변이 (Variation)
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변이 (Variation)
1. Nature and Cause of Varia-tion
2. Evolutionary Significance of Variation
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1. Nature and Cause of Variation
• Study of Variation within and among individuals, among populations, and among species
• 자연선택 , 표현형 형질 , 유전자 또는 환경에 따른 변이 정도 , 다음 세대로의 유전 정도
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Modes of Expression of Variation
• Discrete Traits• Quantitative Traits• Threshold Traits• Sexual Dimorphic Traits
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Discret
e Traits
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Quanti-tative Traits
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Mean, Variation
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Variation
among popula-tion
s
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Cause of Variation and their Evolu-tionary Consequences
• Variation within individuals
• Variation among individuals in ran-dom-mating, unstructured popula-tions
• Variation in structured populations – genotypes do not interact at random
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Onto-genetic
Varia-tion
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Ontogenic
Vari-ation
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2. Evolutionary significance of Varia-tion
• Quantitative Traits genetic versus environmental
causes of phenotype variation
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To-tal Pheno-type
Variation
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R=h2S• R=h2S• R Response to selection (phenotype change between genera-
tion)• H heritability• S Selection differential (before and
after selection)
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Genetic Variation Additive Genetic Variance Nonadditive Variance - Dominance variance - Cytoplasmic variance Epigenetic Variance Interaction of Nonadditive and Addi-
tive Genetic Variance
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Table 2.1 Epistatic Interac-tion
Locus 2
Geno-types
Locus 1AA Aa aa
BB 11 10 9Bb 11 12 9bb 9 9 9
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Table 2.2 Epistatic Interac-tion
Locus 2
Geno-types
Locus 1AA Aa aa
BB 6 2 1Bb 2 6 2bb 1 2 6
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Interconversion of Nonadditive and Additive Genetic Variance
• Epistatic variation : Nonadditive Little direct part in response to selec-
tion• Epistatic/Alleic variation Loss : Con-
vert to Additive variation• Passing through the bottleneck : Ad-
ditive Genetic variation increase
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Table 2.3 Schematic Exam-ple
Locus 2
Geno-types
Locus 1AA Aa aa
BB 8.0 6.0 4.0Bb 2.0 4.0 4.0bb 1.0 1.0 3.0
Genotype b loss makes BB only and additive variation
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Environmental Variation• Abiotic Environmental Variation• Biotic Environmental Variation• Maternal Environmental Varia-
tion
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Genotype X Environment Interaction
• Cannot be predictated on ths basis of each Genotype and Environment
• VP VG + VE , VP = VG x VE
• Diminishing heritability• Constraint evolutionary changes• Reduce potential response to selec-
tion
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Genotype X Environmental Interaction