回顧與總結. 本次講課內容出自 Saskia Sassen 的 Guests and Aliens.
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Transcript of 回顧與總結. 本次講課內容出自 Saskia Sassen 的 Guests and Aliens.
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回顧與總結
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• 本次講課內容出自 Saskia Sass
en 的 Guests and Aliens
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Point of Departure
• International migrations stand at the
intersection of a number of
economic and geopolitical processes
that link the countries involved; they
are not simply the outcome of
individuals in search of better
opportunities. (p.1)
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Understanding International Migration
• Part of the problem of understanding
immigration is recognizing how, why, and
when governments, economic actors,
media, and populations at large in …
countries participate in the immigration
process. (P.1)
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Migration: Highly Selective Processes
• Migrations are highly selective
processes; only certain people leave,
and they travel on highly structured
routes to their destinations, rather
than gravitate blindly toward any rich
country they can enter.
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• The reason migrations take this highly
structured form has to do with the
interactions and interrelations between
sending and receiving countries. (P.2)
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Immigration is embedded in a complex system
• Immigration happens in a context of
inequality between countries, but
inequality by itself is not enough.
This inequality needs to be activated
as a migration push factor-through
organized recruitment, neocolonial
bonds, etc. (P.136)
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國家和移民移出國 ( 移民流動 ) 移入國
1 )困難的經濟狀況 國家之間已經 1 )市場需求 存在的連結 婚姻 勞動 2 )政策
遷移開始
2 )網絡與組織 3 )市場依賴 4 )移民社群建立
遷移繼續成長
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國家和移民(續上頁)移出國 ( 移民流動 ) 移入國
3 )國家開始鼓勵移民 4 )政府開始緊縮 (以民意為名)
4)移民得到原居國政府 5 )市場反擊,民間與社區的特殊對待遇 團體組織維護移民人權
遷移的複雜性 1. 非法增加 2. 雙重國籍的可能性 3. 多種公民身份的形式 4. 不定期的非法合法化
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Binding sending and receiving countries
The mechanisms binding immigration
countries to emigration countries :
1. Past colonial and current neo- or quasi-
colonial bounds.
2. Launching of organized recruitment
either directly by the government or in
the framework of a government. (P.137)
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Migration: Bonded Flows
• Migration flows are bounded in space,
time, and scale. In the collective
imagination of receiving societies..floods
of immigrants and refugees coming from
every where, with no end in sight. But
this is not the case today, nor was it in
the past when there were no border
controls. (P.133)
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Migration: Bonded Flows
• Labor migrations took place within
systemic settings and there appear
to have been multiple mechanisms
contributing to their size, geography,
and duration. (P.134)
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Migration: Shaped by Networks and Organizations
• The importance of recruitment and
networks, often spatially circumscribed
networks, the frequency of circular
migrations that connected specific places
of origin which specific destinations over
long periods of times, all of these signal
the extent to witch migrations were
embedded in and shaped by specific
systems. (P.134)
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Migration: Much More Than Migrant Decisions
• If immigration is thought of as the result of
the aggregation of individuals in search of
better life, immigration is, from the
perspective of the receiving country, an
exogenous process, one formed and
shaped by conditions outside the
receiving country. (P.136)
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Are Receiving Countries “Innocent”?
• In conventional view, the receiving
country’s experience is understood to be
that of a passive bystander to processes
outside its domain and control, and hence
with few options but tight closing of
frontiers if it is to avoid an “invasion.”
(P.136)
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Receiving Countries are “Partners” in Migrants’ Journey
• The immigration-receiving countries
behave as though they were not
parties to the process of
immigration. But in fact
they(receiving countries) are
partners.(p.1)
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Receiving Countries are “Partners” in Migrants’ Journey
• Immigration is conditioned on the
operation of the economic system in
receiving countries, including direct
recruitment, then the receiving
country cannot consider itself a
mere, passive, bystander to the
whole matter.
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• The economic, political, and social
conditions in the receiving country
set the parameters for immigration
flows.
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Conclusions on immigration flows
1. Emigration always encompasses a small
share of country’s population.
2. Immigrants always are a minority of a
country’s population.
3. There is considerable return migration.
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Policy(I): Citizenship or What?
• Given major changes under way and given limite
d interest in naturalization among immigrants it
may be questioned whether citizenship is the fin
al and most effective form of civic incorporati
on of immigrants. Scholars have suggested tha
t “denizenship” might be a way of giving immigr
ants the full range of rights without the necessity
to acquire a new citizenship. This would allow mi
grants to become significant collective actors. (P.
146)
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Citizenship as Identity
• Immigrants are often reluctant to give up their rig
ht in countries of origin (such as returning, ownin
g property, inheriting property, participating in nat
ional elections) but do want full integration in cou
ntries of residence. Further, naturalization is ofte
n loaded with symbolic questions of identity and l
oyalty that immigrants may not be ready to take
on. Denizenship would give full rights (to employ
ment, residence, social rights) but not participatio
n in national elections or access to public office.
(P.146-147)
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Participation Matters
• There is growing reorganization that it is
important to liberalize naturalization procedures
and to allow dual citizenship. There is also
growing interest in granting full political rights
even for those not willing to naturalize as long as
they reside in what is their country of birth and
upbringing. Another concept is that of the new
citizenship, referring not necessarily to
membership via naturalization but via
participation and residence in a community
(P.147)
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Policy(II): What do migrants want?• There is a growing presence of immigrants who
are not searching for a new home in a new
country; they think of themselves as moving in a
cross-border and even global labor market. .when
illegal immigrants are regularized, they often
establish permanent residence in their country of
origin and work a few months in the immigration
country, an option that becomes available when
they can circulate more freely.(p.144)