Overview of the problem Contradiction toward dictionary selection between language teachers and...
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Overview of the problemContradiction toward dictionary selection between language teachers and learners
Significance of the study
Lack of study on Taiwanese students’ preference, habits, and capability of dictionary use
Lack of empirical study on assessing the effects of EDs on learners’ vocabulary acquisition
Introduction
蘇琬楨 Wan-Chen Su (Jen)
What are Taiwanese students’ preference, habits, and capability toward dictionary use?
What do Taiwanese students use EDs for?
Do school teachers in Taiwan put emphasis on the instruction of dictionary skills?
Which type of dictionary best assists students in short-term and long-term vocabulary retention, electronic bilingual dictionaries or paper monolingual dictionaries?
Research question
Introduction
Strengths of EDs
Speed(Koren, 1997; Weschler and Pitts, 2000; Aust & Kelley & Roby, 1993)
Lightness(Weschler and Pitts, 2000; Tang, 1997)
Others: error tolerant input,, word and spelling games, cross-referencing(Weschler and Pitts, 2000)
Weakness of EDs
Erroneous assumption(Koren, 1997; Aust & Kelley & Roby,
1993)
Not detailed(Koren, 1997)
Others: overuse(Aust & Kelley & Roby, 1993), quality(Tang, 1997)
Literature Review
Methodology - Questionnaire
Pre-adolescent Post-adolescent
Subject number by
ages
121 161
School name Chung-cheng Junior High
School
Stella Matutina Girls’ Junior High School
National Taichung First Senior High
School
Stella Matutina Girls’ Senior High School
Tung Hai University
Location Taipei Taichung Taichung Taichung Taichung
Subject number by
schools
71 50 3 43 115
Gender Subject
number by genders
36 35 0 50 3 0 0 43 49 66
Questionnaire
Send to five teachersthrough e-mail
Send to five teachersthrough e-mail
Distribute to classesthey teach
Distribute to classesthey teach
Collect and mailquestionnaires back
Collect and mailquestionnaires back
Data analyzed by Excel files
Data analyzed by Excel files
Methodology - Questionnaire
47%
33%
91%
25%
89%
24%17%
88%90%
24%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
English-
English
Englsih-
Chinese
Chinese-
English
ED Bilingualized
Dictionaries
Group 1
Group 2
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
Finding & Analysis - QuestionnaireQ1: What kinds of dictionaries do you have?
3
54
8
126
80
35
12
67
63
89
20
193
14
0
50
100
150
200
250
English-English Englsih-Chinese Chinese-English ED Bilingualized
Dictionaries
Group 1
Group 2
Total
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
Q2: How often do you use the following dictionaries?
17%
4%
26%
22%
9%
35%
9%
40%
8%
16%
34%
14%
34%
6%
32%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
English-
English
Englsih-
Chinese
Chinese-
English
ED Bilingualized
Dictionaries
Group 1
Group 2
Average
Q3: Which type of dictionaries best assists vocabulary retention?
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
72%57%
35%46%
78%
28%43%
65%54%
22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
English-English Englsih-
Chinese
Chinese-
English
ED Bilingualized
Dictionaries
Group 2
Group 1
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
Different perception from the two groups
1%
30%
5%2%
17%
2%
78%
8%4%
65%
2%
23%
3%
73%
7%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
English-English Englsih-Chinese Chinese-English ED Bilingualized
Dictionaries
Group 1
Group 2
Average
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
Q4: Which of the following dictionaries do you prefer?
20%
1%
40%
5% 4%
36%
7%
3%
13%
18%
4%
16%
7%
2%
0%
17%
39%
1%
18%
39%
4%
25%
7%
3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Group 1
Group 2
Average
Q5: How did you learn to look up the bilingual dictionaries?
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
3%
48% 49%
5%
13%
80%
4%
33%
63%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Yes (Paper) Yes (ED) No
Group 1
Group 2
Average
Q6: Do you carry a dictionary with you? ED or PD?
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
67%
89%
9%
42%
5%
18%
68%
7%
57%
26%
5%
69%
3%
25%
83%
26%
86%
5%13%
69%
5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%w
hen
traveling
in c
lass
when
readin
g
English
when
listenin
g t
o
lectures
when
watchin
g
English
when
writ
ing
when
talk
ing t
o
foreig
ners
Group 1
Group 2
Average
Q7: When do you use the electronic dictionaries?
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
98%
85%
71%
23%
51%
22%
66%
50%
19%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Group 1
Group 2
Average
Q8: What do you use the electronic dictionaries for?
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
speed of
looking up
words
light, easy to
carry
f ashionable pronunciation
f unction
assist writing
Group 1
Group 2
Average
Q9: Overall, why do you prefer using EDs?
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
look up f rom
English-
Chinese
dictionaries
look up f rom
English-English
dictionaries
guessing f rom
the contents of
the reading
materials
ignore it
Group 1
Group 2
Average
□
Q10: If you can't really understand the meaning looked up from the electronic dictionaries, what will you do?
Group 1: Pre-adolescent group Group 2: Post-adolescent group
Age Gender Current status English education in
Taiwan
Subject 1 27 Work in USA 7
Subject 2 27 Work in USA 7
Subject 3 25 RioHondo Community College 6
Subject 4 20 Mt. San Antonio Community College
3
Subject 5 24 California State PolyTechnic University, Pomona
4
Subject 6 28 Work in USA 7
Subject 7 24 California State University, Long Beach
7
Subject 8 23 Asuza Pacific University 6
Methodology - Experimental Design
ExperimentalDesign – 1st
Round
8 Subjects randomly assigned
to two groups
8 Subjects randomly assigned
to two groups
Pretest on 50 vocabulary
Pretest on 50 vocabulary
2nd Posttest on50 vocabulary2nd Posttest on50 vocabulary
Data analyzed by T-tests
Data analyzed by T-tests
Read the 1st articleExperimental: ED
Control: PD
Read the 1st articleExperimental: ED
Control: PD
5 minutes later1st Posttest on 50 vocabulary1st Posttest on 50 vocabulary
1 week later
Methodology - Experimental Design
ExperimentalDesign – 2nd
Round
8 Subjects were switched over
8 Subjects were switched over
Read the 2nd articleExperimental: ED
Control: PD
Read the 2nd articleExperimental: ED
Control: PD
Pretest on 50 vocabulary
Pretest on 50 vocabulary
1st Posttest on 50 vocabulary1st Posttest on 50 vocabulary
2nd Posttest on50 vocabulary2nd Posttest on50 vocabulary
Data analyzed by T-tests
Data analyzed by T-tests
5 minutes later1 week later
Methodology - Experimental Design
Mean of those who use EDs Mean of those who use PDs
Pretest 16.75 151st Posttest 24.25 21.8752nd Posttest 21.75 18.625
T-test Pretest 1st posttest 2nd posttest
N=8 t=.444, p=.664
t=.484, p=.636
t=.666, p=.517
N=80 t=1.571, p=.120
N=130 t=1.997, p=.048
Note: “p” needs to be less than .05
(T test assisted by Dr. Janice Schafrik)
Finding & Analysis - Experimental Design
Limitation & Recommendation Questionnaire: Gender of subjects & Modernization of schools districts selected Experimental design: Sample size &
Problem of counter-balanced design
Implication Overview of the research questions
Conclusions
Conclusions
ApplicationExplicit instruction of dictionary
skillsActivities related with dictionary useMake the best use of EDsComplement EDs with other
dictionaries
QuestionnaireQuestionnaireDear all,Dear all,Thank you for participating in this study. I’m a graduate student of TESOL(Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) program in University of Thank you for participating in this study. I’m a graduate student of TESOL(Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) program in University of Southern California. The purpose of this questionnaire is to investigate Taiwanese students’(including junior high, senior high and university) habits, Southern California. The purpose of this questionnaire is to investigate Taiwanese students’(including junior high, senior high and university) habits, preferences, and attitudes toward dictionary use. This questionnaire is an anonymous design and your answers will only serve as references in my study. preferences, and attitudes toward dictionary use. This questionnaire is an anonymous design and your answers will only serve as references in my study. Thanks again for your valuable opinions.Thanks again for your valuable opinions. Personal informationPersonal informationAge_________Age_________ GenderGender □:□: MaleMale □ □ FemaleFemale School name_________________________School name_________________________ 1.1. Please check the following dictionaries which you possess.Please check the following dictionaries which you possess.□□ English to English English to English □□English to Chinese English to Chinese □□Chinese to English Chinese to English □□Electronic Electronic □□English to English&ChineseEnglish to English&Chinese2.2. How often do you use the following dictionaries?How often do you use the following dictionaries?English to English English to English □□Always Always □□Sometimes Sometimes □□Never Never □□Cannot useCannot useEnglish to Chinese English to Chinese □□Always Always □□Sometimes Sometimes □□Never Never □□Cannot useCannot useChinese to English Chinese to English □□Always Always □□Sometimes Sometimes □□Never Never □□Cannot useCannot useElectronic Electronic □□Always Always □□Sometimes Sometimes □□Never Never □□Cannot useCannot useEnglish to English & Chinese English to English & Chinese □□Always Always □□Sometimes Sometimes □□Never Never □□Cannot useCannot use3.3. Which kind of the following dictionaries is the most effective one in assisting vocabulary retention?Which kind of the following dictionaries is the most effective one in assisting vocabulary retention?□□English to English English to English □□English to Chinese English to Chinese □□Chinese to English Chinese to English □□Electronic Electronic □□English to English&ChineseEnglish to English&Chinese4.4. Which of the following dictionaries do you prefer?Which of the following dictionaries do you prefer?□□English to English English to English □□English to Chinese English to Chinese □□Chinese to English Chinese to English □□Electronic Electronic □□English to English&ChineseEnglish to English&Chinese5.5. How did you learn to look up the English-Chinese dictionaries?How did you learn to look up the English-Chinese dictionaries?□□ Taught by junior high school teachers Taught by junior high school teachers □□Taught by senior high school teachers Taught by senior high school teachers □□Taught by cram school teachers Taught by cram school teachers □□Learn by yourselves Learn by yourselves □□Learn from classmates or friends Learn from classmates or friends □□Taught by parents Taught by parents □□Learn from brothers or sisters Learn from brothers or sisters □□Others______________Others______________6.6. Do you carry a dictionary with you? If yes, which type?Do you carry a dictionary with you? If yes, which type?□□Yes Yes □□No Dictionary type________________________No Dictionary type________________________7.7. When do you use the electronic dictionaries? (Multiple answers)When do you use the electronic dictionaries? (Multiple answers)□□ Traveling Traveling □□In class In class □□Reading English books Reading English books □□Listening to lectures Listening to lectures □□WatchingWatchingEnglish programs or movies English programs or movies □□Writing Writing □□Talking to foreignersTalking to foreigners8.8. What do you use the electronic dictionaries for? (Multiple answers)What do you use the electronic dictionaries for? (Multiple answers)□□ Using English to Chinese dictionaries Using English to Chinese dictionaries □□Using Chinese to English dictionaries Using Chinese to English dictionaries □□Function of pronunciation Function of pronunciation □□store the new vocabulary for future review store the new vocabulary for future review □□checking synonyms or antonyms checking synonyms or antonyms □□Using the slang dictionaries Using the slang dictionaries □□Playing games Playing games □□Calculation Calculation □□MemoMemo9.9. Overall, why do you prefer using electronic dictionaries? (Multiple answers)Overall, why do you prefer using electronic dictionaries? (Multiple answers)□□ Speed of looking up words Speed of looking up words □□Light, easy to carry Light, easy to carry □□Fashionable Fashionable □□Pronunciation Pronunciation functionfunction □ □ Assist writingAssist writing10.If you can't really understand the meaning looked up from the electronic dictionaries, what will you do?10.If you can't really understand the meaning looked up from the electronic dictionaries, what will you do?□□ Look up from English-Chinese dictionaries Look up from English-Chinese dictionaries □□Look up from English-EnglishLook up from English-Englishdictionaries dictionaries □□guessing from the contents of the reading materials guessing from the contents of the reading materials □□Ignore itIgnore it11.What does your teacher think about students' using electronic dictionaries?11.What does your teacher think about students' using electronic dictionaries?□□ Strongly against Strongly against □□Do no recommend Do no recommend □□not against not against □□In favor of In favor of □□Others_______ Others_______