовать, отвечать чему-либо47. insight n понимание, анализ, суть48. be mindful учитывать, внимательно относиться49. receptiveness n восприимчивость, готовность учесть50. overlook v игнорировать, недооценивать, оставлять без

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внимания51. subtlety n тонкость52. shade of meaning оттенок значения, смысла53. consideration n рассмотрение, учёт, изучение54. responsive adj чутко, оперативно реагирующий55. consistent adj последовательный56. shortcoming n недостаток57. loyal adj верный, преданный, лояльный58. postpone v отложить, перенести, отсрочить59. persuasive adj убедительный60. contradict v противоречить, опровергать61. discount v (зд.) сбрасывать со счетов62. by no means least не менее важный63. cease v прекратить, перестать64. attune to прислушиваться, приспосабливаться к

кому/чему-либо65. neglect v пренебрегать, игнорировать66. explicit / implicit meaning чёткий, прямой/имплицитный, косвенный

смысл67. undertone n подтекст

Pre-readingActivities

1. Complete the chart. Use a list of Key Vocabulary and a dictionary if necessary.

Verb Nounencourageperceiveinterpretinteractadheredeterminedistortemphasizeconcludeassume

2. Use the adjectives from a list of Key Vocabulary to make up sentences about the qualities which are necessary for a manager to be good at communicating with colleagues and subordinates. You may also use the words and collocations from Task 1B (Section Lead-in).

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3. Using Key Vocabulary express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements. Support your opinions with sound arguments.

A. Communication is a skill most responsible for management success.B. There are no barriers which distort effective communication between a

manager and his/ her subordinates.C. Feedback isn’t important for successful interactions.D. Managers’ actions speak louder than their oratory skills.E. Listening is one of the most important skills in business communication.

Reading

Read the text and compare your answers in Task 3 with the information from the text. Be ready to speak about communication as a vital form of human interactions and barriers whichdistort communication. Focus your attention on the basic elements of interpersonal communication.

Since ancient times the ability to communicate well has always given advantages to those who possess it. The ancient world depended on oral communication. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was necessary to communicate when dealing with matters inthe courtsand assemblies. During the Medieval and Renaissance Periods, the oral tradition progressed. As writing became more important as a permanent record of communication, authors and books on written communication principles appeared.

Nowadays communication is a vital form of human interactions. It is the process of sharing information with other individuals. Since communication is a commonly used management skill and ability and is often regarded as the skill most responsible for management success, prospectivemanagers must learn how to communicate. To help managers becomebetter interpersonal communicators, new training techniques are constantly being developed and evaluated.

Communication activities of managers generally involve interpersonal communication – sharing information with other organization members.To be a successful interpersonal communicator, a manager must understand the following:

how interpersonal communication works; the relationship between feedback and interpersonal communication; theimportance of both verbal and nonverbal interpersonal

communication.To understand how interpersonal communication works it’s necessary to take

into account that it is the process of transmitting information to others. To be complete, the process must have the following basic elements:

the source/sender – it is the person in the interpersonal communication situation who originates and encodes information to be shared with others.

Encoding is putting information into a form that can be received and understood by another individual. Until information is encoded, it cannot be shared with others.

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the signal – it is a message that has been transmitted from one person to another.

the decoder/receiver – it is the person or persons with whom the source is attempting to share information. This person receives the signal and decodes, or interprets the message to determine its meaning. Decoding is the process of converting messages back into information. In all interpersonal communication situations the message meaning is a result of decoding.

In other words, the source determines whatinformation to share, encodes this information in the form of a message, and then transmits the message as a signal to the decoder. The decoder decodes the transmitted message to determine its meaningand then responds accordingly.

A manager who desires to assign the performance of a certain task to a subordinate woulduse the communication process in the following way: first, the manager would determineexactly what task he or she wanted the subordinate to perform. Then the manager wouldencode and transmit a message to the subordinate that would accurately reflect this assignment. Finally, the subordinate would decode the message transmittedby the manager to ascertain its meaning and then respond to it appropriately.

Successful communication refers to an interpersonal communication situation in which the information that the source intends to share with the decoder and the meaning the decoder derives from the transmitted message are the same. Conversely, unsuccessful communicationis aninterpersonal communication situation in which the information that the source intends to share with the decoder and the meaning the decoder derives from the transmitted message are different.

To increase the probability that communication will be successful, the message must be encoded in such a way that the source’s experience of the way a signal should be decoded is equivalent to the decoder’sexperience of the way it should be decoded. If this experience matches up, there is a high probability that the decoder will interpret the signal as intended by the source.

Unfortunately, there arecertain barriers which decrease theprobability that communication will be successful. A clearunderstanding of these barriers will help managers maximize their communication success. These barriers are the following:

1. The increasing need for information.Because of the fact that society is changing constantly and rapidly, individuals

have a greater and greater need for information.This growing need tends to overload communicationnetworks, thereby distortingcommunication.To minimize the effects of this barrier, managers should take steps to ensure that organization members are not overloaded with information.Only information critical to the performance of their jobs should be transmitted to them.

2. The need for increasingly complex information.Because of today’s rapid technologicaladvances, most people are confronted

with complex communication situations intheir everyday lives. If managers take steps to emphasize simplicity in communication, theeffects of this barrier can be lessened.

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Furnishing organization members with adequate trainingto deal with more technical areas is another strategy for overcoming this barrier.

3. The constant need to learn new concepts cuts down on the time available forcommunication. A lot of managers feel pressured to learn new and important concepts thatthey

did not have to know in the past. Learning about the intricacies of international business, for example, takes up significant amounts of managerial time. Some managersalso find that the increased demands that training employees makes on their time leavesthem with less time for communicating with other organization members.

Specialists in the sphere of interpersonal communication emphasize the role of feedback. According to its definition, feedbackis the decoder’s reactionto a message. Feedback can be used by the source to ensure successful communication. For example, if the decoder’s message reaction is inappropriate, the source can conclude that communicationwas unsuccessful and that another message should be transmitted. If the decoder’s message reactionis appropriate, the source can conclude that communication was successful (assuming, of course, thatthe appropriate reaction did not happen merely by chance). Because of its potentially high value,managers should encourage feedback whenever possible and evaluate it carefully.

On the whole, feedback can be verbal and nonverbal. To gatherverbal feedback, the source can simply ask the decoder relevant message-related questions; the decoder’s answers should indicate whether the message was perceived as intended. To gathernonverbal feedback, the source can observe the decoder’s nonverbal response to a message. Imagine that a manager hastransmitted a message to a subordinate specifyingnew steps that must be taken in thenormal performance of the subordinate’s job.The subordinate’s failure to follow the steps accuratelyconstitutes nonverbal feedback telling the manager that the initial message needs to be clarified.

If managers discover that their communication effectiveness is relatively low over an extendedperiod of time, they should assess the situation to determine how to improve their communicationskills. It may be that their vocabulary is confusing to their decoders.

In general, managers can improve theircommunication skills by adhering to the following “10 commandments of good communication” as closely as possible.

1. Seek to clarify your ideas before communicating.The more systematically youanalyze the problem or idea to be communicated,

the clearer it becomes.This is the first steptoward effective communication. Many communications fail because of their inadequate planning. Good planning must consider the goals and attitudes of those who will receive the communication and who will be affected by it.

2. Examine the true purpose of eachcommunication.Before you communicate, ask yourselfwhat you really want to accomplish with

your message: obtaininformation, initiate action or change another person’s attitude.Identify your most important goal and then adapt your language,tone, and total approach to serve that specific objective. Don’t try to accomplish too much

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witheach communication. The sharperthe focus of your message, thegreater its chances of success.

3. Consider the total physical and human setting whenever you communicate.Meaning and intent are conveyed by more than words alone. Many other

factors influence the overall impact of communication, and managers must be sensitive to the total setting in whichthey communicate. Consider, for example, your sense of timing, or the circumstances underwhich you make an announcement or render a decision; the physical setting; the social climate that pervades work relationshipswithin your company or department and sets the tone of its communications; the degree to which your communication conforms to, or departs from,the expectations of your audience. Be constantly aware of the total setting in which you communicate.Like all living things, communication must be capable of adapting to its environment.

4. Consult with others, when appropriate, in planning communications. Frequently, it is necessary to seek the participation of others in planning communication orin developing the facts on which to base communication. Such consultation often lendsadditional insight and objectivity to your message. Moreover, those who have helped you planyour communication will give it their active support.

5. Bemindful of the overtones while you communicate rather than merely thebasiccontent of your message.Your tone of voice, your expression, your apparentreceptiveness to the

responses of others – all have a significant effect on those you wish toreach. Frequently overlooked, these subtleties of communication often affect a listener’sreaction to a message even more than its basic content. Similarly, your choice of language – particularlyyour awareness of the fine shades of meaning and emotion in the words youuse – predetermines the reactions of your listeners.

6. Take the opportunity, when it arises, to convey something of help or value tothereceiver. Consideration of the other person’s interests and needs – trying to look at

thingsfrom the other person’s point of view – frequently points out opportunities to conveysomething of immediate benefit or long-range value to the other person. Subordinates aremost responsive to managers whose messages take the subordinates’ interests into account.

7. Follow up your communication. Your best efforts at communication may be wasted, and youmay never

knowwhether you have succeeded in expressing your true meaning and intent, if you don’t follow up and evaluate how well your message was received.You can do this by asking questions,byencouraging the receiver to express his or her reactions, by following up on contacts, andby subsequently reviewing the performance.

8. Communicate for tomorrow as well as today.Even though communicationsmay be aimed primarily at meeting the demands

of an immediatesituation, they must be planned with the past in mind if they are to beviewed as consistent by the receiver. Most importantly, however, communicationsmust be consistent with long-range interests and goals. For example,

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it is not easy to communicate frankly on such matters as poor performance or shortcomings of a loyal subordinate, but postponingdisagreeablecommunications makes these matters more difficult inthe long run and is actually unfair to your subordinates and your company.

9. Besure your actions support your communications.In the final analysis, the most persuasivekind of communication is not what

you say, but what you do.When your actions or attitudescontradict your words, others tend to discount what you have said. For every manager,good supervisory practices – such as clear assignment of responsibility and authority, fair rewards foreffort, and sound policy enforcement – communicate more than all the gifts of oratory.

10. Last, but by no means least, seek not only to be understood, but also tounderstand and be a good listener.When you start talking, you often cease to listen, orat least to be attuned to the

other person’s unspoken reactions and attitudes. Even moreserious is the occasional inattentiveness you may be guilty of when others are attempting to communicatewith you. Listening is one of the most important, most difficult, and mostneglected skills in communication. It demands that you concentrate, not only on the explicitmeanings another person is expressing, but also on the implicit meanings, unspoken words,and undertones that may be far more significant.

Comprehension Check

1. Explain in your words what exactly the following statements from Reading mean.

A. Since ancient times the ability to communicate well has always given advantages to those who possess it.

B. Prospectivemanagers must learn how to communicate.C. A clear understanding of barriers in communication will help managers

maximize their communication success.D. The growing need for information tends to overload

communicationnetworks, thereby distortingcommunication.E. Specialists in the sphere of interpersonal communication emphasize the role

of feedback.

2. Correct the following statements with reference to Reading.

A. The process of interpersonal communication has 3 basic elements: the source/ sender, the decoder and the receiver.

B. Unsuccessful communication is an interpersonal communication situation in which the information that the source intends to share with the decoder and the meaning the decoder derives from the transmitted message are the same.

C. Learning about simplicity in communication takes up significant amounts of managerial time.

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D. Feedback can be used by the signal to ensure successful communication.E. Feedback can be just verbal.F. The more systematically a manager analyses the problem or idea to be

communicated, the less clear it becomes.G. Meaning and intent are conveyed by words alone.H. Like all living things, communication must be capable of adapting to the

decoder.I. Those who have helped you plan your communication will discourage it.J. Managers are most responsive to subordinates whose messages take the

managers’ interests into account.

3. Taking into account the information about 10 commandments of good communication, fill in the following table. Get ready to summarizethe relevant passage basing on the information from the table. Mind using proper phraseology while summarizing.

Commandment Brief description of its importance and necessity

Vocabulary Focus


A. undertone, shade, subtext, senseB. explicit, definite, implicit, exactC. overcome, ignore, overlook, neglectD. understanding, insight, comprehension, meaningE. comprehend, receive, perceive, understandF. interaction, connection, international, interrelationG. feedback, reaction, response, responsibilityH. find out, determine, look, ascertainI. system, complexity, network, complexJ. interpret, exclaim, explain, clarify

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2. Using Key Vocabulary and Reading translate the fragments in brackets into English. Then in pairs expand the statements and share your ideas with the rest of the group.

A. The ability of the organization to communicate is usually taken for granted until some embarrassing breakdown or costly (неудача, провал)occurs.

B. When the transmitter attempts to (разъяснить)confused ideas, he or she should keep off long-winded explanations.

C. Since the majority of human beings have their own world outlook, they tend to (интерпретировать) the words of others according to their views and interests.

D. If we are unable to put into words some of the most important parts of communication, we should (передать, выразить) them by gestures and movement.

E. Power and authority create (барьеры)in communication.F. Modern managers are beginning to recognize that communication is an

extremely (тонкая)and surprisingly complex activity.G. If the executive wants to reach out to the subordinate, to enlist support or

show (поощрение), the meeting should be held in the subordinate’s office.H. If the executive wants to (подчеркнуть, сделатьакцентна) his or her

position of supremacy, the meeting should be held in the executive’s office. I. Effective(межличностное)communication is a vital part of quality

management and is based on a number of interrelated skills that can be improved through diligent practice.

J. Communication (пронизывает, наполняет)the management functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling.

3. Findthe words in Key Vocabulary which match the definitions below (A-J). Then use these words to complete the sentences (1-10).

A. To adjust or accustom to a person or thing.B. To say or suggest that something is wrong by saying something different.C. To delay something or arrange for something to take place at a later time

than was originally planned.D. Someone or something that is likely to make a person believe or do a

particular thing.E.Giving or showing firm and constant support to a person or institution.F. Not to pay proper attention to; disregard.G. Acting in the same way over time, especially so as to be fair or accurate.H. A fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action.I. Believe in something and follow the practices of something. J. Information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task,

etc. which is used as a basis for improvement.

1. Strategic aims and … have traditionally dictated campaign concepts.

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2. The report of the Special Representative contained a(n) … analysis of the broad contextual factors framing the issue of human rights and business.

3. Unfortunately, some states still … women’s economic, social and cultural rights.

4. In addition, users can attract and retain more … customers and reduce operating costs.

5. The local authorities should exercise their duties in a fair and … way.6. The Civil Code was applied but it must be interpreted in accordance with the

Constitution and cannot … general principles of law.7. Individuals want to get … on their performance and it is also crucial to their

self-development.8. As competition for the most educated and skilled individuals grows, nations

and firms will have to … their demands.9. It was important to … the best practices and follow the highest international

standards.10. We can no longer … the task of reforming the institutions responsible for

global economic and financial governance.


prospective managers verbal/nonverbal communication successful communication to overload communication networks to emphasize simplicity in communication to improve communication skills to adapt communication to its environment subtleties of communication a loyal subordinate explicit/implicit meanings

Watching

“7 Body Language Tricks to Ace Your Job Interview”

A. Pre-watching


1. interview/interviewer/interviewee n2. be rejected 3. facial expression

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4. gesture n5. posture n6. fold arms 7. slouch in a chair 8. keep the body open 9. be calm and relaxed 10. breathv11. touch a nose, a mouth, an ear12. clasp hands 13. be self-confident 14. mirror the interviewer15. feel at ease 16. look into eyes17. а panel interview 18. avoidv19. honesty/dishonestyn20. a firm/weak handshake21.show dominance/confidence22. neverthelessadv

2. Translate the sentences into English. Mind the vocabulary from Task 1.

A. На семинаре по деловому общению мы обсуждали многие насущные вопросы, в том числе и то, насколько важно чувствовать себя комфортно во время собеседования при устройстве на работу.

B. Психологи советуют интервьюерам обращать внимание на мимику и жесты собеседника.

C. Работодатели этой компании делают всё возможное, чтобы сотрудники чувствовали себя независимыми и уверенными в себе.

D. Честно говоря, я бы предпочёл групповое собеседование при устройстве на работу.

E. ВовремясобеседованияпостарайтесьизбегатьнеудобныхдляВасвопросов.

3.Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statement. Give arguments supporting your point of view. Take into account the vocabulary from Task 1.

Effective nonverbal communication can ace your job interview.

B. First Watching

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Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tu7BpaBCQAor find the video “7 Body Language Tricks to Ace Your Job Interview” on YouTube and watch it to answer the following questions.

A. What do the following figures refer to? 7 38 55B. What 7 tips on body language are given by the speaker?

C. Second Watching

Watch the video once again and expand each tip by giving information from the video episode. Take into account the vocabulary from Pre-watching.


1. What other body language tips would you add from your own part?

2. Imagine you’re a management theorist on communications. Deliver a lecture on the topic “Body Language Tips to Impress at Your Job Interview”.

Talking Points

1. React to the quotations by explaining what they mean and showing their relevance and connection to modern times. Take into account the information from Reading.Mind the given instructions.

A. Communication is the key to personal and career success.Paul J. Meyer

Instructions for making comments

Stress the importance of communication skills for moving up the career ladder. Try to use the following linkers:furthermore, in addition, on the other hand, besides, at the same time, however.

B. The most important thing in communication is hearing what isn’t said.

Peter Drucker


Stress the importance of the ability “to read between lines”. Mention the role of body language in building effective business communication. Try to use the

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following linkers:what is more, nevertheless, on the contrary, though, consequently, for example.

C. Communication must be HOT. That is Honest, Open, and Two-way.

Dan Oswald


Explain, how you understand such characteristics of communication as honest, open, and two-way. Give some other typical characteristics of business communication. Try to use the following linkers:so, thus, to begin with, in conclusion, first, in other words.

2. There are certain factors which influence the efficiency of communication. In pairs or small groups discuss the effect which the factors mentioned below may have on organizational communication. Present your discussion to the whole group.

listening and speaking skills the number of people working in the organization education differences in the status management styles body language human emotions

3. Role-play the following situation.

Representatives of different companieshave gathered to discuss one of the hottest issues which distorts effective communication – the issue of information overload (infoglut). The task of all involved is to express their opinions on the issue under discussion and to offer possible ways of coping with information overload (infoglut).

Possible roles:

the chairperson (is to make an introductory speech, hold the discussion, give the floor, ask questions, etc.);

a manager; a secretary; the chief accountant; the chief of the HR Department; the CEO; the chief of the PR Department; the chief of the Innovative Department;

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a bank clerk.

You are welcome to add any other roles if you wish. While making up your speeches, use appropriate connectives and the vocabulary from the text.

Summary Points


Coping with Infoglut

If it isn’t announced by a ring, beep, or flash, on your telephone it’s delivered to your front desk by a person in a uniform. If it isn’t spat out by a machine that looks like a printer but takes phone calls, it’s transmitted to your PC, announced perhaps by a little toot of arrival. Welcome to the Age of Infoglut. Every day, managers are deluged1 with emails, faxes, post, voicemail. Just sorting everything out adds hours and extra stress to a working week. One British psychologist claims to have identified a new mental disorder caused by too much information; he calls it Information Fatigue Syndrome2.

Of course, companies have a huge appetite for information, and have encouraged the development of systems to produce, store, and analyze it. A recent study by Pitney Bowes, in Stamford, Connecticut, found that the average white-collar worker at a Fortune 1000 company sends and receives an average of 190 messages a day, in a variety of electronic and paper formats. “It has become completely overwhelming3,” says Sheryl Battles, executive director of external affairs at Pitney Bowes. She reported that trying to manage the volume of information was redefining productivity in the workplace. In a knowledge economy4, the real goal is to get through all the messages. “The infoglut has especially affected senior-level executives,’ adds Battles. More than ever, managers need strategies for identifying and prioritizing.

Email is a primary culprit5. In the past, lower-level workers would never have dreamed of interrupting the Chief Finance Officer with simple questions, such as whether hotel movies can be expensed. “Today, however, those workers have no problem asking such questions via email, which is seen as less intrusive6,” says Battles. It should be noted, however, that some executives have turned email to their advantage, finding in the medium a new and convenient way of running a business. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, for instance, reportedly spends hours a day reading and sending email.

The study also identified something Pitney Bowes calls messaging meltdown. That’s when people try to reinforce their messages with other messages. For example, they might leave you a voicemail message that they are faxing a report. In addition, they might also send the report via email. Then, they might make a follow-up phone call to make sure you received the fax and the email.

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Arlen Henock, chief tax counsel at Pitney Bowes, didn’t need a survey to find out which way the data is flowing. He said that there had been a significant increase over the last few years in his office. He also admitted that dealing with the flow has crept into his personal time. “Each night I take home my faxes and other paperwork,” says Henock. During a typical workday Henock is a self-admitted information junkie7. He gets up at 6 am and, over breakfast, finishes reading any paperwork left over from the night before. On the way to work he checks his voicemail with his car cell phone and responds to any messages that need immediate attention. “Although I check my voicemail before I leave for home (typically at 7.30 pm), there are usually new messages in the morning,” he says. Europe, after all, has been up for hours.

Vocabulary:1. bedelugedwithinformation – иметьмногоинформации, быть

«заваленным» информацией2. fatiguesyndrome – синдромусталости3. overwhelmingadj – подавляющий; огромный4. knowledgeeconomy – экономика знаний, экономика, основанная на

знаниях5. culpritn – виновник, виновный6. intrusiveadj – навязчивый, интрузивный7. junkie n – наркоман

Questions:1. Why, according to §1, can we say now “Welcome to the Age of Infoglut”?2. What facts did the study by Petney Bowes reveal?3. How did some executives manage to turn email to their advantage?4. What does the term “messaging meltdown” mean?5. What is a typical day in the life of an information junkie like?

Writing


1. My own ways of solving communication problems.2. Possible keys to successful interpersonal communication.3. The role of communication for modern companies.

Independent Study

Using the Internet resources find proper information on nonverbal communication and its role in making effective business contacts. Prepare a report or presentation on the topic “The role of nonverbal communication for business

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success.” Present it to your group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

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Unit 9

LEADERSHIP

Lead-in

1. Discuss the following questions.

A. Can you name any great leaders from different areas: politics, sport, business? Who do you admire most/ least? Why?

B. Is there any difference between a good manager and a good leader? Is a good manager automatically a good leader?

2. Brainstorm the following questions in pairs or small groups. Make two lists of ideas, and then compare and discuss them.

A. What characteristics or qualities are common to all leaders? B. What makes a great leader?

Key Vocabulary


1. set and achieve goals ставить и достигать цели2. take action предпринимать действия3. swift adj быстрый4. outperformv превзойти, опередить5. performv работать, выполнять6. supervisingn контроль, наблюдение7. completion n завершение, выполнение задания8. Chief Executive Officer президент и главный исполнительный

директор, генеральный директор9. Chief Operating Officer главный операционный директор;

исполнительный директор10. Chief Financial Officer финансовый директор11. Chairman председатель, руководитель, глава12. integrityn порядочность, честность13. crucialadj критически важный14.vision n дальновидность, видение целей15. enrollv зачислять, привлекать16. think outside the box мыслить нестандартно

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17. head v направляться, идти18. roadblockn зд.: препятствие19. encounter v сталкиваться, встречаться20. be capable of быть способным21. correlate v cоотноситься22. distinctiveadj отличительный, характерный23. mentorn наставник, инструктор24. in-depthadj глубокий, детальный25. autocraticadj авторитарный, автократический26. prompt adj своевременный, быстрый27. feedbackn обратная связь, отклик28. loyalty n преданность29. commitment n заинтересованность, приверженность30. laissez-fairen невмешательство31. lack v испытывать нехватку32. inspiring adj вдохновляющий, воодушевляющий33. dedicated adj самоотверженный, преданный34. ensure v гарантировать, удостовериться35. hands-on adj принимающий активное участие,

вовлеченный в процесс36. collaborative adj коллективный, совместный37. nimble adj гибкий, быстрый38. consistent adj согласованный, последовательный39. provide incentive служить стимулом40. drive results стимулировать достижение результатов


1.Consult a dictionary or your teacher to pronounce these words correctly. Practice reading them aloud in class.

Completion, collaborative, laissez-faire, autocratic, inspiring, financial, supervising, an incentive, distinctive.

Can you think of any phrases with these words?

E.g.: financial operations, an inspiring goal, …

2. Use a dictionaryand Key Vocabulary section to fill in the derivatives of the words given in the chart below. Note that some boxes will not be filled.

Noun Verb Adjectiveparticipant

collaborate

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inspiring, inspirationalencouragement

supervisecompletion

challengeautocracy

dedicatedloyalty

3. Look through the words in the Key Vocabulary and Pre-reading Activities once again and find the adjectives that characterize different types of leaders. Draw the spidergram. How many adjectives have you found? Can you divide them into positive and negative traits? Are there any other adjectives you can addto this list?

encouraging

LEADER

Reading

Read the text and complete the following plan.

I. Leadership as a concept.II. …………III. Leadership styles.IV. …………

Leadership is the ability of a company's management to set and achieve challenging goals, take swift and decisive action, outperformthe competition, and inspire others to perform well. In other words, leaders provide direction for a company. Leadership involves showing workers how to effectively perform their responsibilities and regular supervising the completion of their tasks. Leadership is also about setting a positive example for staff to follow, by being excited about the work, being motivated to learn new things, and helping out as needed in both individual and team activities.

Individuals with strong leadership skills in the business world often rise to executive positions such as CEO (Chief Executive Officer), COO (Chief Operating Officer), CFO (Chief Financial Officer), President and Chairman.

People often mistake leadership and management as the same thing but in essence, they are very different. The main difference between the two is that leaders

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have people that follow them, while managers have people who simply work for them. In order to be successful a business owner needs to be both a strong leader and manager. Leadership is about getting people to understand and believe in your vision and to work with you to achieve your goals while managing is more about administering and making sure the day-to-day things are happening as they should.

While there are many traits that make up a strong leader, some of the key characteristics are:

Honesty and Integrity: they are crucial to get your people to believe you Vision: know where you are, where you want to go and enroll your team in

charting a path for the futureInspiration: inspire your team to be all they can by making sure they understand

their role in the bigger pictureAbility to Challenge: do not be afraid to do things differently and have the

courage to think outside the boxCommunication Skills: keep your team informed of the journey, where you are,

where you are heading and share any roadblocks you may encounter along the waySome of the common traits shared by strong managers are:Being able to take a strategic vision Ability to direct and establish work rules, processes and standards Being people-focused: look after your people, their needs, listen to them and involve themEffective leaders have a style or a combination of multiple styles that make

them successful in guiding and inspiring employees. Successful leaders are capable of driving creativity and productivity. Being an effective leader does not always correlate with being a well-liked person, however. Some leaders are loved by their employees, while others are not highly regarded on a personal level, but remain great at moving the business in a positive direction through distinctive leadership styles. Many leaders are ineffective, and use leadership styles that do not correlate well with their industry or with the people they are attempting to lead.

Leadership styles often correlate closely with personality type. Influence from previous mentors will also influence a person's ability and style to guide and direct a group of individuals. Labeling leadership styles is a general practice, but each leader will have a more in-depth, detailed orientation in the leader's approach to managing, inspiring and driving results within his organization.

Autocratic LeadershipThis aggressive leadership style is based on control. The autocrat is rarely well-

liked, and an autocratic leader uses a militant-like style. The autocrat gives orders and expects prompt execution, with little or no feedback from the worker. The autocrat pushes employees hard; often, he does not get loyalty and long-term commitments in return. High turnover and low satisfaction is expected in response to this leadership style.

Laissez-Faire LeadershipThe complete opposite of autocratic leadership is Laissez-Faire, which means

“do as you will or choose” in French. The style has some major benefits in creative

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environments, but it also lacks discipline and structure that is often required in a business environment. Another weakness is the unstructured approach to learning. It relies heavily on talent, existing experience and creativity to drive results. It can work when the employee already has a motive to put in the effort.

Transformative LeadershipTransformative Leadership encourages employees to think critically and the

leaders are often inspiring. The leaders have a big vision, they are charismatic and motivating. The big picture approach, however, does not cover the day-to-day details. A Transformative leader will require dedicated managers that have a more detailed approach, to ensure that administrative tasks and daily processes are in place. The Transformative leader is common in big business, where the CEO is a visionary with a large audience that's receptive to innovative thinking.

Hands-On, Participant Leadership StyleThe Participant leadership style is collaborative, and takes an employee opinion

and input into account during the decision-making process. This brings all of the best ideas to the table and puts the leader in a co-worker type of role that's often respected by the employees. While the participant style is a very effective leadership approach, it does not happen quickly. Sometimes, a nimble decision-making process is required to move forward. Ultimately, the decision is likely thorough and well-considered, but not necessarily timely.

Transactional LeadershipThis is a straightforward leadership style with a focus on work, reward and

processes that drive consistent results. While Transactional leaders tend to lack the charisma found in Transformative leadership, they are very much results-oriented. The style is not harsh, as an autocratic leadership type is, but it does punish poor performance. A transactional leader provides incentive for positive performance. In many cases, better performance means more money through bonus and commission structures.

Of course, many more leadership styles exist, and a really effective leader is adaptable and capable of executing multiple styles in a manner that best fits their current situation. One common leadership style is the Charismatic leader. This person is similar to the Transformative leader in the way they inspire, have a big picture vision and motivate people. It's a big personality role, but not a detail-oriented style.Another is the Bureaucratic leader, who's subject to strict guidelines and regulations. This is one of the more difficult types of leadership styles, because the leader must motivate and drive results under a strict set of regulations. They are severely limited in their ability to perform in an inspiring or creative manner.

Leadership positions do not come easily. Finding your way into a leadership job role in business usually requires years of hard work while learning and climbing the ladder. Starting a business is another route into leadership, and it immediately springs you into the top role. That's not always a good thing, as you will still need to work hard and learn some hard lessons. Finding your groove as a leader requires failing, on occasion. Learning from those failures and using that experience to become a better leader will ultimately benefit the business.

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Comprehension Check

1. Explain what the following statements from the text mean.

A. Leaders provide direction for a company.B. In order to be successful a business owner needs to be both a strong leader

and manager.C. Leaders should have the courage to think outside the box.D. Managers should be people-focused.E. Being an effective leader does not always correlate with being a well-liked

person.F. Many leaders are ineffective, and use leadership styles that do not correlate

well with their industry or with the people they are attempting to lead.G. A lot of styles exist, and a really effective leader is adaptable and capable of

executing multiple styles in a manner that best fits their current situation.H. Leadership positions do not come easily.I. Finding your groove as a leader requires failing, on occasion.J. Learning from failures and using that experience to become a better leader

will ultimately benefit the business.

2. Complete the table “Leadership Styles: Strengths and Weaknesses”. The task can be done in pairs and then discussed in a group.

Style Strengths Weaknesses

3. Complete the following statements taking into account the information you’ve learnt. Brainstorm as many ideas as possible.

A. Leadership is …B. Top management and key personnel positions are …C. There are important differences between …D. Leadership styles …E. The most/ the least effective leadership style is … because …

Vocabulary Focus

1. Use the vocabulary of the text to complete the sentences.

1. In recent years our economy has … most other industrial economies.a) enrolled b) outperformed c) encountered

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2. Assistance is provided for students for improving their performance by introducing … instruction.

a) loyalty b) integrity c) mentor

3.The policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society is called … .

a) laissez-faire b) autocracy c) supervising

4.There is little or no … to adopt such measures.a) incentive b) integrity c) feedback

5. The software industries in that country… originality and had little innovative capacity.

a)performed b) encountered c) lacked

6. Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she's not… .a) distinctive b) consistent c) crucial

7. The role of the police is to … the law is obeyed.a) lack b) ensure c) crucial

8. Selling and Administrative units are headed-up by Senior Vice Presidents who report directly to the… .

a) mentor b) CEO c) CFO

9. Your … reply to our letter will be appreciated.a) prompt b) crucial c) distinctive

10. I'd like to thank the staff for having shown such… .a) feedback b) roadblock c) commitment

2. Look through the Key Vocabulary and Pre-reading Activitiesand revise the adjectives which either characterize leaders or describe their actions and decisions. Read the following definitions and guess the words.

A. quick and lightB. encouraging, or making you feel you want to do somethingC. believing that something is very important and giving a lot of

timeandenergyto itD. comprehensive and thoroughE. decisive or critical, of great importanceF. produced by or involving two or more parties working togetherG. characteristic of one person or thing, and so serving to distinguish it from

others

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H. taking no account of other people's wishes or opinions; domineeringI. involving or offering active participation rather than theoryJ. alwaysbehavingorhappeningin asimilar,especiallypositive, way

3. Work in pairs or individually to create your own crossword or puzzle on the topic. You can use any online Crossword Puzzle Makers on the internet. Exchange your crosswords and enjoy solving them.

Watching“What is Leadership?”

A. Pre-watching

1. Express your point of view on the question: What makes a person a real leader?

2. Before watching the video, make sure you understand what these wordsmean.

a possessionto entrust to articulateto positioninner and social worlds

B. Watching

Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdsH3cYbMyk or find the video“What is Leadership?” on YouTube and watch it. What does the speaker mean when he tells about the essence of leadership? Explain the following statements from the video.

1. When it comes to leadership, many people think that it’s a position or a possession.

2. Leadership is not just another word for “influence”.3. As a leader you need to position yourself in relationship to two worlds.4. There is a great difference between a follower, a consultor and a leader.

C. Follow-up Activity

1. Basing on the ideas from the video, discuss the following question with your partner, then report to the group.

In what ways can successful leaders win the respect of subordinates and exercise authority over them?

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2. The grandfather of leadership studies, James McGregor Burns, once wrote, “Leadership is one of the most observed, and least understood phenomena on Earth.” In what way can you explain it with reference to the video you have watched?

Talking Points

1. Here are some quotes on leadership. In what way do they characterize their authors? Find some additional information and interesting facts about these people. Whose life and career stories have you found to be the most inspiring?Which of the quotes do you like most of all? Why?

”Before you are a leader, success is all about growing yourself. When you become a leader, success is all about growing others.” Jack Welch

"My job is not to be easy on people. My job is to make them better." Steve Jobs

“If your action inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.” John Quincy Adams

“The quality of a leader is reflected in the standards they set for themselves.” Ray Kroc

“Great companies in the way of work, start with great leaders.” Steve Ballmer

2. Work in small groups to consider the role of a leader in the situations you are given below and how the leadership should address the situation. You should consider the different approaches, the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches, and try to come to some conclusions about which approach should be adopted.

The following are some guides as to the possible reasons for the differences and the issues that you might need to consider:

- What is the overall vision?;- What is the intended outcome?;-How complex is the change likely to be?;-When do you tell people about the change?;-How much do you tell the staff about the change? Why is it necessary?;-How do you get people 'on board' with the change?;-How does the leader view the people s/he is working with?;-What is the nature of the change required?;-What resources are available?;-How will you know when you have been successful?

Situation A.

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A new working practices regime is being introduced. Staff were working 40 hours per week (9 a.m.-5 p.m.), but the firm now needs greater flexibility. The flexibility will come from staff working on shift patterns covering the period 6a.m.-10p.m., 365 days per year. The working week will be adjusted to 37 hours per week but there are no funds available for additional pay to be given to any member of staff.

Situation B.

A client has contacted your firm of commercial designers and asked them to come up with a new logo that represents a change in the direction the firm wishes to go in. The new logo and associated corporate branding of headed paper, publications, packaging and so on are set to coincide with the launch of the re-branding in a two-month time at the start of the client company's new season sales drive. If it does not meet this deadline, the client will run the risk of falling behind their rivals.

Situation C.

A business has decided to change its production process. It feels that it will improve productivity and build astronger team spirits thus improving motivation. It can do the change in two ways: o It can impose its preferred system which it has been planning for two years onto the plant;o It can hire a consultant to come in to discuss the change with the staff and allow the staff to plan and design their own systems.

Situation D.

Following Health and Safety Executive (HSE) visit, a chemical company has been warned that its safety procedures in parts of the plant are lacking. It must take steps to remedy these weaknesses within three weeks or face having the plant shut down. The guidelines for remedying the weaknesses are readily available in detailed HSE publications.

Summary Points

Read the text about essential leadership tasks and make a summary. Be ready to answer the questions after the text.

Five Essential Leadership Tasks

Management is responsible for motivating, communicating with, and developing their employees, in addition to setting goals, organizing, and measuring progress. These tasks were delineated by management guru Peter Drucker many years ago.

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The first three can take some doing. Not all managers are clear on how to motivate, communicate, and develop. These three tasks sometimes take a business strategy back seat to tasks more likely to directly result in revenues or profits. But leadership depends on them. Here’s a list of five important leadership tasks that can increase motivation, communication, and development.

Praise Often, and Praise PubliclyEmployees are motivated by praise. They are even more motivated by the

praise that is done in public or communicated to everybody. Some companies use quick meetings to give praise of the week or even praise

of the day. Others send out e-mail blasts or social media posts about employees of the month. Whichever way you do it, be sure to spread the praise around.

Make Sure Employees Know What to DoSometimes, things go awry1 simply because employees don’t have a clear

sense of what to do next. One way of ensuring that folks know the priorities is to have daily kick-offs2 in which teams list what needs to be accomplished that day. This can also be used to distribute workflow, of course. Some businesses encourage employees to jump in and help with tasks that could benefit from their expertise.

Set Up Plans to Get Feedback, and Show It Is UsedWhile managers may believe they know what employees are thinking, it’s

important to have actual data. It’s a good plan to get feedback. It can be general “how are we doing?” type questions or be geared to specific questions about productsor a process.

Develop a Positive CultureIf not actively managed, company cultures can turn negative or be the

province of only certain groups. Encourage employees to share positive things about each other. This, like praise from management, needs to be public!

One option is to have five-minute team huddles in which employees thank someone for their work during the past week. It's the Golden Rule at work.

Ask for Feedback about LeadershipWhether you learn that you aren’t considered approachable or that everyone

would like to receive your mentorship, the information is good to have.Motivation, communication, and development need to be cultivated. They

need a plan just as much as any other aspect of business. https://www.broadsoft.com/work-it/five-essential-leadership-tasks

Vocabulary:1. awryadj – наперекосяк 2. kick-offn – стартовоерабочеесовещание

Questions:1. What are the three tasks leadership depends on?2. What methods can be used to praise employees?3. Why are daily kick-offs important?4. Is developing a positive culture essential for a company?

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Writing

Choose one of the topics to write a well-grounded and logical for-and-against essay about leadership. Remember to present different points of view and in conclusion express your opinion with reference to the material you have studied.

1. Effective Leaders: Are They Born or Made?2. Great Leaders Have No Rules.3. The Best Leaders Are Great Teachers.

Independent Study

1. Using the Internet resources find interesting and inspiring information on any outstanding leader of your country or powerful world leader. Make a presentation and report to the group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

2. There are a lot of psychological tests and questionnaires on the Internet which can help an individual understand what it takes to be a leader or whether they are effective leaders or not. Take some of such tests and learn more about your leadership qualities. Discuss the results with your groupmates, if you wish.Some examples of tests:

How Good Are Your Leadership Skills? What's Your Leadership Style? Are You a Leader, a Follower, or a Tyrant?

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Unit 10

TIME MANAGEMENT

Lead-in

1. Ask your partner to express his/her opinion on the following issues. Share the information received with the group.

A. How would you define the term Time Management?B. Have you got any problems with managing your own time? If you have, how

do you solve them?C. Do you think time management is of vital importance? Why?

2. Let’s see how good you really are at time management. Pass a small quiz below. For each statement, put a tick in the box that corresponds to the answer that best describes you.

ANo, never

BSometimes

CMost of the time

Do you give priority to the most urgent tasks?Do you end up completing tasks at the very last minute?Do you run out of time to complete tasks?Are you worried about deadlines?Are you aware of the time spent on each task that you do?Do you know whether the tasks that you do are urgent, important or neither?Before taking on a new task or project, do you make sure that the output will be worth the time spent on it?

Now count your score and readyour appropriate description. Do you agree or disagree with the results? Comment on your agreement or disagreement.

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Answers mostly incolumn A

You’re not managing your time well at present; however, let’s hope after doing this quiz you’ll pull yourself together and work hard to solve the problem. Remember: successful time management leads to effective organising of your time. When you know what your goals and priorities are, you then need to create a fixed schedule which will keep you on track.

Answers mostly incolumn B

You’re good at managing your time on the whole, but still there’re slight problems. Look through your answers to see what the specific areas where you experience difficulties are.

Answers mostly incolumn C

Well done! You’re managing your time very effectively! But don’t think that you’ve reached the top of your time management skill. There’s always room for improvement!

Key Vocabulary


1. consciously adv сознательно, осознанно2. make the most of smth максимально использовать что-л.,

извлечь максимальную пользу из чего-л.3. essentialadj основной, необходимый, важный4. walksoflife слои общества5. indulge in smth (зд.) погружаться во что-л.6. participate v участвовать, принимать участие7. extra-curricular activities внеучебные, внеклассные, внешкольные

мероприятия8. stay afloat оставаться на плаву9. schedule v планировать10. carry out выполнять, осуществлять11. homemaker n домохозяйка12. toil v трудиться (о тяжёлом труде)13. draining adj выматывающий, изматывающий14. to-do list список дел15. prioritize v уделять приоритетное внимание16. sense of satisfaction чувство удовлетворения,

удовлетворённости17. particularly adv особенно, прежде всего18. ensure v гарантировать, добиться, убедиться19. diligently adv добросовестно, тщательно, старательно

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20. fulfill v выполнить, осуществить21. duty n обязанность, долг22. simultaneously adv одновременно, параллельно23. daunting adj затруднительный, сложный24. competition n конкуренция25. exceedingly adv чрезвычайно, крайне26. out of the box нестандартный, оригинальный27. outperform v опережать, превосходить28. peer n коллега, сверстник29. stay in the good books быть на хорошем счету30. senior n руководитель, руководство31. recognition n признание32. handle v справиться, разобраться, уладить33. resourcefully adv творчески, изобретательно34. tip n совет, подсказка35. properly adv надлежащим, должным образом36. set goals ставить цели37. achievable/attainable adj достижимый38. measurable adj измеримый39. in essence по сути, по существу40. relevant adj актуальный, уместный, релевантный41. timely adj своевременный, оперативный42. urgency n срочность, неотложность, актуальность43. determine v определить, выяснить44. delegate v делегировать, передать(о полномочиях)45. set aside отложить46. constraint n ограничение47. allot v выделить48. arise v возникать, появляться49. review n анализ50. in advance/beforehandadv заранее, заблаговременно,

предварительно51. downtime n свободное время52. deadline n крайний срок53. dedicate v посвятить, выделить54. cash flow движение денежной наличности,

денежный поток55. CFO (Chief Financial Officer) финансовый директор56. genuinely adv действительно, подлинно, реально57. call for требовать, предусматривать58. accomplish v добиться, выполнить, достичь59. allocate v распределить60. pursue v добиваться, осуществлять61. squeeze v выжать, выдавить

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62. simplify v упростить, облегчить


1. Use the list of Key Vocabulary to fill in the prepositions, if necessary.

A. If you want to stay … the good books … your boss, you should, first of all, stop being late on a regular basis.

B. I strongly believe that it’s important for Mr. White to make the most … this deal.

C. Don’t indulge … his business plans. He is just a fraud!D. To promote gender equality, Governments have to engage women from all

walks … life.E. For the interview to be successful you must impress the interviewer by doing

something … … the box.F. As for the Co-Chairmen, the Belarusian side informed them well … advance

about the draft resolution being prepared.G. This paper is … essence a political act that has nothing to do with

international law and justice. H. We’re fully convinced that he will brilliantly carry … his commitments.I. Not all competition cases call … a thorough economic analysis.J. Fees for basic services should ensure … adequate cost-recovery but should

be affordable for all.

2. Work with your partner and match the words (1 – 6) with the pictures (A – F). Using the given words and Key Vocabulary describe the pictures. Pay particular attention to using adverbs from the list of Key Vocabulary.

1. a to-do list2. to toil3. peers4. a tip5. out of the box6. draining

A. B. C.

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D. E. F.


A. Lost time is never found again.B. Using a to-do list is a key to your career success.C. At different moments of the day, points in our lives, time seems to pass at

different speeds.D. If you create respect for your own time, you will respect other people’s time.E. Time management is crucially important only for people in power.

Reading

Read the text and complete the following plan. Get ready to summarize the text according to the plan.

I.II. The importance of time management for students.III.IV.V.VI.VII. Time management tips for business people.VIII.

Time management is the process of planning and controlling how much time to spend on specific activities. Good time management enables an individual to complete more in a shorter period of time and leads to career success. In other words, time management is the art of consciously managing time to make the most of it. It is

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said that he who learns the art of managing time can do practically anything in life. The category of time management is essential for people belonging to different walks of life. No matter what social status you have: a student, a homemaker, a working professional, a freelancer, a manager or a businessman – everyone must manage their time effectively in order to complete their tasks at the highest level.

Psychologists stress that there is a category of people for whom time management is crucially important. They mean students who need to change their activities throughout a day. From going to school, college or university to doing their homework, from indulging in self-studies to participating in sports activities, from taking part in extra-curricular activities to taking enough rest to stay afloat… . The list may seem endless. In such a situation, if students do not schedule their time properly, they will not be able to carry out any task efficiently.

It goes without saying that time management is important for homemakers. They toil the entire day. Their list of tasks is endless and if not managed properly the day can become quite draining and stressful. Since they have to do a wide range of tasks each day, they should begin by preparing a to-do list in the morning. Being a homemaker, prioritize the tasks and keep checking as you finish them one after another. This would not only help you manage your time efficiently but also give you a sense of satisfaction.

Freelancers also need to be good at time management. Most of them, particularly those who work from home, must ensure that they prepare a daily schedule and follow it diligently to manage their time efficiently. Most individuals who work from home choose this option because they have certain duties to fulfill at home. Fulfilling your personal duties and managing your professional tasks simultaneously can be quite daunting. The key is to manage your time efficiently. It is suggested to identify those hours of the day when you can concentrate best and spare that time for your professional tasks.

As for working professionals, with the growing competition it is essential for these people to perform exceedingly well in their field. They are expected to do something out of the box in order to outperform their peers and stay in the good books of their seniors. Thus, it is essential for them to schedule their time in a way that they do not only get time for their usual work but also for doing something different and new that can bring them recognition.

With regard to businessmen, discipline is the first thing required in the world of business. It is common knowledge that the first step towards self-discipline is time respect. In business you are your own boss and you have a lot more responsibilities compared to working for somebody else. In order to handle everything efficiently businessmen should begin by managing their time resourcefully.

There exist time management tips which may help business people manage their time properly.

One of such tips is to set goals correctly. It means setting goals that are achievable and measurable. Use the SMART method when setting goals. In essence, make sure the goals you set are specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely.

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Then follows prioritizing. To achieve your career success you should prioritize wisely, which means prioritizing tasks based on importance and urgency. For example, look at your daily tasks and determine which are:

important and urgent: do these tasks right away; important but not urgent: decide when to do these tasks; urgent but not important: delegate these tasks if possible; not urgent and not important: set them aside to do later. Setting a time limit to complete a task goes next. Setting time constraints for

completing tasks helps you be more focused and efficient. Making a small extra effort to decide on how much time you need to allot for each task can also help you recognize potential problems before they arise. That way you can make plans for dealing with them. For example, you need to write up five reviews in time for a meeting. However, you realize that you’ll only be able to get four of them done in the time remaining before the meeting. If you become aware of this fact well in advance, you may be able to easily delegate writing up one of the reviews to someone else. However, if you hadn’t bothered to do a time check on your tasks beforehand, you might have ended up not realizing your time problem until just an hour before the meeting. At that point, it might be considerably more difficult to find someone to delegate one of the reviews to, and more difficult for them to fit the task into their day, too.

The next advice for those who are in business is to take a break between tasks. When doing a lot of tasks without a break, it is harder to stay focused and motivated. Allow some downtime between tasks to clear your head and refresh yourself. Consider having a cup of coffee, going for a short walk or meditating.

Being able to organize yourself is also very important. Use your calendar for long-term time management. Write down the deadlines for projects, or for tasks that are part of completing the overall project. Think about which days might be best to dedicate to specific tasks. For example, you might need to plan a meeting to discuss cash flow on a day when you know the company CFO is available.

Removing nonessential tasks and activities is advisable as well. Determine what is significant and what deserves your time. Removing nonessential tasks and activities frees up more of your time to be spent on genuinely important things.

And finally, plan ahead. Make sure you start every day with a clear idea of what you need to do – what needs to get done THAT DAY. Consider making it a habit at the end of each workday to write out your “to do” list for the next workday.

It might appear simple but managing time efficiently calls for great qualities in an individual. There is a lot that goes into it. You must stay disciplined and constantly remind yourself as to why it is important for you to accomplish your tasks in a timely manner. We all have the same amount of hours each day. You can’t store time, borrow it or save it for later use. You can only decide how to allocate it, spending it on activities of higher rather than low value. Time management is a game of choices: projects to pursue, tasks to complete, routines to follow.

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Improving time management techniques isn’t about squeezing as many tasks as you can into your day. It’s about simplifying how you work, getting things done faster and doing things better. By doing so, you’ll have more time for work, rest and doing the things you love.

Comprehension Check

1. Explain in your words what exactly the following statements from Reading mean.

A. Good time management lowers stress.B. He who learns the art of managing time can do practically anything in life.C. The category of time management is essential for people belonging to

different walks of life. D. If students don’t schedule their time properly, they won’t be able to carry

out any task efficiently.E. Discipline is the first thing required in the world of business.


A. Freelancers stress that there is a category of people for whom time management is crucially important.

B. For freelancers fulfilling their personal duties and managing their professional tasks simultaneously can be quite exciting.

C. Homemakers are expected to do something out of the box in order to outperform their peers.

D. It is common knowledge that the first step towards self-discipline is time ignoring.

E. Businessmen should use the SWOT method when setting goals.F. Setting time constraints for completing tasks helps business people be more

resourceful and vain.G.When doing a lot of tasks without a break, it is easier to stay focused and

motivated.H. You might need to plan a meeting to discuss terms of deliveries on a day

when you know the company CFO is available.I. Being in business, make sure you start every day with a friendly smile.J. Effective communication is a game of choices: projects to pursue, tasks to

complete, routines to follow.

3. Answer the questions. Use Reading to support your viewpoint.

A. How would you explain “time management” in your own words, taking into account the information from paragraph 1?

B. Why is time management crucially important for students?

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C. What are the facts which prove that time management is important for homemakers?

D. Why do freelancers need to be good at time management?E. How can you prove that time management is necessary for working

professionals?F. Why is time management important in the world of business?G. How many time management tips for businessmen are given in the text?

Name them. H. What does SMART stand for?I. What does prioritizing mean?J. What tips can help a businessman organize himself?

Vocabulary Focus


A. finite, difficult, daunting, hardB. to indulge, to get absorbed, to immerse, to toilC. original, consciously, out of the box, nonstandardD. a peer, peripheral, secondary, minorE. exceedingly, exceptionally, resourcefully, highlyF. essential, independent, vital, crucialG. preschool, out-of-school, informal, extra-curricularH. ensure, enquire, assure, guaranteeI. exceed, surpass, outline, outperformJ. allot, designate, assign, distinguish


A. A person of the same age, status, or ability as another specified person. B. Seeming difficult to deal with in prospect, intimidating. C. A person's occupation or position within society. D. To determine the order for dealing with a series of items or tasks according

to their relative importance. E. To be in favour with someone.F. To distribute resources or duties for a particular purpose.G. To make something less complicated, clearer or easier.H. To seek or strive to attain.I. The movement of money into and out of business.J. Something which requires speedy action or attention.

How would you define these words in your own way?

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3. Using Task 2 as an example, give your own explanations to the following words and word combinations. Then use these words to complete the sentences (A – E). There is one extra word.

consciously to toil exceedingly well extra-curricular activities a to-do list to stay afloat

A. Ron is always forgetting to prepare … in the very morning.B. What kinds of … does your educational institution provide students with?C. Jenny performed … in her entrance exams. She passed all of them with

flying colors.D. This research enables us to recognize difficulties and to … remove barriers.E. I promise you to …to make our life less dull.

Watching

“How to Manage Your Time Better”

A. Pre-watching

1. Below there are two screenshots from the video you’re going to watch. What do you think the video is going to be about? Have you ever found yourself in the same situations? What tips could be given in such situations?

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2. Before watching the video make sure you know the following words and word combinations. Consult a dictionary if it is necessary. The words are given in the order you will meet them in the video.

1. find oneself behind smth2. do favors3. day planner 4. social networking5. go through smth6. highlight v7. chunks of time8. time waster9. bleed over into smth10. undermine v11. add up12. come up with smth13. assign rankings to smth14. declutter v15. lighten the load16. kill two birds with one stone17. multitasking n18. stress smb out19. stick to smth20. recap v

3. Translate the sentences into English. Mind the vocabulary from Task 2.

A. К несчастью, наши сотрудники тратят много времени на разговоры по телефону.

B. Я просмотрел списокего дел на завтра. В принципе, там нет ничего важного.

C. Сделай мне одолжение: выдели время на это задание и выполни его к воскресенью, пожалуйста.

D. Извините, мой телефон был выключен в течение большого промежутка времени.

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E. На семинаре была подчеркнута важность многозадачности в процессе ведения бизнеса.

B. First Watching

Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUk6LXRZMMkor find the video “How to Manage Your Time Better” on YouTube and watch it to answer the following questions.

A. How is the method proposed by the speaker called? Why is it called in such a way?

B. What does the step of recording involve?C. How many time wasters should be picked out, according to the video?

Which of them should be especially focused on? Why?D. What are the three ways to change our time- wasting habits? What is

included in each of them?E. According to the speaker, how long is it recommended to stick to such a

schedule?

C. Second Watching

Watch the video once again and fill in the gaps with the missing words.

A. We are going to get you in control of your day with our RAC method: …, … and ….

B. When you wake up tomorrow note the time in your …: the … minutes you spend getting dressed, the half day of … work, the hours you spend between social … sites.

C. At the end of the day go through the … and … any … of time that were not used productively.

D. Especially focus on the … at work. E. Workplace … is minimized by effective time management. It also … over

into home life and … a relaxed life at home. F. … are a really effective way to manage your time in your priorities.G. Limit the number of … you have on this list to … .H. Assign rankings to them in order of … .I. … will actually stress you out and delay you even more.J. Set aside blocks of … for individual … .


1. The video is called “How to Manage Your Time Better”. Imagine that you are to choose one of the headings listed below. Which one would you choose and why? If you wish you can come up with your own idea.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUk6LXRZMMk

Time management and its difficulties. Excellent time managers: are they born or made? RAC as the best way-out. Time is everything. Time is finite.

2. A sample of a day planner from the video is given below. Imagine that you have to plan the coming day. Fill in all the stages. Think of all the possible time wasters. Don’t forget about ranking your priorities. Share the results with your partner. Do you think making a plan for each day is useful?

Talking Points

1.Study the table below. Match the tips on time management (1 – 5) with the quotations about time management ant time in general (A – E).Then react to the quotations by explaining what they mean and showing their relevance and connection to modern times. Take into account the information from Reading.

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1.Plan for success. A. The first rule of any technology used in a business is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency. – Bill Gates

2. Fix your focus. B. Lost time is never found again. – Benjamin Franklin

3. Free your productivity.

C. Amateurs sit and wait for inspiration, the rest of us just get up and go to work. – Stephen King

4. Strive for increased efficiency.

D. Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe. – Abraham Lincoln

5. Use time wisely. E. Concentration is the secret of strength. – Ralph Waldo Emerson

2. To see how good your partner is at time management ask him /her if he/she is normally pushed for time on a typical weekday morning if he/she has any gadgets which really save his/her time what he/she usually does to kill time when he/she is waiting at an airport

or at a station if he/she likes to buy things as quickly as possible or prefers to spend

much time on shopping if there is anything or anybody who is taking up a lot of his/her time at

the moment if he/she is usually on time when he/she meets friends and if it bothers

him/her when other people are not on time if he/she likes to get to the airport or station with time to spare or at the

last minute if his/her parents give him/her a hard time if he/she comes back home

late if he/she tends to have time left at the end when he/she does an exam or

if he/she usually runs out of time.

Now make a conclusion whether your partner is good or bad at time management. Explain why you think so.

3. Read the following information about time bandits and be ready to say, how you can stop them.

Time bandits are people or situations that waste our precious minutes and make life even more of a rush. They creep up on us when we least expect it and steal one of the things we value most – our time.

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Role-play the following situation.

Imagine that you call an expert and tell him/her about you time bandit(s). In your telephone conversation you try to find out how to solve your problem.

Possible roles:

Role 1. You are an expert at troubleshooting and you specialize in dealing with time bandits. Give good advice and recommendations to those who are calling you.

Role 2. You have a friend who is always phoning you! You waste much time just listening to him/her telling you every little problem that he/she has.

Role 3. You waste a lot of time waiting for people you meet with, because they are always late!

Role 4. You waste a lot of time explaining to your subordinates the things which you think they should know a priori.

Role 5. You spend ages standing in front of the wardrobe and trying to decide what to wear.

Role 6. You waste a lot of time carrying out unimportant tasks because you are afraid of delegating them to your subordinates.

You are welcome to add any other roles if you wish. It’s advisable to speak about your real-life situations.

Summary Points


Multitasking1= 31/7

Latest research suggests that typical middle-class city-dwellers now have so many time-saving gadgets that they can fit into 24 hours the same quantity of tasks that a decade ago would have taken 31 hours to complete.

For many people, the frenzy2 starts over breakfast, reading emails on a hand-held BlackBerry while making toast. It carries on in the car where a driver with a Bluetooth earpiece holds a conference call while keeping an ear on the radio and checking the satnav3.

Work is then a blizzard of emails, phone calls, and meetings, often happening simultaneously4. However, according to an American consumer research organization, the most intense period of multitasking appears to be in the evening. “People will be pressing the television remote control while using a wireless laptop computer balanced on their knee, emailing and texting friends on a mobile phone, and holding a conversation with friends or family members”, said Patrick Moriarty, one of the authors of the report. “They may be far more mentally engaged than they are in the office”.

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According to the study, while television remains the main focus of attention in the evening, nearly half the respondents were also using computers and phones to catch up with5 friends, update their Facebook or other social networks, or download and listen to music.

Mark Vickery, 35, from Medway, Kent, agreed that for him and his wife Susan, an NHS6 doctor, the evening was the peak of multitasking. “Both of us are out of the house during the day”, said Vickery, a marketing manager. “When we come back in the evening we tend to have a lot of technology on the go. We’ll be using online banking, Facebook, and email, and programming the TV shows we want to watch later”.

“On the one hand it’s good – you get more done. On the other hand, when I left university 7 years ago, life was much simpler. There was more talking face-to-face and more time spent over dinner”.

Vocabulary:1. multitasking n - многозадачность2. frenzy n – безумие, безумство3. satnavn – спутниковая навигация, навигатор4. simultaneouslyadv – одновременно, параллельно5. catchupwith – встретиться с6. NHS – национальная служба здравоохранения

Questions:1. What does numerous research show?2. What sort of multitasking do people do during the day/evening?3. According to Mark Vickery, what are the pros and cons of multitasking?

Writing

Imagine that you are a guru in time management. You received the following letter.

Dear Professor,I’m terrible at time management! I supervise 10 employees working on

multiple projects. I get hundreds of emails a day. Then, there are meetings and paperwork… . I’m always behind schedule! I try to make up for lost time by working at home. But my family thinks I’ve forgotten them. How can I get organized and use time more effectively?

Write an answer to the letter. Stress the importance of time management for people belonging to different walks of life. Give the addressee some advice how to get on track. Follow the proper structure of the letter.

Independent Study

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1. Using the Internet resources find information on the role of time management for modern managers. Prepare a report or presentation on the topic “Time management: a friend or a foe?” Present it to your group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

2. Interview your friends or relatives on their attitude towards multitasking. Find out whether it helps them do more during the day. Report your findings to the group.

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Unit 11

BUSINESS ETHICS AND CORPORATE CULTURE

Lead-in

1. Express your opinion or share your experience on the following.

A. Do you consider yourself to be an ethical person? What qualities does an ethical person have?

B. What are some ethical dilemmas you have faced?C.What makes a person act ethically or unethically?

2. Discuss the following questions in pairs, and then report your findings to the group. Be ready to argue, agree, or compromise.

A. What is business ethics? B. What is the purpose of business? Is it just to make money?C. What are some examples of unethical business practices?

3. Discuss this list of some unethical activities. Which are the worst, in youropinion? Why?

a) Unfair competitionb) Misleading product informationc) Mistreating employeesd) Avoiding paying taxese) Showing favoritism toward family members or friends at work (nepotism)f) Employing people illegallyg) Briberyh) Manipulating accounts

Key Vocabulary


1.ethics n этика, мораль, нравственность; этические нормы

2. controversial adj противоречивый3.corporate governance корпоративное управление,

руководство

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4.insider trading инсайдерская, внутренняя торговля5.bribery n взяточничество6.corporate social responsibility(CSR)

социальная ответственность бизнеса

7.guide v руководить, управлять8.gain approval получить одобрение9. apply to v применяться к, распространяться на10. conduct v осуществлять, вести11. consumer-based society общество потребителей12. show concern выразить обеспокоенность, проявлять

заботу13. hallmark n отличительная особенность14. reconcile v примирить, согласовать15. ensurev обеспечить, добиться16. fair and equal adj справедливый и равный17. treatment n обращение с кем-либо, чем-либо18. trustworthiness n благонадежность, добросовестность19.morale n моральный настрой, боевой дух20. develop a plan разработать план21.create a strong foundation создать прочную основу22.attract v привлекать23. loyaltyn привязанность, верность24.impactn влияние25. negate v сводить на нет, отменять26. urge n желание, убеждение27. rule v управлять28. selfish and all-consuming adj эгоистичный и всепоглощающий29. put on the backburner откладывать на время; отодвинуть на

второй план30. unscrupulous adj недобросовестный31. misleading adj вводящий в заблуждение32. injurious adj губительный, вредный33. exaggerate v преувеличивать34. authenticity n подлинность35. cause harm to причинитьвредк.-либо, ч-либо36. defamation n клевета, оскорбление37. spread false information распространять ложную информацию38. slap a fine налагать штраф39. be caught red-handed быть пойманным с поличным40. mistreat v плохо обращаться41. underpay v недоплачивать42. be subjected to подвергаться43. harassment n домогательство, преследование44. mutual adj взаимный

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45. corrupt adj коррумпированный, продажный46. complicate v усложнить, затруднить47. mom-and-pop stores семейныемагазины48. compliance n соблюдение, соответствие49. the grassroots level низовой уровень50. standfor v отстаивать, выступатьза


1.Use your Key Vocabulary to fill in the prepositions, if necessary. Translate the sentences into Russian.

A. Legislation must be enacted to guarantee that homeless people will not be subjected … harassment and receive appropriate support, services and accommodation.

B. Increasingly disruptive cyber-threats and attacks that can seriously harm entire communities andcause harm … countless individuals are a new danger that we face.

C. Other decisions that could have helped resolve certain issues wereput … the backburnerwhenthey threatened to damage the reputation and interests of specific persons.

D. All free and peace-loving nations of the world stand … peace and justice.E. The United Nations Principles of Medical Ethics apply … all health

professionals.

2. Use a dictionaryand Key Vocabulary section to fill in the derivatives of the words given in the chart below. Note that some boxes will not be filled.

Noun Verb Adjectiveharmful

corruptmisleading

complicationtreat

authenticitybribe

equalguidance

conduct

3. Consult a dictionary, if necessary, to find the words with the opposite meaning.

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loyalfairequalethicalfakeselfishscrupulousto attractto treatan outsider

4. Look through the list of Key Vocabulary. Which words do you associate with: an ethical company? an unethical company?

Reading

Read the text and be ready to discuss what business ethics is, its components and benefits.

Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is the study of appropriate business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial subjects including corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility. The law often guides business ethics, but at other times business ethics provide a basic guideline that businesses can choose to follow to gain public approval. Business ethics applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of both individuals and entire organizations. So, business ethics can also be viewed as the moral principles that act as guidelines for the way a business conducts itself and its transactions. In many ways, the same guidelines that individuals use to conduct themselves in an acceptable way – in personal and professional settings – apply to businesses as well.

The concept of business ethics began in the 1960s as corporations became more aware of a rising consumer-based society that showed concerns regarding the environment, social causes, and corporate responsibility. The increased focus on so-called social issues was a hallmark of the decade.

Since that time period, the concept of business ethics has evolved. Business ethics goes beyond just a moral code of right and wrong; it attempts to reconcile what companies must do legally versus maintaining a competitive advantage over other businesses. Companies display business ethics in several ways: they are meant to ensure a certain level of trust between consumers and corporations, guaranteeing the public fair and equal treatment.

Business ethics have various components that govern how businesses and companies should operate. Some of those components include the following:

Trustworthiness and solidarity148

Respect and responsibility Fairness and equality Concern for others and dialogue Reputation and morale

These key components should be taken into consideration when developing a business ethics plan. They will create a strong foundation for your business so that you can operate in a moral way. But the benefits of business ethics go far beyond just being a moral business. There are great economic effects of being an ethical business. The relationships a corporation creates encourage people to invest both their time and resources into that company. You will spend less time managing relationships between employees because there will be less conflict. And you will attract customers with your good reputation.

Understanding business ethics and having high ethical standards can also produce other benefits:

Employees with high morale Customer loyalty Positive impacts on the community Negate the risk of negative press

On the other hand, the urge to rule the market has made businesses selfish and all-consuming, and the obligation to operate responsibly has been put on the backburner. The struggle for survival and emerging as a winner attracts a lot of unscrupulous tendencies that have unfortunately become a part of the system. The lines between acceptable and unacceptable have blurred over the years, and the focus has shifted from the consumers to gaining higher profits.

Here are some common unethical business practices that many companies around the world adopt for success.

1. Misleading Product InformationMany companies promote injurious products with misleading information that can be harmful to consumers or the environment. There are a lot of examples of this corrupt practice. From breakfast cereals to automobiles, a lot of companies have tricked the consumers by providing misleading information.For ages businesses have exaggerated the qualities of their products to make them more saleable. This practice continues until consumers take notice and start questioning the authenticity of the information.

2. Unfair (or disloyal) competitionIn commercial law unfair competition is a deceptive business practice that causes economic harm to other businesses or consumers. It includes a number of areas of law involving acts by one competitor or a group of competitors which harm another one in the field.In the digital age, businesses have taken the route of cyber-defamation where they spread false information about a brand as an anonymous user on a social networking site or a blog. There are laws governing this kind of activity, and the offender can be slapped a fine if caught red-handed.

3. Mistreating Employees

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Mistreating employees has become a familiar scenario in small as well as big companies who make employees work for long hours and underpay them. Many employees are made to work under stressful conditions and are subjected to mental and even sexual harassment.The employer-employee relationship is a significant human relationship of mutual dependency that has great impact on the people involved. A person’s job, like a person’s business, are highly valued possessions that affect the lives of the employees and their families. Though the pressures of self-interest are very powerful and compelling, both workers and bosses should guide their choices by basic ethical principles including honestу, respect and caring.

4. BriberyBribery is the act of giving or receiving something of value in exchange for some kind of influence or action in return, that the recipient would otherwise not offer. In many countries of the world bribery is considered an unfair business practice and is therefore illegal. However, in some countries, bribery may not be considered corrupt and is viewed as the normal way business is conducted.

The field of business ethics is not simple to define. A wide range of industries and areas of social behavior that exist between any business and the consumer or general public complicate the field of business ethics.Business ethics can be practiced in corporate offices, as well as local mom-and-pop grocery stores. It has to do with social responsibility and corporate compliance, as well as employer and employee rights. The field of ethics addresses morality, responsibility, decisions, and actions taken by any company or business from the grassroots level to the highest positions in local or national governments. Ethics keep workers safe, help trade and interactions between companies remain honest and fair, and generally make for better goods and services. Distinguishing what a company will and won’t stand for is not always the same for each organization, but knowing what guidelines are necessary to be followed helps keep a company honest and productive.

Comprehension Check

1. Margin Marking: skim the text for the first time and add the following margin notes.

? – if you don’t understand a statement ! – if you are surprised by some ideasunderline a statement, if you consider it to be importantDiscuss your notes with your partner, then report to the group.

2. Read the text once again to prove the following ideas. Use the vocabulary of the text to discuss and debate.

A. Business ethics is a critical component that helps an organization achieve success.

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B. A key element of any business ethics program is to create an environment where an employee can come forward to report any wrongdoing or non-adherence to ethics without fear.

C. Generally, companies benefit from taking a dynamic approach to applying their ethics and applying ethical models in business.

D. Unethical business behavior refers to actions that don’t conform to the acceptable standards of business operations.

E. Discrimination related to the employment in the businesses is one of the major ethical issues nowadays.

3. Answer the questions with reference to the text.

A. What is business ethics? Does the law usually guide it?B. In what way do companies display business ethics?C. When did corporations become more aware of environmental and social

issues, corporate responsibility? What was a hallmark of that decade?D. What should be taken into consideration when developing a business ethics

plan?E. Which unethical business practice causes economic harm to other businesses

and consumers?F. Can bribery be harmful to consumers or the environment?G. Why have businesses taken the route of cyber-defamation nowadays?H. What does the act of mistreating employees involve?I. What are the benefits of being ethical in business?J. Does the field of ethics address morality, responsibility, decisions, and

actions taken only by individuals?

Vocabulary Focus

1. Translate the bracketed parts of the sentences using your key vocabulary. Mind the necessary grammar forms.

A. The second session was devoted to generic issues related to the protection of consumers against fraud and (недостовернаяинформация).

B. Even then, (пойманныйсполичным), he couldn’t admit his fault.С. (Проявлятьзаботу) for children is to (проявлятьзаботу) for the future of

mankind.D. Arrangements are in hand to (разработатьплан) of action for the

implementation of all the recommendations.E. The company got audited and (нанееналожили) with a huge (штраф) plus

interest.F. A lot of different measures are necessary (чтобысоздатьпрочнуюоснову)

for future growth.

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G. Initiatives to promote (корпоративнуюсоциальнуюответственность) should be voluntary.

H. Strategies for the implementation of an effective rule of law must stem from (низовогоуровня).

I. It is extremely important for the draft resolution (получитьодобрение) by consensus.

J. We'll put next year's plans (навторойплан) until we deal with the current financial crisis.

2. Match the words on the leftto thewords with similar meaning on the right. Recall the context of these words.

1. controversial a. reliability2. unscrupulous b. to interest3. mutual c. slander4. injurious d. to govern5. defamation e. harmful, abusive6. authenticity f. genuineness7. trustworthiness g. debatable8. loyalty h. shared9. to rule i. faithfulness10. to attract j. unprincipled

3. Match the verbs withtheir definitions. Give examples of word partnerships with these verbs from the text.

negate complicate mistreat guide underpayexaggerate stand for reconcile ensure conduct

A. to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together

B. to treat a person or animalbadly, cruelly, or unfairlyC. to paylessthan is deserved or usualD. to makecomplex,intricate,involved, or difficultE. to show someone how to do something difficultF. to make something seemlarger, more important, better, or worse than it

really isG. to cause something to have no effectH. to support or represent a particularidea or set of ideasI. to organize and perform a particularactivityJ. to make something certain to happen

Watching

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Corporate Culture

A. Pre-watching

1. Look through the following expressions and make sure you understand what they mean.

natural forcesself-sustaining patterns of behaviorto advance the strategic and operating priorities a drag on productivityto undermine successto gain a competitive advantage

2. Give your understanding of Corporate Culture and its role in a company. Discuss the questions in pairs.

A. Why can corporate culture be compared to natural forces?B. How important is a healthy corporate culture?C. Is it possible to change corporate culture?

B. First Watching

Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gficoigz1xs to watch a short video onYouTube, and then answer the questions above (in Pre-watching section) with reference to the information you’ve received.

C. Second Watching

Watch the video once again and complete the statements.

A. A company’s culture is a collection of …B. When an organization is at its best, a culture is going to …C. At its worst, the culture can be …D. Instead of trying to change culture significantly, it’s much better to …E. Companies can gain a competitive advantage when …


1. Read a short abstract below and use it as an introduction to discuss the following questions. Use the information from the video as well.

How important is corporate culture in business ethics?

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What are some methods that management can use to incorporate ethics into the corporate culture?

In difficult financial times, companies face various moral issues to try to keep up with their competitors. Although these issues have a direct impact on employee decision-making, businesses rarely address how employees should assess the ethics of their actions and incorporate ethics into their decisions. Often, this can be alleviated by creating and maintaining a corporate culture with a focus on ethics. Corporate culture is often considered to be both a source of various problems and the basis for solutions and is certainly a factor that determines how people behave in an organization. The role of management in the organizational culture is important as it both acts as a role model for the employees and can also directly influence the behavior and culture to improve organizational performance. Of course, there are better methods that management can use to incorporate ethics into the corporate culture or increase the likelihood that its employees will act ethically.

2. Shareyour ideas about the following quotations on corporate culture with your partner. Does your partner agree or disagree with your ideas? Report to the group.

A. “Customers will never love a company until the employees love it first.” (Simon Sinek)

B. “Culture is simply a shared way of doing something with a passion.” (Brian Chesky)

C. “There’s no magic formula for great company culture. The key is just to treat your staff how you would like to be treated.” (Richard Branson)

Talking Points

1. Work in pairs. Draw the mind-map “The Characteristics of an Ethical Business”. Exchange your maps with other groupmates, study, and discuss the results.

2. Read the following statements. How far do you agree with them?

A. The implementation of business ethics begins at the top. Business leaders, directors, and CEOs have the responsibility to show good business morals.

B. Being ethical has become a kind of a PR issue nowadays.C. “Cooking the books”, or conducting unethical accounting practices, isn’t a

serious ethical problem.D. Racial discrimination is a costly ethical issue that employers and employees

encounter on a daily basis in our country.E. With developments in technological security capability, employers can now

monitor their employees’ activity on their computers and other company-provided

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electronic devices. Electronic surveillance is supposed to ensure efficiency and productivity, and not to cross the line and become spying.

3. Role-play or discuss the following situations. Make up all the necessary details and decide how you will handle these ethical problems.

A. You are the office manager and one upper-level manager has repeatedly used the company credit card for personal expenses. Will you take any measures? Will you confront the person and reveal what you know?

B. You are senior managers. Your company is losing market share. You strongly suspect your main rival is using unfair methods to promote its products. Hold a meeting to solve the problem or discuss it with your partner.

C. You're in public relations writing a press release about a new product that didn't turn out quite as well as promised in earlier reports. Discuss how much you will reveal to the public in the press release.

4. Work with a partner. Read about three companies and discuss how ethical you think they are, using the key vocabulary of the unit.

A. StarbucksThe company is often quick to fix its environmental problems, from greatly

reducing the water it uses for its dipper well to using recycled paper in its cups. The company also encourages consumers to be environmentally conscious by offering a 10-cent discount to those who bring their own reusable cups and giving free coffee grounds to consumers who want to use them for compost.

Starbucks is also dedicated to its baristas, offering them full health insurance benefits and stock awards.

B.GoogleGoogle regularly makes good on its motto: "Don't be evil." Through itsGoogle

Green Program, the company has donated over $1 billion to renewable energy projects, and has decreased its own footprint by using energy efficient buildings and public transportation. The company is alsoa staunch advocate of free speech, which can be observed from its frequent conflicts with the Chinese government.

Google employees have access to free health care and treatment from on-site doctors, free legal advice with discounted legal services, a fully stock snack pantry and onsite cafeteria, and a free on-site nursery.

C. NestleNestle is subject to the world's longest running boycott for the irresponsible

marketing of baby milk to mothers in the developing world. The company has also been criticized for a number of other business practices including the use of unsustainable palm oil and genetically modified ingredients in its foods.

Summary Points

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Read andentitle the text. Then give its summary and be ready to answer the questions on its contents.

Business ethics is the behavior that a business adheres1 to in its daily dealings with the world. The ethics of a particular business can be diverse. They apply not only to how the business interacts with the world at large, but also to their one-on-one dealings with a single customer.

Many businesses have gained a bad reputation just by being in business. To some people, businesses are interested in making money, and that is the bottom line. It could be called capitalism in its purest form. Making money is not wrong in itself. It is the manner in which some businesses conduct themselves that brings up the question of ethical behavior.

Good businessethics should be a part of every business. There are many factors to consider. When a company does business with another that is considered unethical, does this make the first company unethical by association? Some people would say yes, the first business has a responsibility and it is now a link in the chain of unethical businesses.

Many global businesses, including most of the major brands that the public use, can be seen not to think too highly of good businessethics. Many major brands have been fined millions for breaking ethical business laws. Money is the major factor.

If a company does not adhere to businessethics and breaks the laws, they usually end up being fined. Many companies have broken anti-trust, ethical and environmental laws and received fines worth millions. The problem is that the amount of money these companies are making outweighs2 the fines applied. Billion dollar profits blind the companies to their lack of businessethics, and the dollar sign wins.

A business may be a multi-million seller, but does it use good businessethics and do people care? There are popular soft drinks and fast food restaurants that have been fined time and time again for unethical behavior. Businessethics should eliminate exploitation, from the sweat-shop children3 who are making sneakers to the coffee serving staff who are being ripped off in wages. Businessethics can be applied to everything from the trees cut down to make the paper that a business sells to the ramifications of importing coffee from certain countries.

In the end, it may be up to the public to make sure that a company adheres to correct businessethics. If the company is making large amounts of money, they may not wish to pay too close attention to their ethical behavior. There are many companies that pride themselves in their correct businessethics, but in this competitive world, they are becoming very few and far between.

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-ethics.htm

Vocabulary:1. adhereton – придерживаться2. outweighn – превосходить, перевешивать

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3. sweat-shopchildren – дети, работающие на предприятиях с потогонными условиями труда

Questions:1. What do business ethics apply to?2. Are there any factors that influence business ethics?3. Why aren’t unethical businesses afraid of being fined?

Writing

Choose one of the quotations to write a short essay expressing your opinion.

“There is one and only one social responsibility of business — to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game.” (M. Friedman)

“The business of business should not just be about money, it should be about responsibility. It should be about public good, not private greed.” (Anita Roddick)

Independent Study

1. Interview your friends, groupmates or relatives about how much they are affected in their choices by how they perceive the ethical behavior of companies. Do they ask questions about well-known brand names such as:

Where are the products made? How much are the staff paid? What are their working conditions like? Are the materials environmentally-friendly? Do they sponsor local charities?Think of some other questions you might ask a company about their activity.

Report your findings to the group.

2. Visit the websites of a few companies you’re familiar with, look for the information about their ethical policy. Make a report.

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Unit 12

CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN MANAGEMENT

Lead-in

1. Show your creativity and innovation skills. Below you have a list of objects. Choose any of them and try to enumerate as many spheres/places/fields where these objects can be used. Try to be creative. You may work either in pairs or alone. Report your findings to the whole group.

an old newspaper an unused pizza box paperclips an empty bottle of wine a lipstick

2. Skim the information about Dark Stories and do the task that follows.

Dark Stories is a very popular game. The essence is as follows: you have some story which has a peculiar/strange ending. Your task is to guess what has happened or why that has happened.Only your teacher knows the answer. You should ask your teacher YES/NO questions only. Keep in mind that the situation may be rather absurd or illogical.

Guess what exactly happened in the story below. The answer will be given at the end of the unit.

A man walks into a bar and asks the bartender for a glass of water. The bartender pulls out a gun and aims it at the man. The man says thank you and goes away.

Try to explain, how this task is connected with the topic of the Unit. What was so creative about the story?

Key Vocabulary


1. spark thoughts (зд.) натолкнуть на мысли

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2. define v определить3. controversial adj спорный, противоречивый, неоднозначный4. generate ideas генерировать, вырабатывать идеи5. newness n новизна6. actionable adj практический,выполнимый, реалистичный7. impact n воздействие, влияние8. quality n качество9. break away from оторваться от, покончить с10. bind to привязать к11. search for искать, быть в поисках12. encourage v поощрять, стимулировать13. be committed to бытьприверженным, преданным

чему/кому-л.14. competitor n конкурент15. competitive adj конкурентоспособный, конкурентный16. ensure v обеспечить, гарантировать, добиться17. view v рассматривать18. vital adj важнейший, насущный, необходимый19. expertise n опыт, компетентность, мастерство20. domain of work сфера профессиональной деятельности21. pertain v относиться, касаться22. circumstance n обстоятельство23. produce worker сотрудник продуктового или фруктового

отдела24. appealing display (зд.) привлекательная витрина25. acquire v приобретать, получать26. peer n (зд.) коллега27. capacity n возможность, способность28. determine v определить, установить29. enduring adj прочный, устойчивый, долгосрочный30. raw materials (зд.) составляющие31. reward n награда, вознаграждение32. conscientiously adv сознательно33. take action/steps принимать, предпринимать меры/шаги34. stretch abilities (зд.) раскрыватьспособности, возможности35. distract v отвлекаться36. feel overwhelmed чувствовать себя разбитым37. be inclined быть склонным38. assume v предполагать39. lack v испытывать нехватку, недостаток40. promote v содействовать, способствовать, продвигать

41. curb v ограничить, сдерживать42. tight deadline жёсткие, сжатые сроки

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43. simultaneously adv одновременно, параллельно44. overly adv чрезмерно, слишком, излишне45. luncheon n официальный ланч, обед46. sustain v поддерживать, сохранять47. complement v дополнять48. endeavor n начинание, усилие49. collaboration n сотрудничество, взаимодействие50. trustworthy adj надёжный51. formidable adj сложный, серьёзный, нелёгкий52. retain v сохранить, удержать53. rallying cry боевой клич54. deploy v направить, использовать, задействовать55. prosperity n процветание, благосостояние56. confusion n путаница, замешательство, неразбериха57. tangible adj реальный, конкретный, заметный58. fertile source плодотворный источник59. outcome n результат, итог, исход


1. Choose at least 5 words or word combinations from the list of Key Vocabulary and give your own definitions to them. Let the group guess the words or word combinations according to your definitions.

2. Using Key Vocabulary finish the following sentences.

A. Organizations should become more innovative, because … .B. To get a creative product, we should … .C. Just as a flower requires the proper soil and watering, the innovation process

requires … .D. There are some things which positively influence innovation. They are … .E. With an abundance of resources, management can afford to … .F. Effective communication helps break down barriers to innovation, because

… .G. Cross-functional teams are widely used to innovate organizations, because

… .H. Innovative organizations actively promote the training development of their

members, because … .I. Innovation is stimulated in a company that is … .J. A modern office needs innovative people, because … .


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A. Originality is enough when a company wants to be creative.B. Creativity involves breaking away from old rules and norms.C. Managers often face the challenge of dealing more effectively with

competitors.D. To be creative, you don’t need to have any expertise.E. Motivation doesn’t have anything in common with creativity.

Reading

Read the text and be ready to tell the difference between creativity and innovation. Compare your answers in Task 3 from Pre-reading Activities with the information from the text. Be ready to comment on the difference if there is any.

In modern society, the term creativity often sparks thoughts related to the arts or literature. Although how best to define creativity from a management viewpoint may be somewhatcontroversial, creativity in organizations relates to generating original ideas or newperspectives on existing ideas. Originality or newness, however, is not enough when analyzingcreativity from an organizational perspective. An idea must be useful and actionable. Overall, anidea must have a desirable impact on how organizational goals are accomplished.That is, an ideamust be evaluated for its positive impact on critical organizational factors such asproductivity,communication, coordination, or product quality.

Creativity involves seeing issues from different angles and breaking away from old rules andnorms that bind us to traditional methods of accomplishing tasks.Creativity allows us to be differentand helps us find new answers and solutions to problems, both old and new.For example, many managers face the dailychallenge of motivating organization members and, as a result, are constantly searching for newwaysto encourage employees to be more committed to their work. Additionally, managers oftenface the challenge of dealing more effectively with competitors and, as a result, commonly searchfor new ways to increase the quality of their products or develop new and more competitiveproducts. Overall, meeting the challenges of motivating organization members or dealing moreeffectively with competitors is necessary for ensuring organizational success. Because creativity isthe source of new ideas on how to meet such challenges, managers should view creativity as avital element for ensuring organizational success.

Within each individual, creativity is a function of three components. These components are: expertise, creative thinking skills, and motivation.

Expertise is everything an individual knows and can do in thebroad domain of his or her work.This knowledge pertains to work-related techniques and proceduresas well as a thorough understanding of overall work circumstances. Take, for example, aproduce worker in a supermarket. Her expertise includes basic abilities in cleaning fresh vegetables, building appealing displays that encourage customers to buy products,and building customer relations. As with all organization members, the

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abilities of this produceworker can be acquired through formaleducation, experience, and interaction with peers andother professionals.

Creative thinking is the capacity to put existing ideas together in new combinations. Overall,creative thinking determines how flexibly and imaginatively individuals approach problems. Forexample, the produce worker will tend to be more creative if she feels comfortable disagreeingwith people about how the produce department presently functions. Such disagreement willoften result in new thoughts about how to improve the department, such as keeping producefresher for longer periods. In addition, the produce worker will tend to have more creative success if she faces and solves department problems, such as buying newtechnology to keepproduce cool and not necessarily always looking for quick problem solutions. This enduring attention to problems will provide the produce worker with the attention necessary to generate creativesolutions to complex organizational problems.

Motivationrefers to an individual’s need or passion to be creative.If an individual feels a need to be creative, that individual is more likely to do so. Expertise andcreative thinking are the individual’s raw materials for being creative, but motivation determineswhether an individual will actually be creative. An individual can be driven to be creative eitherthrough organizational rewards and punishments, or through personalinterest and passion related to a situation. Normally, people will be most creative when motivated by personal interest, satisfaction, andthe challenge of the work. Continuing with our supermarket example, the produce worker couldhave the expertise and critical thinking necessary to be creative, but unless she is motivated, sheprobably will not be creative. Generally, the produce worker will be more motivated to be creativeif she is personally interested in supermarket problems, tends to be personally satisfied by solvingthese problems, and sees solving the problems as challenging.

Managers should conscientiously take specific action aimed at building creativity inorganizations.To encourage creativity in organizations, managers can take certain steps.One of such steps is providing organization members with an appropriate level of job-relatedchallenges. When people feel appropriatelychallenged, they seem almost naturally to search fornew creative ideas to helpperform a job in an improved way. People should not be placed in jobsthat are too simple or too difficult. If organization members have jobs that stretch their abilitiestoo little, they can easily become bored on the job and distracted from being creative. If a jobstretches worker abilities too much, workers can feel overwhelmed andtherefore not inclined togenerate creative solutions to job-related problems. Managers must struggle to understand bothorganization members and their jobs to make sure workers are challenged at a level thatencourages creative solutions for meeting job challenges.

People tend to be more creative in their jobs if they havesome freedom (autonomy) to influence the process used to perform their jobs. Providing this freedom, ofcourse, assumes that organization members have a clear understanding of work goals to beaccomplished. Without such understanding, organization member creativity will lack theconsistent direction needed to promote organizational success.

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Appropriate time is commonly discussed asa critical resource that fuels creativity in organization members.Without enough time in whichto perform a job appropriately, organization members can be so engaged with simplyperforming a job that generating creative solutions to job-related problems is curbed.Managers who use unnecessarily tight deadlines to push organization members to reach higherlevels of production can simultaneously cause employees to feel overly controlled and helpless in terms of being creative.

As with any other desirable behavior in organizations,managers should personally encourage organization members to be creative. Such encouragementmay take many different forms and range from a simple, verbal “thank you,” to awarding a CreativeAchievement Certificate of Appreciation or holding a creativity appreciation luncheon.Because managers are extremely busy and under constant pressure for achieving results, theycan be easily distracted from personally encouraging creativity. Organization members often findtheir work challenging and interesting and can display creativity in the shorter run without muchpersonal encouragement from management. To sustain creativity in organization members overthe longer run, however, encouragement from management is vital. Such encouragement assuresorganization members that creativity is important to the organization and that management valuescreative efforts, even those that at times may be unsuccessful.

To complement the personal encouragement,organizational systems and procedures should clearly support organization members’ creativity.Such organizational support clearly identifies organization members’ creativity as a highly valuedendeavor. Organizational procedures that promote information sharing and collaboration asrelated to solving organizational problems are examples of such a procedure. Additionally,research suggests that managers who are trustworthy and provide employees with developmental feedback help increase employees’ creativity.

As one last tactic for increasing creativity inorganizations, managers can attempt to hire and retain organization members who are creative.Although this tactic may sound simple, it can be difficult to implement. Identifying people who arecreative can be a formidable challenge. Retaining creative employees is particularly important research, which suggests that individuals’ social structures can influence their creativity. In other words,it may help to surround creative employees with other creative employees.

“Innovate or lose!” That has increasingly become the rallying cry of today’s managers. The term innovation can be defined in several different ways.From a management viewpoint,innovation is the process of applying a new idea to the improvement of organizational processes,products, or services. Innovation is critical to the long-run success of virtually any organization.Deployed correctly, the “collective intelligence” of an organization has the power to spark innovation. On the other hand, without innovation, organizations tend to become less competitive andless desirable to customers as well as organization members, and organizations that do not innovate tend to fail. Many management theorists believe that innovation

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is so critical that it can fuel not only the prosperity of organizations, but of nations.To be sure, though, innovation starts with employees.

Confusion often exists in organizations over the relationship betweeninnovation and creativity.Basically, innovation involves turning a new idea into new or improved processes, products, orservices that promote the attainment of organizational goals. The ideas on which innovation isbased come from creativity in the organization. Innovation is the process of turning those ideas intosomething tangible that benefits the organization.An organization that is creative but notinnovativeis characterized by a fertile source of good ideas, but lacking in the ability to make the ideas tangible.An organization that is innovative but not creative is characterized by the ability to turn ideasinto tangible benefit, but lacking good ideas to make tangible.

Thus, the innovative organization is characterized by its ability to channel creativity into useful outcomes. When managers talk about changing an organization to make it more creative, they usually mean they want to stimulate innovation.

Comprehension Check


A.Managers should view creativity as avital element for ensuring organizational success.

B. Motivation determineswhether an individual will actually be creative.C. People should not be placed in jobsthat are too simple or too difficult.D. People tend to be more creative in their jobs if they havesome freedom

(autonomy).E.Managers should personally encourage organization members to be creative.

2. Taking into account the information about 3 components of creativity, fill in the following table. Get ready to summarize the relevant passage basing on the information from the table. Mind using proper phraseology while summarizing.

Component Brief Description

3. Find the passage in the text which describes the steps managers should take to encourage creativity in organizations. Finish the sentences, basing on the information from the passage.

A. Providing organization members with an appropriate level of job-relatedchallenges is important for a manager, because … .

B. Providing freedom of action helps organization members … .164

C. Appropriate time is a critical resource that fuels creativity in organization members, because … .

D.Personal encouragement of organization members may take many different forms, such as … .

E.Identifying people who arecreative can be a formidable challenge, because … .

4.Imagine that after skimming the text, your groupmate wasn’t able to understand what the term innovation means. He/she asked you to clarify it. Basing on the text, explain, what innovation means. Mention the relationship between innovation and creativity. You may work in pairs: one of you asks questions, the other one answers them.

Vocabulary Focus

1. Using Key Vocabulary and Reading translate the fragments in brackets into English. Then in pairs expand the statements and share your ideas with the rest of the group.

A. Business can innovate in a number of different ways: by launching products with new features, by (улучшая)to existing services, by introducing more effective business practices and by finding new markets and (источникипоставок).

B. Launching and innovation (включают, предполагают)a degree of risk.C. Creative people look for (решениясложныхпроблем).D. (Гибкость) helps an organization to be successful and innovative.E. Innovative companies do their best to channel creativity into

(полезныерезультаты).F. A creative organization has a (плодотворныйисточник)of good ideas.

G. Without innovations, organizations become (менееконкурентоспособными).

H. Managerswhoaretrustworthyand(предоставляютсвоимсотрудникамобратнуюсвязь), increase employee creativity.

I. (Дляподдержаниятворческогопотенциала), encouragement from management is vital.

J. (Компетентностькасается) to work-related techniques and procedures as well as a thorough understanding of overall work circumstances.


A. Having a physical existence, capable of being touched or felt.B. The condition of success or wealth.C. Debatable, disputable, open to question.D. Extremely difficult to overcome, manage.E. An effort to do or attain smth.

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F. To restrain, constrain.G. Special skills, knowledge or judgment.H. To have reference, relation or relevance.I. Originality, innovation, uniqueness.J. Reliable, responsible, honest.

How would you define these words in your own way? Share your own definitions with the group.

3.Create your own crossword puzzle with at least 10 words studied in this Unit. Exchange your crossword puzzle with your groupmate’s puzzle and guess it. Choose any 5 words from the puzzle you solved and make up sentences with them on the topic of the Unit.

Watching

“Creativity in the Workplace – What You Should Know”

A. Pre-watching

1. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give sound arguments to support your agreement or disagreement.

A. Creativity is a crucial element in the workplace.B. People can be creative only in the creative environment.


1. launch n2. sailboat n3. creative space4. open-plan office5. wellness area6. resourceful adj7. distraction n8. outstanding adj9. figure out10. inspire v11. daring adj12. accelerate v13. genius n14. excellence n

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B. First Watching

Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7nEgYOcb5cor find the video “Creativity in the Workplace – What You Should Know” on YouTube and watch it to answer the following questions.

A. What do Shawn, Vincent and Lisa do?B. What is Shawn working on now?C. Why does Shawn feel stressed?D. What decision did Vincent make? Was it effective?E. Why is Lisa successful at her work? Mention 3 factors that influence her

success.

C. Second Watching

Basing on the episode about Lisa’s creativity, fill in the following table.

Key Elements of Creativity

Element Brief Description

1.

2.

3.

4.

Basing on the table, describe these elements of creativity.


1. Besides the key elements of creativity which are described in the video, what other elements may be important and help to be creative? Discuss them with your partner. Share your findings with the group.

2. Imagine you’re a management theorist on creativity. Deliver a lecture on the topic “Creativity in the workplace – what you should know”. Try to be creative in presenting the information. Be ready to answer tricky questions from the audience.

Talking Points167

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7nEgYOcb5c


A. For good ideas and true innovation, you need human interaction, conflict, argument, debate.

M. HeffernanB. Great is the human who has not lost his childlike heart.

Mencius, 4th century BCC. The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of ideas.

Dr. Linus PaulingD. Discovery consists of seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what

nobody has thought.Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi

E. The essential part of creativity is not being afraid to fail.Edwin H. Land

2. Being creative is very important for a modern manager. Check, how creative your partner is. Ask him/her whether he/she

looks for solutions to difficult problems sees things that other people don’t notice likes to find ways to connect different things together notes down interesting ideas as they come to him/her respects decisions made by those in authority likes to keep himself/herself informed about new developments likes taking risks is perseverant takes unpopular positions if he/she thinks he/she is right likes to discuss things with other people.

Analyze your partner’s answers and try to give a reasonable feedback on his/her future prospects of a successful career in the managerial field. Then exchange the roles.

3. Play the game which is called “Two Piles”.

You’ll be given 2 piles of index cards by your teacher. One pile of cards has major brand names, the other pile has product categories. Form teams of 3 – 5 people and choose an index card from each of 2 piles. Imagine that you work for the company you chose and must innovate a product for the category you chose. Each team has 15 – 20 minutes to develop the product’s target audience, features and promotional ideas. One member from each team is to present the ideas of his/her

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team to the rest of the group. The other members of each team are welcome to add any information the “main speaker” could have missed.

Summary Points


Failure Is Glorious

Alberto Alessi transformed hisfamily's housewares1 business into a design giant. Hissecret: walking the borderlinebetween genius and failure.

There’s only one thing to have success, says Alberto Alessi, godfather of Italian product design: enjoy your glorious failures, danceon the borderline between success and disaster.Because that’s where your next breakthrough2 willcome from.

Alessi, 54, has followed that very advice ever since he began to run the family business. Hispartnerships with some of the world’s best designershave transformed this company fromhousewares supplier to design leader.

But Alessi is just as proud of his failures. It’s the duds3 that enjoy the central place in the company’s private museum, where Alessi’s designers meet weekly todiscuss new projects. He has even published a bookof prototypes that were never put into production. In amarket that’s crowded with the trivial and common, Alessi says, his failures reassure him that he is not turning toward safety.

Fortunately, most of the products created by Alessi’s200 free-agent designers are winners. His ‘dream factory’ of 500 workers has raised sales by around 15percent a year, to $100 million today.

Now, having conquered4 people’s kitchens, Alessi is lookingat our cell phones, watches and maybe even our cars.How will he do it? By walking along the borderbetween the ‘possible and the not possible.’ In aninterview at the Alessi factory he explained his approach.

Where is this borderline?The area of the ‘possible’ is the area in which wedevelop products that the

customer will love and buy.The area of the ‘not possible’ is represented by the newprojects that people are not yet ready to understand oraccept. At Alessi, we work as close as we can to theborderline. Because when we succeed, we give birthto a new product that surprises people and because itis completely unknown, it doesn’t have any competition – which means we can enjoy big margins5.

How do you explain your success?Our industrial organisation is very flexible. We have afew best-sellers that sell

more than 100,000 pieces ayear, while others sell in much smaller numbers. In anycase, Alessi is not a mass-production company. It’s aresearch laboratory. And that means wehave to experiment a lot. But doing experiments doesn’t just mean doing the research and making aprototype. It means putting a finished product into themarketplace.

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What is your favourite fiasco?Our most beautiful fiasco was the Philippe Starck Hot Berta kettle. I didn’t

realize that we had gone too far.Inside the kettle was some complicated but veryintelligent engineering. On the prototypes, it workedwell, but when we produced thousands andthousands, it didn’t work so well.

How do you view your customers?Our customers seem happy to take risks with us.Customers are much more

progressive than marketingpeople or retailers6 think. Society is muchmore exciting than just a targetmarket. A target market is a cagewhere people try to put society. Ithasno relation to what peoplefeel and want.

Vocabulary:1. housewaresn – электротехника2. breakthroughn – прорыв, достижение, успех3. dudn – (зд.) неудачная работа, неудавшийся проект4. conquerv – завоевать, покорить5. marginn – прибыль6. retailern – розничныйторговец

Questions:1. What is Alberto Alessi’s secret of success?2. What is the background of his business?3. What is Alessi’s attitude towards his failures?4. What is Alessi’s attitude towards a target market?

Writing


1. Creativity and innovation in management: my understanding of it.2. Would I like to work in an innovative company?3. Creative ideas for my future business.4. Are creative managers born or made?5. “Innovate or lose!” – is this slogan true today?

Independent Study

1. Find real examples of innovations and briefly share them with the group. You are strongly recommended to describe some bad examples that you don’t believe will succeed. Give your reasoning by explaining why you believe that the innovation will succeed or fail.

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2. To check, how innovative you are, create your own poster or presentation about yourself. This should include your favorite inspirational quote(s), photo(s), and a short biography of a person who inspires you. This may also include a description and photo of a skill, hobby, or field you know most of all about. Uniqueness in the presentation of this work is highly recommended.

3. Collect information from different Internet sources on a well-known company (local or international) and its open innovation activities.Prepare a report or presentation on your research. Present it to your group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions.

The answer to task 2 from Lead-in: The man had hiccups. The barman recognised this from his speech and drew the gun in order to give him a shock. It worked and cured the hiccups - so the man nolonger needed the water.

Unit 13

MANAGEMENT IN MULTICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

Lead-in

1. We live in the era of globalization and fluid national borders. Do you agree with the quotation below?

“Cultural differences should not separate us from each other, but rather cultural diversity brings a collective strength that can benefit all of humanity.” (Robert Alan Aurthur)

2. Work in pairs. Discuss the questions either in A or B. After discussion, share your ideas with the rest of the group.

A. Can you give any examples of mistakes that foreign business people may make when doing business abroad? What are the possible consequences of such mistakes?

B. Are there any stereotypes or misinformation about our culture? Give examples.

3. Do you consider yourself to be culturally competent when interacting with persons of the following groups: persons with various types of disabilities; persons with a religion different from your own?

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4. A common piece of advice to people travelling to another country is “When in Rome, do as Romans do”. What does it mean? How much do you (or would you) change your behavior if you visit (or visited) another country for work, or as a tourist? Why?

Key Vocabulary


1. employ v нанимать2. workforce n работники, персонал, сотрудники3. multicultural adj мультикультурный4. diversity n многообразие, разнородность5. benefit n польза, преимущество6. cross-cultural adj межкультурный7. competency n компетентность, знания8. promote v способствовать, продвигать, повысить9. culturally-sensitive adj основанный на культурных особенностях,

принимающий во внимание культурную специфику

10. homogeneous adj однородный11. face problems сталкиваться с проблемами13. generate ideas генерировать идеи14. counterpart n конкурент, аналогичное лицо, партнер в

переговорах15. make-up n зд.:состав, структура16. internal misalignment внутреннее несоответствие, отсутствие

согласованности17. challengen вызов, проблема18. interaction n взаимодействие19. the bottom line финальнаяприбыльилиубыток;

окончательныйрезультат20. language fluency свободное владение языком21. non-native speaker лицо, не владеющее языком как родным22. collaborative adj совместный, коллективный23. frustration n беспокойство, недовольство24. morale n моральное состояние, боевой дух25. occur v случаться, происходить26. reliance n доверие, зависимость27. authorityn полномочие, власть28. acceptable adj приемлемый29. pitch an idea высказать, подать идею30. mistrust n недоверие31. embrace v зд.: оценить по достоинству, научиться

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использовать32. customize v подстроить, адаптировать в соответствии со

своими требованиями33. adapt v адаптировать(ся)34. input and feedback личный вклад и обратная связь35. foster v содействовать, укреплять36. set clear expectations четко определить ожидаемые результаты37. communicate v сообщать38. arise v возникать39. intervene v вмешиваться40. grant autonomy предоставлять свободу41. inherentadj неотъемлемый42. maintain an open-door policy

проводить политику открытых дверей

43. overcome v преодолевать44. pitfall n ловушка45. verify v проверить, установить


1. Complete the tables with the missing derivatives. Use your Key Vocabulary.

Table A.Adjectives Nouns Verbsdiversechallengingattitudinalcollaborative

Table B.Adjectives Nouns Verbs

adaptemployrelychallengepromote

2. Match the words close in the meaning.

counterpart mismatchpitfall take placemisalignment suspicionmistrust encourage, promoteoccur trap

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workforce producefoster stafffrustration rivalintervene disappointmentgenerate interfere

Reading

Read the text anddecide which of these statements are True.

1. For cross-culture management to be effective, the manager must identifyand acknowledge the differences in cultures, practices and preferences of the team members.

2. Managers need to be able to modify certain business processes or systems, such as the way information is communicated or how the decisions are made.

3. Each culture acts and thinks differently, and for a manager it is impossible to improve performance in the business area.

A generation ago, most organizations employed a workforce that was representative of their geography. Today, the world is much smaller – we live in a global economy that is supported by ever-evolving technology which means a multicultural workforce is common. Diversity in the workplace can be explored from several perspectives: some consider it with academic or historical context, others debate the politics that sometimes surround it, and nearly everyone can contribute personal experiences. However, most would agree that a multicultural workforce is a distinct benefit to an organization, its customers and the individuals employed there.

The greatest benefit to having a multicultural workforce is the cross-cultural competency it brings, you can be certain to be challenged by one another. Various viewpoints promote deeper product and market knowledge, and a multitude of backgrounds and experiences supports culturally-sensitive customer service issues. For these and other reasons, multicultural teams are able to achieve higher productivity than homogeneous teams, even though they face more process problems. Due to the diverse backgrounds of members in multicultural teams, they have the capacity to generate more ideas, alternatives, and potential solutions to problems than their homogeneous counterparts.

While there are many benefits to a multicultural workforce, a diverse environment can come with management challenges. Without careful consideration of the team’s make-up and a clear understanding of capabilities and motivation, internal misalignment can happen and negatively impact the work environment, customer interaction, and the bottom line.

The first, and arguably largest, challenge is language fluency. Non-native speakers may struggle to get their points of view effectively. This can be a problem in collaborative environments where different members have different native languages. If frustration reaches high levels, motivation and morale suffer.

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Another challenge that can occur is reliance upon different communication codes and decision-making approaches.

Hierarchy and authority are other issues treated differently across various cultures. While it may be acceptable in some cultures for an individual to walk into the CEO’s office and pitch an idea, others require methodical presentations to each level of management first.

Moreover, dislike and mistrust, attitudinal problems, are common problems in multicultural teams, because team members tend to be more attracted to people from their own culture.

As workplace diversity is increasing remarkably nowadays, organizations must recognize the need for immediate action. Resources must be spent on managing diversity because an organization’s competitiveness and success depend on its ability to embrace diversity and realize the benefits.

Here are a few tips to keep your team working well together:1. Customize your management style – Within a multicultural team, it’s

important to listen and adapt. Ask employees for input and feedback; encourage idea exchanges. Treat people as individuals rather than your thoughts on a cultural group as a whole.

2. Encourage team dialogue – Strong personal relationships are critically important and anything you can do to foster them is a step in the right direction. Multinational companies have a harder time with this, because monthly happy hours or team building events aren’t possible. But weekly team video chats are.

3. Set clear expectations and rules and communicate them – A clear sense of direction and purpose is important for every individual and improves the effectiveness. If any confusion arises along the way, intervene early.

4. Grant autonomy where appropriate – Benefits are inherent to multicultural teams, but you have to let the diversity work. Support their thought processes and creativity while also maintaining an open-door policy for anyone who has an idea or wants to express a concern. And remember, reward and recognition for a job well done is not a one size fits all.

When overcoming cultural differences, it is necessary to know oneself perfectly, which means to know one’s culture, which is neither obvious nor simple. An enormous pitfall is the fact that within one’s own culture the approach to the others as well as the interpretation of their behavior is verified and does not cause big problems, because despite the globalization tendencies, the depth of cultural roots, patterns and standards influences perception and evaluation of gained information.

Comprehension Check

1. Explain what is meant by the following statements from the text.

A. A generation ago, most organizations employed a workforce that was representative of their geography.

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B. Multicultural teams are able to achieve higher productivity than homogeneous teams.

C. While there are many benefits to a multicultural workforce, a diverse environment can come with management challenges.

D. Another challenge that can occur is reliance upon different communication codes and decision-making approaches.

E. Team members tend to be more attracted to people from their own culture.F. Resources must be spent on managing diversity, because an organization’s

competitiveness and success depend on its ability to embrace diversity and realize the benefits.

G. Ask employees for input and feedback.H. Support their thought processes and creativity while also maintaining an

open- door policy for anyone who has an idea.I. Reward and recognition for a job well done is not a one size fits all.J. The depth of cultural roots, patterns and standards influences perception and

evaluation of gained information.

2. Discuss with your partner whether you agree or disagree with the following ideas. Are there any sentences in the text which may prove or disprove them?

A. The issue of cross-culture management is considered extremely important, especially now, in the current period that is typical for a very quick proceeding process of internationalization and globalization.

B. Organizations that don’t have a multicultural and diverse workforce enjoy increased adaptability, broader service range, variety of viewpoints, and a more effective execution.

C. Diversity enhances potential productivity but also increases the complexity of processes that the team members must manage in order to realize full team potential.

D. Cultural diversity in teams also means linguistic diversity, which causes problems with communication.

E. All the disadvantages of cultural diversity decrease the stress levels in multicultural teams.

3. Read the text once again. Identify the following:

A. different views on diversity in the workplaceB. several examples of the benefitsof having a multicultural workforceC. some examples of the challenges managers may faceD. one example of how hierarchy and authority are treated in different culturesE. fourtips for dealing better with workplace diversity

Vocabulary Focus

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1. Look through the Key Vocabulary section and the text once again. Find the words which mean the following. Recall their contexts.

A. the condition of having or being composed of differing elements, especially: the inclusion of different types of people (such as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization

B.power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behaviorC. to interfere with the outcome or courseD. to have no trust or confidence E. the mental and emotional condition (as of enthusiasm, confidence, or

loyalty) of an individual or group with regard to the function or tasksF. to build, fit, or alter according to individual specificationsG. mutual or reciprocal action or influenceH. to advance in position, rank, or honorI. the workers engaged in a specific activity or enterpriseJ. the quality or state of having sufficient knowledge, judgment, skill, or

strength

2. Work in pairs or individually to create your own crossword or puzzle on the topic. You can use any online Crossword Puzzle Makers on the Internet. Exchange your crosswords and enjoy solving them.

3. Work in pairs to decide which word from the Key Vocabulary completes the following quotes in the best way. Then check yourselves by browsing the Internet.

A. … is the art of thinking independently together.B.When you do a thing with your whole soul and everything that is noble

within you, you always find your … .C. Talk to successful entrepreneurs. Learn about what they've experienced so

you can avoid some of the … that come with wealth.D. To conquer …, one must remain intensely focused on the outcome, not the

obstacles.E. The organization’s … is based on a set of cohesive capabilities and how fast

and effective they can be built upon.

4. Match the two halves of the phrases from the text, then complete the sentences with some of these expressions.

grant clear expectationsset fluencymaintain an ideainternal speakerslanguage an open-door policypitch ideas

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face problemsgenerate autonomynon-native misalignment

A. Our research departments, universities, and think-tanks have to … that the country’s representatives can use.

B. While the Government continues to maintain an open-door policy, the authorities are concerned about insecurity in and around refugee camps.

C. The Ministry of Education offers accelerated courses during and after school hours for … .

D. Please provide information on legislative measures adopted at the State and federal levels to … and functional independence to forensic institutes and other equivalent organs.

E. The development of guidelines and codes of conduct would … and performance indicators for the industry.

Watching

Cross-Cultural Management

A. Pre-watching

1. Even when we are thoroughly aware of all the barriers to effective cross-cultural communication and make use of available tools to assist us in communicating with people from cultural and linguistic backgrounds different to our own, misunderstandings will occur. Can you give any examples of cross-cultural misunderstanding?

2. Discuss with your partner what some possible ways and steps to achieve mutual understanding are. Is there any plan which people travelling to another country on business (or inviting foreigners) have to follow?

3.Look through the following expressions and make sure you understand what they mean.

cultural dimensionsto build the common groundto assess impact onto swap the negotiatorsto reconcile differencescultural empathy

B. First Watching

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Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ4IbhXrqncto watch a short video “Cross-Cultural Management” onYouTube, and then answer the following questions.

1. What kind of example does the speaker give to explain what cross-cultural misunderstanding is?

2. In what way was the conflict resolved?3. How many stages in reaching mutual understanding are there?4. What is meant by “recognizing differences”?5. What is the difference between collectivistic and individualistic cultures? In

what way does the speaker explain it?6. Does “respecting differences” consist only of identifying and assessing

cultural dimensions?7. What is the third step in reaching mutual understanding about?8. In what way does the speaker define success?

C. Second Watching

While watching the same video for the second time, complete the table and then discuss it with your partner or groupmates.

Steps in reaching mutual understanding

Essence of the step Examples illustrating difficulties in

communicating (companies, cultures, details)

1.2.3.


1. Now that you’ve watched the video about cross-cultural management, answer the questions fromPre-watching section in more detail. Use the Key Vocabulary.

2. Comment on the quote with reference to the information you’ve received.

“When you travel, remember that a foreign country is not designed to make you comfortable. It is designed to make its own people comfortable.”(Clifton Fadiman)

Talking Points

1. Organize a round-table conference on the topic of the Unit. Agree on the roles of the speakers (to introduce the topic and present the main issues),managers

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ4IbhXrqnc

(to share their experience), andjournalists (to ask questions). Make sure you’ve discussed the plan and stages of the conference and all the participants are ready.

2. Work with your partner. Discuss the following questions about cross-cultural awareness and communication, make up some more questions to ask and answer. Then report your conclusion to the group.

A. Are you familiar with one particular culture?B. Would you describe your country as a tolerant one? C. Do you find it easy to adjust to a new culture?D. Do you think it’s important to be sensitive to foreign visitors’ eating

requirements or preferences in entertainment when they come on business?E. Are you aware of different ways in which cultures can greet each other?

3. Work in small groups of 3-4. Read and discuss the following cultural facts about how people from other countries conduct business. Imagine and role-play the situation(s) which might happen to Belarusian businessmen if they don’t know some cultural peculiarities. Don’t mention the country – your groupmates are supposed to guess what country you mean.

JapanBusiness cards are of the utmost importance in Japan, where business formality

is key. They're almost always exchanged at the beginning of a meeting. Writing on the card or quickly putting it in your pocket is considered rude. If you're handing over a business card, bow slightly and present it with the Japanese translation side facing up.

IndiaBusiness can move at a slower pace in India, especially in the public sector.

Indian government officials are almost never expected to be on time for meetings or meet their deadlines for processing documents, granting licenses and providing information.

GermanyGermans often respect direct communication and err on the side of being blunt

in business dealings. German business people greatly value appointments, and simply dropping by or calling to discuss a business matter is perceived as rude, as is being late – even just by a few minutes.

AustraliaSet your alarm early when doing business in Australia. Punctuality is

absolutely important when meeting to discuss business. If you're not going to be precisely on time, then you should arrive a bit early. Otherwise, you could be perceived as rude or unorganized by your hosts.

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FranceBusiness meeting participants are expected to act in a reserved manner and

avoid seeming overly friendly or sharing personal information. If you don't speak French, you are expected to apologize for your lack of fluency before engaging in further conversation. If you don't have time to learn French before doing business there, learning a few phrases or greetings can serve as a show of good faith.

Also, be prepared for lengthy meals in France. Lunch can last up to two hours long.

South KoreaIt is common for South Koreans to expect their guests to engage

in Noraebang, or karaoke. If you join your Korean colleagues for dinner, you might find yourself at a karaoke establishment, and you will be expected to sing. Don't worry if you're not a great singer, though. These karaoke establishments generally have private rooms, and it will just be your group that you have to perform in front of. Koreans will also often skip songs after the first verse and chorus to get through more karaoke during their allotted time.

4. Prepare some information for someone from a different culture who is coming to work in your company. Think about the things below and explain how aspects of your culture influence expected behavior.

how people behave in meetings relationships between different members of staff individual efforts and teamwork responsibility company policy social events

Summary Points

Read the text about strategies for cross-culture management and give its summary. Be ready to answer the questions after the text.

Strategies for Cross-Culture Management

In order to successfully perform as a cross-culture manager, a number of strategies to dealing with issues that arise as a result of cultural differences should be employed. One of the most important strategies is adaptation. Ignoring cultural differences or not understanding their importance can be harmful. Instead, it’s imperative to acknowledge cultural gaps that may exist on the team and figure out ways to work around them. A manager needs to be able to think of creative solutions to cultural barriers. For example, if an employee is facing a language barrier, instead

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of requiring the employee to take formal language lessons, which can be costly and time-consuming, the manager may spend some time one-on-one with the employee to get him up to speed on specific business terms used every day in the office.

Another strategy some managers use is structural intervention. This enables them to reassign tasks or move employees around on the team in order to improve efficiency, increase learning opportunities and reduce confusion. To do this effectively, the manager must be in tune to each team member’s skills and experience, and understand their strengths and weaknesses. When trying to navigate a language barrier, it may seem like an obvious choice to pair employees together who speak the same language. While this may work in some cases, it may not be effective in the long run because it doesn’t tackle the core issue1 of language fluency. Instead, the manager might pair the employee with the language barrier with another employee who excels in teaching and communication and has endless amounts of patience.

Some cross-culture leaders choose to use managerial intervention as a strategy to deal with culture-related barriers. This involves setting specific ground rules for the team and stepping in when an authoritative role is required. In the case of the language barrier, for example, the manager may ask that employee to see how much he can learn and communicate on his own. If that plan doesn’t work, the manager may assign someone on the team to review his work to ensure it meets company standards. Or, she may step in herself and review the employee’s work, going over specific communication-related issues in detail with him.

Depending on the severity2 of the cultural barrier, a manager may choose to completely remove an employee from the team. This is a costly strategy, as the company invests a lot of money and time in hiring and training an employee. However, if the cultural differences are too drastic to overcome, removing the employee from the team may be the only solution. This is likely not the first strategy a manager will try. Instead, an effective cross-culture manager will first spend time figuring out other ways to solve the cultural issue without resorting to termination. In the case of the language barrier, if the employee either doesn’t want to put in the effort to improve his skills in the language of the business or simply doesn’t have the skills to learn the language, then removal from the team may be the only option to salvage the rest of the group. By removing the employee in question, the manager can then focus efforts and energy on the other team members and help them continue to meet organizational objectives, instead of spending a large amount of time trying to resolve a situation that may not have any quick fixes.

https://bizfluent.com/facts-6955562-cross-culture-management-definition.html

Vocabulary:1. tackle the core issue – решитьключевойвопрос2. severity – серьезность

Questions:1. What are the “cultural gaps” that may exist on the team?

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2. Why is structural intervention important for cross-culture management?3. Is managerial intervention effective as a strategy to deal with culture-related

barriers?4. Which of the strategies is considered to be a costly one?5. In what cases may removing the employee from the team be the only

solution?

Writing

Choose one of the quotes to write an essay on the topic. Remember to use the information you’ve discussed in this Unit.

Language and culture are the frameworks through which humans experience, communicate, and understand reality. (L. Vygotsky)

If we are going to live with our deepest differences then we must learn about one another. (Deborah J. Levine)

Preservation of one's own culture does not require contempt or disrespect for other cultures. (Cesar Chavez)

Independent Study

1. Working, entertaining, negotiating and corresponding with colleagues from different cultures can be quite difficult. One misunderstanding could have a negative effect on months of work. Understanding intercultural differences can help communication with colleagues from other cultures. According to Professor Hofstede, if we compare the key factors in our own culture with those in another culture, we can predict possible difficulties. For example, some cultures, like Malaysia and Indonesia, are hierarchical with a caste or class system; and there is often a big difference in wealth between individuals. At work, employees respect authority, don't usually take responsibility and have a formal relationship with their manager. Other cultures, like Australia and Denmark, are more liberal and egalitarian. Managers give their employees responsibility and often socialize with them.Using any sources find interesting and essential information on this topic. What are some other types of cultures? Give examples of countries and their attitude towards different aspects of life and business.

2. Make a presentation about one particular country or several countries conducting business abroad. Present some essential and interesting information for your groupmates to form an opinion.

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Unit 14

ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

Lead-in

1. If you had such a chance, would you prefer to work for a big or small company? Why? What are the advantages of each?

2. Read the following statements and decide whether they are about the advantages of working in a big or small company. Give strong arguments to supportyour decision.

A. If you have problems with your colleagues you can always change departments.

B. You are often responsible for a variety of different tasks.C. You can actually see the result of your contribution to the company.D. You can be proud of working for a company with a national or international

reputation.E. You can become more specialized in your work.F. You have a better possibility of realizing your potential.G. The atmosphere is friendlier and you know everyone.H. You are unlikely to be fired in a sudden reorganization or downsizing.I. You’ll probably get a slightly higher salary.J. You often get greater freedom, flexibility and openness to change.

Key Vocabulary


1. unit n подразделение, организационная единица2. attain objectives достигать целей3. division of labour разделение, распределениетруда, функций4. hierarchy of authority иерархиявласти5. public organization государственная, общественнаяорганизация6. non-profit organization некоммерческая организация7. deliver/provide services оказывать, предоставлять услуги8. for the benefit of society на благо,пользу общества9. in return взамен, в ответ10. donor n спонсор

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11. fund n фонд, финансирование12. refer to (зд.) касаться13. facilitate v содействовать, способствовать, облегчить14. outline v определить, описать, изложить15. pattern n структура, модель, образец16. evolve v развиваться, эволюционировать17. mold v формировать18. primarily adv главным образом, прежде всего, в основном19. organization chart органиграмма, организационная структура,

схема20. indicate v указывать, показывать21. designate v обозначать, определять22. outsider n (зд.) посторонний23. dimension n измерение, аспект24. extent n степень, мера25. chain of command субординация, система подчинения26. premise n предпосылка, принцип, предположение27. scale downward снижаться, иметь тенденцию к снижению28. unity of command единоначалие, единство командования29. confusion n путаница, замешательство, неразбериха30. contradiction n противоречие, несоответствие31. frustration n разочарование, отчаяние32. span of management охват мер управления33.supervise v руководить, контролировать34. concern n проблема, обеспокоенность35. production quotas производственные нормы, нормы

выработки36. productive capacity производственные мощности, возможности37. lateral adj горизонтальный38. subdivision n подразделение39. specialty n специализация, профиль40. departmentalizing n деление на отделы, подразделения41. be contingent on ставиться в зависимость от42. confer v возлагать43. consistent adj последовательный44. emanate v исходить, вытекать45. diverse adj различный, разнообразный, разный46. implicitly adv косвенно, неявно47. impose v навязывать48. permit v позволять49. CEO (Chief Executive Officer)

генеральный директор, исполнительный директор

50. duplication n дублирование, повторение51. marketing expenditures расходы на маркетинг

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52. strain v нагружать, напрягать53. cumbersome adj сложный, обременительный54. lack n отсутствие, нехватка, недостаток55. dispersion of responsibility дробление ответственности56. explicitly adv прямо, явно, напрямую57. background n (зд.) происхождение, образование58. assets n активы59. sustain v поддерживать, обеспечивать


1.Look through the list of Key Vocabulary. Make up possible collocations with the word “structure”. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

2.Make up 5 sentences with the verbs and 5 sentences with the nouns from Key Vocabulary. Try to connect your sentences with the topic of the Unit. Exchange your list of sentences with your partner and check them for possible mistakes.

3. Finish the following sentences with your own words. Share your ideas with the group.

A. In a business organization, the chain of command is critically important, because… .

B. The division of labour is a way of organizing work, so that… .C. The unity of command plays a major role in … .D. A non-profit organization is … .E. An organization chart is a diagram which … .

Reading

1. Read the text and match the two parts of the sentence summaries. Order the sentences in the way they appear in the text. Take these sentence summaries as the basis for your comprehensive summary.

1. The evolution of the formal structure is influenced

a. toward the top of the pyramid having more authority and responsibility than those toward the bottom.

2. An organization chart has a pyramid form with individuals

b. formal and informal.

3. An organization is a coordinated unit c. 3 types of organizations: private, public and non-profit.

4. People are the d. which functions on a hierarchy of authority.

5. There are 2 basic types of structure: e. products or services being offered, the

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territory being covered and customers being targeted.

6. Structure involves f. by such forces as: forces in the manager, in the task, in the environment, in the subordinates.

7. The business environment involves g. 2 dimensions: vertical and horizontal.8. Departments are based on work functions,

h. most valuable assets in any company.

2. Compare your answers in Task 3 from Pre-reading Activities with the information from the text. Be ready to comment on the difference if there is any.

An organization can be described as a consciously coordinated unit created by groups in society to achieve specific purposes, common aims and objectives by means of planned and coordinated activities. Organizations are created by people who decide to work together in order to attain their specific objectives. They function through the division of labour and on a hierarchy of authority. People and business processes are structured to achieve organizational objectives.

There are 3 main types of organizations in the business environment: private, public and non-profit organizations. Private sector organizations are governed by the laws of the market. Their main aim is to make a private profit, and they have no governmental component in their structure. Public sector organizations are owned and controlled by the government. Their main aim is not to make a profit, but to deliver government services to citizens at national, regional and local levels. Non-profit organizations (NPOs) are the ones that provide goods and services for the benefit of society without seeking a private profit in return. Any profit that is made by a non-profit organization is kept in the organization for future use and not owned by any individual or a group. NPOs usually function with the help of donors and government funds.

In any organizing effort, managers must choose an appropriate structure. Structure refers to therelationships among resources of the management system. Its purpose is to facilitatethe use of each resource, individually andcollectively, as the management system attempts to attainits objectives.

The two basic types of structure within management systems are formal and informal. A formal structureis defined as the relationships among organizational resources as outlined by management. In contrast, an informal structureis defined as the patterns of relationships that developbecause of the informal activities of organization members. It evolves naturally and tends to be molded by individual norms, values and social relationships. Essentially, an organization’sinformal structure is the system or network of interpersonal relationships that exists within, butis not usually identical to, an organization’s formal structure.

An organization structure is represented primarily by means of a graphic illustration called anorganization chart.Traditionally, an organization chart is constructed in a pyramid form, with individualstoward the top of the pyramid having

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more authority and responsibility than those towardthe bottom. The relative positioning of individuals within boxes on the chart indicates broadworking relationships, and lines between boxes designate formal lines of communication betweenindividuals. In addition to specifying formal relationships within the firm, an organization chart canalso communicate to outsiders the complexity of the organization.

Structure involves two primarydimensions: the vertical dimension and the horizontal dimension.

The vertical dimensioningrefers to the extent to which anorganization uses vertical levels to separate job responsibilities. The vertical dimensioning is directlyrelated to the chain of command. Everyorganization is built on the premise that the individual at the top possesses most of authority andthat other individuals’ authority is scaled downward according to their relative position on theorganization chart.The lower a person’s position on the organization chart is, the less authority a person possesses.

The chain of command is related to the unity of command. The unityof commandis the management principle which recommends that an individual has only oneboss. If too many bosses give orders, the result will probably be confusion,contradiction, and frustration – a sure recipe for ineffectiveness and inefficiency in an organization. Although the unity of command principle made its first appearance in management literature over75 years ago, it is still discussed today as a critical ingredient of successful organizations.

When examining the vertical dimensioning of an organization chart, it isimportant for managers to consider the influence of the span of management – the number ofindividuals a manager supervises.The more individuals a manager supervises, the greater the spanof management is. The span of management has a significant effect on how well managers carry outtheir responsibilities.The central concern of the span of management is to determine how many individuals a managercan supervise effectively.To use the organization’s human resources effectively, managersshould supervise as many individuals as they can best guide toward production quotas. If they aresupervising too few people, however, they are wasting a portion of their productive capacity. Ifthey are supervising too many, they are losing part of their effectiveness.

The horizontal dimensioningof an organization refers tothe extent to which firms use lateral subdivisions or specialties within an organization. Overall, tobuild organizations horizontally, departments are established.A departmentis a unique

group of resources established by management to perform some organizational task.

Departmentalizingis the process of establishing departments within the management system. Typically, departments are based on, or contingent on, such situational factors as the workfunctions being performed, the product or service being offered, the territory being covered, andthe customer being targeted.

Functional departmentalizing has both advantages and disadvantages. The primary advantageis the control conferred to the various functional heads. The Vice

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President of marketing for Sony, for example, is able to control andcoordinate the marketing plan for all of the organization’s products, geographic regions, andcustomers. This structure allows for consistent marketing messages throughout the company.

At the same time, however, the marketing plan emanating from such a structure may not be differentiatedenough to suit the needs of Sony’s diverse products, geographic regions, and customers.In other words, this structure may implicitly impose functional standardization thatmay not optimize the needs of the organization’s various products and services.

Organization structure based primarily on a product or servicedepartmentalizes resources according to the products or services being offered.As more and more products are offered by a company, it becomes increasingly difficult formanagement to coordinate activities across the organization. Organizing according to a productor service permits the logical grouping of resources necessary to produce and market eachproduct or service.

Product orservice departmentalizing also has both advantages anddisadvantages.

One of theprimary advantages is the ability to focus the organization’s efforts on each of the firm’s productsor services.With this structure, for example, the Vice President of electronics for Sony has thepower and authority to control all aspects of the electronics business. Moreover, this type ofstructure directly associates responsibility for each of the firm’s products. If the electronicsdivision does not perform well, for example, it is relatively easy for Sony’s CEO to determine responsibilityfor the poor performance.

One of the primary disadvantages of this structure, though, is that different units may resultin some duplication of efforts, which may lead to higher costs. Continuing the example of Sony, themanagers of the electronics division and the music division may both request more capital for marketingexpenditures. Moreover, they may both create marketing positions within their units to aid inthe marketing efforts.Taken together, these types of requests may strain the organization’s resources.

Structure based primarily on territory departmentalizesaccording to the places where the work is being done or the geographic markets on which themanagement system is focusing. Physical distances can range from quite short (between twopoints in the same city) to quite long (between two points in the same state, in different states, oreven in different countries). As market areas and work locations expand, physical distancesbetween places can make the management task extremely cumbersome. To minimize thisproblem, resources can be departmentalized according to the territory.

Several advantages and disadvantages are associated with geographic departmentalizing.

Oneof the primary advantages of this structure is that it helps the organization focus equally on theorganization’s various geographic locations. For a company such as Sony, for example, the Vice President ofNorth America is in charge of operations

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in North America, and the Vice President ofAsia is in charge of operations in Asia.The organization defines clearly the individuals responsiblefor these various regions.

At the same time, however, this type of departmentalizing also has disadvantages.One of the main disadvantages, for example, is the lack of focus on products and services. In this example, the Vice President for North America is responsible for selling movies,electronics, and music in North America. At the same time, the Vice President of Asia is responsible for selling the same products in Asia; no single manager is responsible for theperformance of movies, electronics, or music. Instead, the responsibility is shared amongvarious divisional Vice Presidents; this dispersion of responsibility may produce coordinationproblems.

The structure based primarily on the customerestablishesdepartments in response to the organization’s major customers. This structure, of course,assumes that major customers can be identified and divided into logical categories.

Like the previously discussed organizational structures, customer departmentalization hasboth advantages and disadvantages.

One of the primary advantages of customer departmentalizationis that the firm focuses explicitly on its customers. Sony, for example, could follow this structure and include a Vice President for each of its largest customers. This structure increases thelikelihood that Sony will maintain its focus on its most important sources of sales.

At the sametime, however, this structure may also create some redundancies and increased costs. For example, the Vice Presidents may require their ownmarketing departments, which increases the likelihoodfor duplicated efforts.

The formalstructure of a management system is continually evolving. Four primary forces influence thisevolution: forces in the manager, forces in the task, forces in the environment, and forces in thesubordinates. The evolution of a particular organization is actually the result of a complex anddynamic interaction among these forces.

Forces in the manager are the unique way in which a manager perceivesorganizational problems. Naturally, background, knowledge, experience, and values influence the manager’sperception of what the organization’s formal structure should be or how it should bechanged. In the same way, similar forces influence the employee and play a key role in how he or she views work.

Forces in the task include the degree of technology involved in performing the task and thetask’s complexity. As task activities change, a force is created to change the existing organization.

Forces in the environment include the customers and suppliers of the management system, alongwith existing political and social structures.

Forces in the subordinates include the needs and skilllevels of subordinates. Obviously, as the environment and subordinates change, forces are createdsimultaneously to change the organization.

Despite the structure of an organization, people are the most valuable assets. It’s the people that plan, design, implement, sustain and end an organization’s life. Any organization behaves the ways its employees behave, the ways its managers

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direct it. An organization without people is just a collection of buildings, car parks and furniture.

Comprehension Check


A. Organizations function on a hierarchy of authority.B. If too many bosses give orders, there will be ineffectiveness and inefficiency

in an organization.C. If managers supervise too many people, they lose part of their effectiveness.D. Different units may result in some duplication of efforts.E. Despite the structure of an organization, people are the most valuable assets.


A. People and business processes are structured to manage time.B. Private sector organizations are governed by pubic administration.C. NPO stands for national product orientation.D. An informal structure is defined as the patterns of relationships that develop

according to the government’s needs and wants.E. An organization structure is represented by means of a curve.F. According to the chain of command, the lower a person’s position on the

organization chart is, the more authority a person possesses.G. In case of the vertical dimension of an organization chart, it’s important for

managers to consider their employees’ mood.H. To build organizations horizontally, new buildings are constructed.I. Departments are based on such situational factors as the work functions

being performed, the feedback being received, the territory being covered and the profit being targeted.

J. Background, knowledge, nepotism and salary influence the manager’s perception of what the organization’s formal structure should be or how it should be eliminated.

3. Imagine that after skimming the text, your groupmate wasn’t able to understand certain points. He/she asked you to clarify them. Basing on the text, explain, what the following means. You may work in pairs: one of you asks questions, the other one answers them.

A. formal/informal structureB. organization chartC. chain of commandD. unity of commandE. span of management

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Vocabulary Focus

1. Complete the sentences with the adjectives made from the words in bold. Practice your translation skills. Discuss any controversial moments with your groupmates and teacher.

A. This portfolio of project activities was (diversity) in type and size.B. The government should carry out (consistency) monitoring of urban

activities and their link to environment and health objectives.C. Preliminary results show that public administration processes are usually

(cumbersomeness).D. The commission met (government) representatives, accused of violations,

including high-level officials.E. Growth in European consumption of many (graph) paper grades exceeded

GDP growth.F. Desirable or not, a (significance) growth in nuclear power seems inevitable.G. Unfortunately, inequality and discrimination remain (centre) obstacles in

building a world fit for children.H. WTO is considered to be the (uniqueness) forum for global trade rule-

making and liberalization.I. This measure would enhance economy-wide (production) potential,

competitiveness and sustainability.J. The e-learning gender course was noted as a particularly (value) initiative.


A. sustain, maintain, support, signify B. resources, assets, assessment, fundsC. education, experience, background, emotionsD. handsome, burdensome, cumbersome, bulkyE. president, CEO, managing director, accountantF. require, enforce, enlarge, imposeG. control, contradiction, paradox, inconsistencyH. dimension, development, scale, sizeI. describe, represent, outline, organizeJ. mitigate, shape, mold, form

Watching

“Organizational Structure”

Pre-watching

1. Match the given schemes of organizational structure with the terms. Try to describe the main principles of each organizational structure basing on the images given. Mind the information from Reading.

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1.

A. Hierarchy

2.

B. Matrix

3.

C. Team-based organization

2. Before watching the video make sure you know the following words and word combinations. Consult a dictionary if it is necessary. The words are given in the order you will meet them in the video.

1. professional settings2. hierarchy n3. chairman of the Board4. CEO5. employee n6. busser n7. bartender n8. figure out

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9. fit in10. handful of people11. cross-training12. matrix n13. grid n14. be in charge of15. overlap v16. recruiting team17. commonality n18. HR

B. First WatchingFollow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUd0UNHyy60or find the

video “Organizational Structure” on YouTube and watch it to answer the following questions.

A. What’s the basic difference between hierarchy and a team-based organization?

B. What does cross-training mean? How does it work in a team-based organization?

C. What is peculiar about a matrix-style grid? D. Why may matrix be a little bit confusing in the beginning?E. What is the newest structure, according to the speaker’s opinion?

C. Second Watching

Basing on the video, fill in the following table.

Main Principles of Organizational StructuresHierarchy Team-based

organizationMatrix


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUd0UNHyy60

1. Taking into account the table from C. Second Watching, discuss the basic advantages of each organizational structure with your partner. Which one do you find the most (least) advantageous? Report your findings to the group.

2. The video episode doesn’t give any information about possible disadvantages of each organizational structure. In small groups brainstorm the minuses of hierarchy, a team-based organization and matrix. Exchange your conclusions with the whole group.

Talking Points

1. Fill in the given words in the quotations to make them sound logical.

Successful; charts; efficiency;designed; interact

A. Every company has two organizational structures: the formal one is written on the … ; the other is the everyday relationship of the men and women in the organization.Harold Geneen

B. Organization and education, when they … with each other, they strengthen each other, they are mutually supportive. Noam Chomsky

C. An organization, no matter how well … , is only as good as the people who live and work in it. Dee Hock

D. Organization isn't about perfection; it's about … , reducing stress, saving time and money and improving your overall quality of life.Christina Scalise

E. In the … organization, no detail is too small to escape close attention.Lou Holtz

React to the quotations by explaining what they mean and showing their relevance and connection to modern times. Take into account the information from Reading.

2. Role-play the following situation.

You’ve got acquainted with the basics of organizational structures. Now, taking into account the information from both the text and the video, do the following.

Choose 3 people from your group. Each of them is an expert in a particular organizational structure: hierarchy, a team-based organization and matrix.

All the other students are journalists, managers, students of the School of Economics and Management, entrepreneurs, etc.You are welcome to add any other roles if you wish.

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Imagine that the three experts were invited to the conference “Organizational Structure: Truths and Myths”. So, they are to answer the audience’s questions protecting their points of view.

Experts should try to be as convincing as they can and the audience should try to ask sound, well-grounded questions.

At the end of the event the audience are to vote for the best orator and explain their choice.

Summary Points


When the company known as 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) began in1902, the goal of the firm was to mine1 a heavy abrasive for technical purposes. However, it discovered that the mine inMinnesota simply wasn’t going to provide the firm with the necessary materials. After over a decade, 3M did howeverfinally succeed in producing sandpaper2 for the rapidly growingauto industry. By 1925, 3M was on its way to diversification.

Today 3M operates in more than 65 countries, and theproduct offerings of 3M include widely held retail consumeritems as well as other less popular products.

Its products cover consumers from manufacturing to drive-through3 restauranttechnologies.

To make all this happen, 3M has about 75,000 employees throughout the world – fewer than half that number are in theUnited States. Additionally, of those 75,000 employees, almost7,000 are in the roles of researchers. This keeps 3M atthe forefront of new product development. According to George W. Buckley, CEO of 3M, the companyhas strategically positioned itself in a very difficult economy.

“3M,” he said, “is a much stronger and more innovative enterprisethan it was even a year ago.” Innovation is thecornerstone of 3M’s success. To ensure 3M remains abovethe competition when it comes to new product development,it has invested heavily in research and development. Buckleystated that in 2009, 3M “maintained investments of morethan a billion dollars in R&D at a time when many companieswere forced to dramatically cut back.”

So how does a multibillion dollar, international companythat is heavily diversified organize its businesses? Keeping inmind that operations are geographically dispersed and 35 companiesexist under the 3M umbrella, it might appear to be adaunting task. However, 3M has taken a straightforward productdepartmentalization approach to the company.All 35 business units are grouped together in six larger businesssegments based on the kinds of products manufactured.

By grouping similar types of businesses by the productsthey manufacture, 3M is attempting to utilize resources carefullyand strategically. In other words, researchers in the industrialand transportation business segment at 3M can focus their

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effortson those innovations related to abrasives andfiltration systems withouthaving their attention diverted4 by developingproducts that are more consumer- focused. With thisapproach, concentrated research and development can takeplace within each of the six business segments.

For Buckley, appropriate departmentalization is important,but he realizes that it is just one aspect of 3M’s strategy. The companymust also foster innovation while maintaining profits. As Buckleypointed out, “There is no question that we at 3M are optimisticabout our creative capabilities, confident in our operationalstrength, and reassured by our strong balance sheet5.”

Vocabulary:1. minev – добывать2. sandpapern – наждачнаябумага3. drive-through n – забегаловка4. divertv – отвлечь5. balancesheet – баланс, балансоваяведомость

Questions:1. What is the background of 3M?2. What is the total number of 3M’s employees and how many researchers are

among them?3. What approach has 3M taken?4. What is the total strategy of 3M?

Writing

Write a short summary of your opinions regarding organization structures, explaining which one you would prefer to work for. Give several reasons and mention various counter-arguments. You are recommended to use the following conjunctions and connectors.

Furthermore Moreover In other words That is Because ofConsequently Due to Therefore Owing to ThusThough Although However Nevertheless On the contrary

Conversely On the other hand

Independent Study

1. Using the Internet resources find information on the organizational structure of any well-known company (local or international). Prepare a report or presentation on your research. Present it to your group. Be ready to answer your groupmates’ questions on the topic.

2. Follow the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcTtQ0hiHbEor find the video “Steve Jobs - Organizational Structure” on YouTube and watch it to speak

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcTtQ0hiHbE

about peculiarities of Apple’s organizational structure. Look for some additional information about this company and report your findings to the group.

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References

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