ﻻﺇ ﻲﻘﻳﻓﻭﺗ ﺎﻣﻭ) - olc.bu.edu.egolc.bu.edu.eg/olc/images/fart/518.pdf ·...
-
Upload
nguyenduong -
Category
Documents
-
view
248 -
download
16
Transcript of ﻻﺇ ﻲﻘﻳﻓﻭﺗ ﺎﻣﻭ) - olc.bu.edu.egolc.bu.edu.eg/olc/images/fart/518.pdf ·...
-
( )
(
(
-
- - - - - - - -
-: :
: :
.
-
: . : .
: . : .
- :
:
: .
: .
-
:
. - -
: .
: .
-
-
: . .:
: . .:
: . : .
-
: . : .
. : : .
- .
-
:
: . : .
: . : .
-
: : .
: .
-
: .
: . : .
. - -
.: : .
-
- .
.
-
-
( )
.
-
: *
" .
-
- .
... .
.
.
-
. ()
. .
-
.
()
- .
: -
. .
: -
.
. -
. .
-
-
. -
"" . -
. (
) -
. .
.
- Pragmatism
globalization - - -
.
-
open-end .
. -
.
.
-
:
.
P)(Frank P ""
.
-
.
-
)(P.
: . P)(P
. : . :
(
)
( ) P)(P .P)(P
P)(P Big push
-
P)(P
""
. : :
P)(Hobhouse P .
)(P .
High "": " " development
:
Scale () - Efficiency - Freedom - Mutuality -
-
. ""
" . "
""
.
"" Co-operation .
P)(P
.
"" "
.P)(P "
-
:
.
- .
- ( )
potentials . :
: ). - (
" "
.
. (
)
-
)(P .
: :
. :
:
:
. :
. :
.
-
.
:
:
. .
: : " " "
Underdevelopment
.
-
"
. : ( )
.
. P)(P
.
-
" " ""
." P)(P " ""
. - -
.P)(P ::
development growth
"" ( )
.P)(P ""
""
Big push
-
P)(P
P
)(P P)(P
.
:: .. progress
.
.P)(P
:
( )
-
( ) .
-
.
...
( )
Nietzsche Spengler Sorokin Toynbe .P)(P
Max weber
.
.
-
(
" P)(P
.
.
.P)(P Adm Smith "
" "
. ( )
: "
-
.P)(P" " "
. " "
" "
. Kondorcet
" "Picture of the progress of human Mind"
( )
.P)(P
-
.
.
Population in tits first forms
.P)(P
.
-
Bury "
. Nonnerl Keohon
. ""
( ) "" ) - -(
.
.P)(P
.
-
.
()
. : :
: Equality " ""
Not absolute""
equality
-
Oiberating equality
.P)(P : "
Inequality .
"" "
) (
.P)(P
. " "
Robin Williams "
-
.
.
: - ""
Freedom "" .
Freedom to think Work Create .
P)(P
.
.
.. utopias
-
( .P)(P )
() ( ) .
Citzenship -
. ""
Nationalism-patriotism .
. ()
.P)(P
T.H. Marshall P)(P "" ""
-
.
. ""
.P)(P
()
.P)(P ( )
.P)(P
-
tales
consciousness
Ernest Gelliner ""
. " "
P)(P .
:: : ""
-
Evolution progress Change.
"
.P)(P P)(La Piere P "
""
"" " " "" " "
-
P)(P
P)(Smelser P " " P)(P :
() -
( ).
: "" - - -
. - : -
. : -
.P)(P
-
.
: : " "
" "
. .
.P)(P
.P)(P
:
( )
. : :
-
P)(Richard Appel Baum" P "
: : :
Lewis Herbert Spencer " " Morgan " "Darwen
. : :
.
: :
-
Radcliffe Brown Dorkeim
Malinowski
.
: " "
"
.P)(P "
( )
.
.
-
" "
"" .
" "
. ""
: -
.
-
Smelser
. "" ""
Conte
Morgan ""
.
( ). ""
Ogburn
( ) ()
.P)(P
""
-
"
.
.
-
. "" " "
( )
.
"" Julian Steward "
-
"
.
Rise and fall theories ""
"" "" ""
.P)(P ""
) - - (
. " ""
"" "
.
()
( )
-
()
.
.
-
1. Frnak, Ande Gunder, Capitalism and under development.
In: Latin America., Historical studies of Chile and Brasil, penguin Books. 1971.
2. Ibid., p.33 . :
. :
-. : .
4. Frank, Ander Gunder: Capitalism and under development in : Latin America op. cit., p. 38.
- . -: . .
6. Myrdal, Gunner: Asian Drama. An Inquiry into the poverty of Nations. Vol. 11. Penguin Books. 1968.
7. Ibid., P. 715, 8. Hobe house, L.T.: Social development, its nature and
condition George Allen & unwion Ltd, 1960. 9. Ibid., p. 76. 10. Ibid., p. 87.
-
. . : . :
:
, - . . : . . :
- .
14. Smith, Sheila: The Ideas of Samir Amin "Theory or tautology In: The Journal of development studies. Vol (17) October. 1980.
.
15. Frank, Ander Gunder: Capitalism and underdevelopment, In latin America op-cit. PP. 33-34.
. . -
17. See: World development Report, 1980. The world Bank. Washington. D.C. August 1980, chap. 6. 18. Ibid., p. 85.
-
19. International Encyclopedia of social science. Vol (4). The Macmillan Company the free press. 1968, pp. 397-398.
20. Almond, Gabriel A, and Marivn, chodorow and Ry, Harvery Pearce: Progress and Its Discontents. University of California press. 1982.
21. Ibid., p. 6. 22. Ibid, pp. 8-9. 23. Nisbet, Robert: History of the Idea of progress: Basic
Books, publishers New York, 1980. 24. Ibid., p. 190. 25. Ibid., p. 207. 26. Ibid., p. 212. 27. See:
Bury, J.B.: The Idea of progress New York. Dover. 1956.
28. Ibid., p. 2. 29. Nibset, Robert :History of the Idea of progress. Op. cit. 30. Ibid., p. 211. 31. Robert, Ian: Sociology worth Publishers. New York.
1987. pp. 64-65.
-
32. Nisbet, Robert: History of Idea of progress & op-cit. pp. 179-180.
33. Ibid., p. 209. . . :
,- 35. Abercrombie, Nicholas and Hill, Stephen the Penguin
Dictionary of sociology Penguin Books, 1986. 36. Ibid., p. 37.
: . - . :
, 38. Robertson, Ian; Sociology. Worth Publishers. New York.
1987. p.65. 39. See:
Gellner, Ernest: Nations and Nationalism, Basil Black well. 1983. pp: 124-126.
- . : . . -
41. La Piere, R: Social change. Mcgraw, Hillbook. N.Y. 1965.
-
42. Moore, Wilbert: Social change In International Encyclopedia of social science op-cit. p. 366.
. . : .
44. Smelser, Neil: Sociology, An Introduction- John Willy and Sons. N.Y. London. Sydney 1967.
45. Ibid, pp. 691- 692. 46. Davis, kingsley : Human Society. The mac millan
Company. N. Y. 1949. pp. 622-623. 47. Moore, Wilbert, Op-cit. P. 366. 48. Appel Baum, Richaerd P. Theories of Social Change
Markham Publishing Company Chicaga. 1970. 49. Ibid., pp: 118-123. 50. Ibid., P. 123. 51. Smelser, Neil J.: "Sociology An Introduction. Op-cit. pp
700-701. 52. Ogbrun, William fielding: Social change with Respect to
culture and original nature The Viking press. 1922. 53. Ibid., pp; 257-265.
-
54. Worng, Dennis: Makers of Modern social science. Maxweber prentice Hall. New Jersey-1970. pp. 199- 203.
55. Steward, Julian: Theory of culture change. The Methodology of Mutilineal Evolution urbana University of illinoise press. 1963.
56. Appel Baum, Richard p. op cit. 120-125.
-
: :
capacity need of achievement for empathy
David Macllelland Everett Hagen . ""
-
-
" " P)(P
-
" "
innovation " "
Creative personality . P)(P
David Ma cleeland" ""
:
"
" P)(P
-
P)(P
""
. Schumpeter "" ""
entrepreneur .
.P)(P "" "" ""
.
.P)(P
-
.
: : :
.
()
() "" ""
.
.
.
: -
-
- .
The traditional Society : -
.
Preconditions take-off : -
.P)(P
. Take off into self-sustained : -
growth.
-
"
. - " The drive to maturity :
. Mass consumption : :
-
P
)(P.
:
-
- -
.
. P)(P
""
""
.
.P)(P : -
-
P)(Bettlhiem" P "
.
-
.
""
.P)(P
" P
)(P "
-
" " .
" P)(P
( (
). : :
:
. : : " :
.
-
. .P)(P
.
.
. P)(Frank P " " "
"
Frank Baran " "
.
""
-
""
- - ( )
"" .
. P)(P
"" () " "
-
:
The contradiction of Expropriation Appropriation of Economic Surplus:
-
""
" " . Baran
" "" actual economic surplus
( ) ""
Not available" ( ) : "
" :" .P)(P
"" .
: - The contradiction of Metropolis- Satellite Polarization
"" "" ""
) (
-
" "
. P)(P
.
""
-
.
( )
.P)(P ""
() ()
-
"" .
.P)(P : -
The contradiction of Continuity in Change
-
""
( ) ""
" " " " .
.
.
"" . ()
().
-
"" .
.P)(P
.
( ) . ( )
""
-
Communist Manifesto - -
. P)(P () -
. " "
( ) . P)(P
.
.
) - ( .
: :
-
" "
: -
.P)(P
" ( )
. " "
. "" -
Big Push
) (
-
( ) .
- Circular causation and cumu
lative change Vicious circle
( ) ." " -
""
. ""
. "" -
.
-
"" ""
.
""
"" ""
) "" (
. P)(P " " "" .
""
.
-
"" :
.
( )
.
.
- .
. ""
.
- -
-
.
""
" " ""
.
-
. ""
-
"" ""
. P)(P
.
-
. ""
-
( )
-
( " .P)(P)
.
.
. -
-
. P)(P "" ""
-
"" .P)(P
-
. ""
Big push ""
"" P)(P
.
" : " Out put and income - ""
(). Condition of production -
.
-
Level of living : - ""
.
Attitude towards life and work : -
. Institutions: -
. "" Policies :
( ) .
"" .
. . ()
""
-
"" .
"" .
.
"" self-sustained
: " . P)(P
-
" "
(
) "" ""
. .
"": ""
.P)(P
: - ""
-
.
.
.P)(P : -" "
:
.
-
.
Wdward Mason
. P)(P ""
""
.
: -
-
"" ( ) ""
.P)(P
.
. ""
( ) .
.
.
: "" - (
)
-
""
.
.P)(P
.
: - ""
.
-
"" .
-
. .P)(P .
: -
-
.
"" .
.
"" : :
. :
.
-
( )
.
() .
-
.
) . (
.
: ""
.
""
-
. ""
.
"" .
" "
.
Democratic planning
.
-
. P)(P
. : :
) (
.
" " ""
.
-
.
.
" " ""
Frank ""
.
"" Myrdal""
.
""
""
"".
-
"" Big Push
"" ""
. ""
"" ( )
. :
- Big push ""
. -
. -
-
.
-
. -
.
1. Hagen, Everett: The creative personality In Robert H. Laur: Perspective on social change. Boston, Allyn and Bacon- 1973. pp. 80-81.
. . : . - -
: . -. : - -
.4. Ma Clelland, David; The Achievement oriented personality: In Robert H. Laur, Perspective on social change. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1973. p. 86.
-
5. Schumpeter, Joseph A.: The theory of Economic Development. An Inquiry into profits. Capital, credit, interests and the Business cycle. Translated from the German by reders opie. Harvard University press 1959. pp. 89-90.
,. . : - -: . .
. . . . .
Myrdal, Gunner, : Asian Drama vol. III : Op-cit. pp. 1856- 1857.
. . . : :
- . : .
10. Frank, Ander Gunder: Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America op-cit. p 12.
- . : . .
,-. . . :
. . . . :
-
16. Frank, Ander Gunder: capitalism and underdevelopment In: latin America op-cit, p. 12. 17. Ibid., pp. 16-17. 18. Frank, Ander Gunder : capitalism and underdevelopment in: Latin American pp: 30-31. 19. Ibdi., pp. 32-33. 20. Frank, Ander gunder: Capitalism and underdevelopment. Op-cit. p. 34. 21. Ibid., pp. 35-36. 22. Ibid., p. 34. 23. Marx, Karl: Exploitation and Accumulation of Misery in Robert E. will and Harcourt G. vatter: Poverty in Affluence. The social Political and Economic Dimensions of Poverty in the United States. N. Y. Chicago. Burlingame. 1965. pp. 54-57. 24. Lipton, Micheal: why poor people stay poor. A study of urban bias in world development. Temple Smith London. 1977. 25. Lipton, Micheal: why poor people stay poor. A study of urban bias in world development. Temple Smith London. 1977.
-
25. Ibid., pp. 110-111. .
-
: a. Economic theory and underdeveloped Regions, 1956. b. Asian Drama: An inquiry into the poverty of Nations- 1965. c. The challenge of world poverty A world Anti-Poverty program in outline, 1971.
- : -.
. ""
. . : :
, - - -. :
. - 29. Myrdal, Gunner : Asian Drama. Vol III. Penguin Books. Op-cit.pp. 1870-1875.
-
,-. : 31. World Development Report. 1980. The world Bank: Washington D.C. August 1980. pp. 80-81.
-. : .
33. Myrdal, Gunner. Asian Drama Vol. II. Penguin Books. P. 716. 34. Ibid., Pp. 1873-1874.
. . : ,
36. Myrdal, Gunner: Asian Drama. Vol II. Op-cit. p. 710. 37. Ibid., pp: 716-718. 38. Ibid., p. 727. 39. Ibid., p. 728- 731. 40. Ibid., 734. 41. Myrdal, Gunner: Asian Drama, vol II. Op-cit. p. 740.
-
:
:
Wilbert Moore
.
.
.P)(P
.
-
:
" "" ""
.P)(P " " : :
.P)(P
.P)(P
.
Floud Hunter " " "
-
:
.
" P)(P "
" "
. power"" " "
"
.
. " " "
-
:
.P)(P
" "
Mills " "
. " " .
. " " "
. : :
Mills "
.
-
:
.P)(P " " ""
"" ""
""
.
"" " "
R. Aron. " " P)(P " " " :
-
:
""
: Communist Manifesto "
". ""
" " "
. P)(P ""
.
-
:
.
. " :
: " . :
-
. :
:
Wageearners " "
-
:
Wages" " Salaries "" .
. " "
""
.
- .
""
. " "
"
.
-
:
.P)(P : :
Dahl " " P)(P
" "
" "
" " " " " "
-
:
.P)(P " "
. " " P)(P
. .P)(P
Suzanne Keller " " " "
" P)(P
-
:
.
" "
: ". " - . - . - -
. P)(P " ".
: :
-
:
.
.P)(P ()
. ""
.P)(P ". "
P)(P
-
:
( )
" :
.P)(P
" " :
-
:
: - -
. - -
. " " " "
" "
.
.
-
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
:
1. Moore, Wilbert: Social change In: International Encyclopedia of social science vol (4) the Mac Millan company & the free press. 1968. p. 366.
. . : : . -
3. Parry, Geraint: Political Elites, studies, In: Political Science Third impression, New Society 1962. 4. Ibid., PP. 27-29. 5. Hunter, Floud: Community power structure, A study of decision Makers, chapel Hil, University of North Carolina press. 1953. In : Edward Keynes and David M. Ricci, Political power Community and Democracy Rand Mc Nally and Company, Chicago 1970. 6. Ibid, PP: 108-109. 7. Ibid., P 110. 8. Ibid., PP: 112-117. 9. Mills, C. Wright: The Structure of Power in American Society British Journal of Sociology- Vol. 9, No 1, PP: 29-41. In: Allessandro Pizzorno: Political Modern sociology Reading, Penguin Books 1962. P. 114.
-
:
10. Mills, C. Wright. The Structure of power in American Society op cit, pp. 114116. 12. Aron, R. Social Structure and Ruling calss, opcit P.6 13. Ibid., PP. 616. 14. Ibid., PP- 6-16.
,. . : 16. Dahl, Robert A: A critical of the ruling Elite mode. American Science Review, Vol, 52-1958. PP: 463-469. In : Allessandro Pizzorno: Political Modern Sociology Reading Peneguin Books. 1962. 17. Ibid., P. 128. 18. Ibid., P. 130. 19. Mills, C.W: The power Elite: Oxford University press. 1956. 20. Keller, Suzanne: The functions of strategic Elites: In: International Encyclopedia of social Science. Vol (4): the Mac Millan company & Free press, 1968. 21. Ibid., P. 27.
. : . : :
-. : ,
-
:
23. Frank, A.G: Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin America Historical studies of chile and Brezil. Peguin Books. 1971. pp. 33-34. 34. Smith, Sheila : The ideas of Samir Amin, theory or tautology In: The Journal of Development Studies. Vol. (7) No. 1 October, 1980. PP. 5-20. 35. Aron, R.: Social structure and the Ruling class In: British Journal of sociology. Op-cit., pp. 6-16. 36. Keller, Suzanne: Beyond the Ruling class. Op-cit., p.27.
-
:
:
. " "
.) (
" "
"" "
-
:
.
Bendix "" ()
- .
"" () ()
.
()
" " Wilhelm Riehl P)(P.
-" "
.P)(P
-
:
.
" "
()
.P)(P
.
""
. " " "
-
:
.
. : :
"
: : - "" .
P)(P
.
.
-
:
""
.P)(P
"" :
" "
" "
()
-
:
.P)(P
: "" (
Soft)
.
.
Big Push - ""
.
""
-
:
" " . "" "
( ) .
: "
.P)(P ""
. : "" "
.
-
:
"
- ""
.P)(P .
.
""
.
-
:
.
.
. : - ""
.
. : P)(P
:
:
-
:
. ( ) " "
. :
()
.
()
.
-
:
.
. .
.P)(P ""
. ""
" " ( )
.
"" ""
( )
""
-
:
.
""
""
.
"
:
. . .
.P)(P : -
.
.
-
:
- .
""
:
( . )
"" . . ""
: - ""
. P)(P .
.P)(P
. -
-
:
"" Big push -
. . - : -
"" .
" ". . -
( ) .
P)(P :
: .
: .
-
:
- .
- ) -(
-
-
.P)(P . - -
( )
. (
) " ( ) .
.
-
:
( ).
. " - " ( )
.
- .
.
.
-
-
( ) ( )
.P)(P
-
:
.
- .
::
..
" " "
.P)(P
.
-
:
.
.
. "
.
.
: - - -
.P)(P " " :
- -
.P)(P
-
:
:
) (
.P)(P ( )
.
. "
. .
-
:
.P)(P . :
.
:
: -
. -
. -
.
- .
-
:
-. . :
,- 2. Myrdal, Gunner, : Asian Drama. Vol. III, op-cit PP: 1867-
1869. 3. Bendix, R. : Towards a Definition of Modernization In:
Comparative studies in Society and History Vol (a). 1967. PP.331-335.
4. Ibid., P. 333. 5. Ibid., P. 334.
-. . : - ,
. . : . , -. . ,-. .
: . . , - -
. : / : -
,- - ,-. :
-
:
. . ,
- -. : , . - ,. : ,-. . : ,. ,.
19. Dahl, R. Acriticque of the Ruling Elite Model. American Political Science Review, Vol. (52). 1958. P. 463-469. In: Allessandro pizzorno: Political modern sociology Reading. Penguin Books. 1962. P. 128.
20. Aron, R. Social structure and Ruling class. Op-cit-PP: 6-16.
21. Keller, Suzanne: Beyond the Ruling class op cit- P 27. : . . :
- .
. : : : , .
-
:
- . . -.
-
:
: :
:
. Modernization, Dependency and world- System Theories.
. .
. : -" "
.P)(P
.
-
:
)(P. ""
. " "
.P)(P
"" .
: -
.
" "
.
-
:
""
)(P. ""
. "" :
. ""
. : -
.
""
.
""
-
:
- .
" " .
.
)(P .
.
" " " " " "
. :
-Synthesis
-
:
.
- :
:
.P)(P :
- - -
-
. -
- .
- : .
-
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
( ) -
.P)(P -
-
:
"" .
" "
.
.
-
. ""
.
" " -()
-
-
:
.
.
. :
: -
.
.. -
.
: - . "" - - " "
.
-
:
"" - .
" " - :
. -
.
- .
. " - . -
. " "
: .
:
-
:
""
. : : -
Daniel Lerner The Passing of Traditional Society
-
"" .
"" -
-
.
"" .P)(P
""
-
:
- ""
. - Traditional ""
Transitional Modern.
- - .
"" Identity
.
- - -
"" - . .
: - David Mc Clelland " "
Values need For achievement
-
:
Mental
Virus -
.
.P)(P D.H. Smith Alex Inkeles - Modernity
" " P)(P.
) (
: . - . - . - . - .
-
:
. - . ( ) - . - - - - -
. ( ). - : -
.
. Smelser
: P)(P .
: . -
: - .
- : ""
-
:
""
. "" -
.
-
- .
- "
.
-
:
""
. "" -
.
- -
- - ""
- - ""
.P)(P " " -
: -
: :
. -:
-
:
- "" .
"" .
.
.P)(P
"" - .
""
" . ""
- -
- .
-
:
- "" -
.
- "" "
" .
"" -
-
.P)(P -
- ""
"". : - Libpset " "
.
-
:
Ascription Partic ularism diffusion.
""
- .P)(P
-
-
. -
-
"" - .
-
:
Paul Baran
. dos Santos Ander Gunder Frank .
Trotsky "" ( )
. ""
.
:
" - :"
( ) .P)(P
-
-
:
.
- .
" " -
().
:
. :
: - ""
()
- .
-
:
( ) - .
-
-
- .P)(P
.
.
.P)(P -
." "
.
-
:
P)(P ""
. - () ()
-) -(
() () . ""
-
. "" -
- "
- ) (
-
- .
-
:
- ()
"" () - (
) . The Core :
- :
" -
- - -
"" -( )
. - ()
) -(
.
-
:
- .P)(P
The Periphery:
"" -
:
.
- .
( ). The Semi Periphery :
()
""
-
:
. ) - (
- "" - -
.) - ( -
-
.P)(P :
"" . ) - - (
""
() . ()
.P)(P -
-
:
: ""
. Irving Zeitlin
( )
"" -
Stratfication -
.
"" - .
"" -
- -
-
:
- .
"" -
"" "
- .P)(P
" "
.
( ).
- .
"" - .
"" .
-
:
"" -
.P)(P
- " "
- .
.P)(P
:
"" -
. -
-
-
-
:
. -
David Becker"" " - .
. .
:
. -
-
- -
.
.
-
:
) - ( -
.
-
.P)(P" "
- - .
( ) .
-
-
-
:
.. -
. -
( ) ( ) -
. :
:
( )
( ) .
). (
Modernity ( ( P)(P.
-
:
Mobile Personalities Nead to
achieve
Modernizing Elite
Economic take-off .
.P)(P
Change agents
" "" " .
() "" .
-
:
( )
.
human Mechanisms
. Challenge of Modernity
.
-
.
.
(
. )
-
:
-
.
.P)(P
.
-
.
.
.
-
:
( )
. .
( ) .
( ) -
.
.
: -
-
-
:
- .
P)(P " "
.
. () ().
-
.
( )
. : -
-
:
.
( )
.
" ".
()
P)(P -
. :
. ()
- - ()
.
-
:
.
.
.
: - :
(Pragmatism) Globalization "
" "" " " "
" -
: .
-
:
.
- P)(P ( )
.
""
.
- . -
. -
"" - -
- -
-
:
.
-
- -
.
.
- "" .
: - -
() - .
() - . ""
- ""
-
:
.
.
.. (
)
.
- .
P)(P
:
. -
.
-
:
..
... : :
.
. :
-
.
- : - ( )
.
-
:
- -
-
.)(GATT P
P
P ""
-
- .
.
. (
) ) :
: " ..
.. -
-
:
" " ..
)(P "
: -
.
- .
-
.
( - - )
" -
( )". - - -
-
:
- )(P
: : :
-
. Dudley Seers
.
-
- .
"" "" - ( )
- " "
- .Wolfgang Sachs
-
:
.P)(P
-
:
- .
- - ""
.
- "" "" -
Peripheralisation .
- .
-
.
-
:
.. ..
.P)(P -
- -
"" .
( ).
wealth- Creation ( ).
. ..
- " "
-
:
-
.P)(P
" " -
- -
Shrinking P)(P.
.
Arturo - Escobar :
-
:
.
.
- -
.
.
P)(P .
. ""
( )
.. : . .. ..
-
:
-
-
. -
-
P)(P
-
.
. P)(P
.
-
:
" David Slater "
.. .. . Open- End
.
-
:
1. Y. so, Alvin: social change and development Modernization, Dependency, and world system theories. Sage library of social Research. 1990.
2. Ibid., PP., 261-262. 3. Myrdal, Gunner: Asian Drama: an Inquiry into the poverty of nations, Vol III, Penguin Books 1968. 4. Y, so, Alvin: Social change and development.
Modernization, Dependency and world system Op-cit., p., 162.
5. Ibid., P., 253. .
. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.
- - :
- -: .
-
:
- -: .
./ - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - - -
. -
./ . - - -
.
. . -) (
.
-
:
( ). -Information Technologies and social Development
.
. -
-
.See: Wiarda, Howad J. Theory of Development Alternative Conceptions from the third world. In: The Journal of Developing Areas. Volume (17) Number (4). July. 1983. pp., 433-452. 8. Lerner, D: The passing of Traditional society. New York. Free press. 1958.
-
:
9. See: Mc Clelland, David: The Achieving Society, New York, free press, 1976. 10. See: Inkeles, A and smith, D.H: Becoming Modern, carmbridge, Harvard University press, 1974. 11. See: Smelser, N: Mechanisms of adjustments to change in:
Industrial Man. Harmondsworth Pendguing, 1969.
12. Harrison, David: The sociological of Modernization and development, London, unwin hyman. 1988. P., 25.
13. See: Rostow, W: The stages of economic Growth. A Non-
Communist manifesto. Cambridge University press. 1960. P., 27.
14. Harrison, David: Op-Cit., 27. 15. See. Lipset. S.M: Values Education and Entrepreneurship in: Lipset, S.M. and solaria, A; Elites in Latin America. New York, oxford University press. 1967.
-
:
16. Hoogvelt, ankie: Globalization and Postcolonial World. The new political Economy of Development The Johns Hopkins University press Baltimore, Maryland. 1997.
17. Ibid., PP., 35-37. 18. Dos Santos, Theotonio: The Structure of Dependence in:
Development and underdevelopment the political Economy of Inequality. Edited by; Seligson, Mitchell A and pass- Smith, John T. Lynne Rienner Publishers. London. 1993.
19. Ibid., PP., 193-194. 20. Ibd., P., 195. 21. Ibid., P. 198. 22. Hoogvelt, Ankie: Globalization and the postcolonial
world. Op-cit., PP. 37-38. 23. Ibid., P. 39. 24. Ibid., P., 40.
" " :
-
:
See: Preston, P.W; Development Theory An introduction, Blackwell publishers. Cambridge, 1996 PP., 322-323. 25. Wallerstein. Immanuel; capitalism Promotes social
change in: Barteck, lynn and Karen multin: Enduring Issues in Sociology, Opposing view points. Green haven press, San Diego. 1995 PP., 281- 288.
26. Y. So., Alvin: op cit., 201-202. 27. Ibid., PP., 202-203. 28. Ibid., P., 205. 29. Ibid., PP. , 221-223. 30. Wallerestein, Immanuel; The rise and future Demise of
world capitalist system. In sources Notable Selections, Edited by: Finstebuch, ukurt and Janet s. Schwarlz. The Dushkin publishing Group. 1993. PP., 331-332.
31. The political and social theory of max weber. Collected Essays, Wolfgang J. mommsen.
-
:
The University of chicageo press. 1989. PP., 53-54.
32. Hoogvelt, ankie: Op-Cit., PP., 48-51. 33. Harison, David: Op-cit., P., 30. 34. Ibid., PP., 30-31. 35. Ibid., PP., 1-2. 36. See. Frank, Ander Gunder: Capitalism and underdevelopment in Latin Ameica. Historical studies of Chile and brazil, penguin books. 1971. 37. Y. So, Alvin, Op- cit., PP., 200-205. 38. Dos santos, Theotonio: The structure of Dependence.
Op-cit., PP., 193-194. : .
: -
. - : -
.-. - - -
.
-
:
: - : - ,//
. . : ,
43. Hoogvelt, Ankie: Globalization and postcolonial World. Op-cit., Preface, PP., 1-2.
. : -
, 45. Hoogvelt, Ankie.: Op- Cit.,P., 3. 46. Ibid., Preface P., 5. 47. See: Amin, Samir; The Challenge of Globalization In: Nyerer, Julius K. : Facing the Challenge. The South Centre. Zed Books . New Jersy. 1993. PP., 132- 138.
. : . - . :
: , -
. : -
. -
17-12-2012 18-11-2012 18-12-2012 18-12-2012 16-12-2012 16-12-2012 17-12-2012