1-cpp system တခုမွာ clutch ကပ္ၿပီးမွ pitch control ကို hydraulic oil ေ၇ာက္ေအါင္ဘယ္လုိစီမံထါးလ။ဲ Sequence valve နဲ႔ pressure control of hydraulic actions so that one function cannot be exerted until the pressure of another function has reached a predetermined value. When performing in such a manner, the valve is called a sequence valve ၂-ပုံမွန္ normal current - In =1000 Amp ေလါက္၇ိွ ACB တလုံး၇ဲ႔ specification မွာ Short time withstand (Icw 75kA 1s) ဆုိၿပီးပါတယ္။ အဒဲါဘါကိုေၿပာတါလဲ75kA fault current ကို မေပါက္ကြဲ မီးမေလါင္ဘ ဲ1 sec ခံနုိင္3-အၿပင္ spare room ထကဲ ACB အသစ္တလုံးကို MANUAL HANDLE နဲ႔ CHARGE လုပ္ၿပီး CLOSE လုပ္ၿကည္႔၇င္ ACB CLOSE ၿဖစ္ပါမလါး။ဘါလို႔လ။ဲ မ၇။uvt coil power မ၇ိွလုိ႔၄-corrosion မၿဖစ္ေအါင္ ကါကြယ္တဲ႔နည္း ဘယ္နွစ္ခု၇ိွလ။ဲ ဘါေတြလ။ဲ ၃ နည္း/barrier, inhibitor,galvanic effect ၅-အၿပင္ သဘါ၀ atmosphere မွာ သံက ေၿကးထက္ပိုၿပီး ဘါလို႔ corrosion ဒါဏ္ေၿကာင္႔ ပ်က္စီးတုိက္စါးလြယ၇္တါလ။ဲ တိုက္စါးခံ၇တါၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။Copperမွာဓါတ္ၿပဳၿပီးကပ္ေနတဲ႔ ေၿကးညိွ green patina( bronchantite, CuSO, - 3Cu(OH))ကေတါ႔ copper ကို ပါတ္၀န္းက်င္ကေန လံုး၀ isolate လုပ္ၿပီးကါကြယ္ေပးလုိ႔ ဆက္ၿပီးတုိက္စါးမွုမၿဖစ္ေတါ႔ပါဘူး) ၆-ဘြိဳင္လါ မွာခပ္တဲ႔ chemical ေတြမွာ Magnetite , Good metal passivation ဆုိၿပီး ညြန္းတတ္တယ္။အဒဲါဘါကိုေၿပာတါလ။ဲ Magnetite အလြါၿဖစ္မွုအါးေပး 7-ACB တလုံး draw out မလုပ္ခင္ဘါအ၇င္လုပ္၇မလ။ဲ Open လုပ္ၿပီးမွ draw out လုပ္၈-reverse power trip မွာဘါလုိ႔ time delay ထါးတါလ။ဲ Load shift ၉-bus tie breaker မွာ UVT ပါလါး။ဘါလို႔လဲမပါ။ uvt protection မလုိလို႔ / voltage dip ၿဖစ္လ ဲသူ႔နဲ႔ ဆက္ထါးတဲ႔ေမၚတါေတြမွာ ထိခိုက္စ၇ာသိပ္မ၇ိွလုိ႔၁၀-သံသါးေတြသံဂ်ီးတက္၇င္ ေဆးမ၇ိွလို႔ ေဆးမသုတ္နိုင္ေသးခင္ သံေခ်းခြါတါမွန္တဲ႔လုပ္၇ပ္လါး။ မမွန္11-MC engine cylinder head မွာ အ၇င္ တံုးက relief valve တပ္ထါးၿပီး (အခုေတါ႔ indicator cock နားလါတပ္ထါးတယ္) opening pressure = Pmax + 40% ေလါက္ခ်ိန္ခိုင္းထါးတယ္။တကယ္ အင္ဂ်င္ထ ဲအေဲလါက္ pressure ၿမင္႔တက္ခဲ႔၇င္ အဒဲီ valve ေသးေသးေလးက လံုလုံေလါက္္ေလါက္ relief လုပ္နုိင္ပါမလါး။မလုပ္နိုင္၇င္ တၿခားနည္းနဲ႔ relief လုပ္နုိင္ေအါင္လုပ္ထါးလါး။ဒါဆိုအဒီဲနည္းက ဘါလ၊ဲ မလုပ္နိုင္ပါ။The cylinder pressure is controlled as a part of routine maintenance, and in the event that the cylinder pressure exceeds the design limit, the elasticity in the cylinder cover studs will allow the cylinder cover to lift, thereby ensuring relief of the high pressure gas. The safety valve used so far will not, in any case, be able to cater for such a situation.

၁၂-MC Engine နိဳးတံုး အဒဲီ relief valve ပြင္႔ေလါက္ေအါင္ မလိုလါးအပ္တဲ႔ fault pressure မၿဖစ္ေအါင္ ဘယ္လိုကါကြယ္ထါးလဲFuel ေပးတါနဲ႔ starting air ၿဖတ္ေတါက္။ ၁၃-wartsila sulzer engine ေတြက super slow speed ေမါင္း၇င္ဘါမွလုပ္စ၇ာမလုိေပမဲ႔ MC Engine ေတြက slide fuel valve ေၿပာင္းတပ္ခိုင္းတယ္။ အဒီဲလို slide valve ေၿပာင္းတပ္စ၇ာမလုိဘ ဲအနိမ္႔ဆံုးေမါင္းနိုင္တဲ႔ load ကဘယ္ေလါက္လဲ၄၀% of load ၁၄- safety relief valve full lift type ေတြမွာ simmer ကုိေလ်ာ႔ခ်င္၇င္ဘါကိုခ်ိန္၇မလ။ဲ simmer သိပ္မ်ားေန၇င္( pop လုပ္တါၿကာေန၇င္) - lower ring ကို အေပၚၿမွင္႔ေပး၇ပါမယ္။blowdown မ်ားလါပါလိမ္႔မယ္။ ၁၅-ေနာက္ပိုင္း turbocharger ေတြမွာစီမံထါးတဲ႔ integrated burst protection arrangement ဆုိတါဘါလဲExhaust line explosion ၿဖစ္လို႔ Turbocharger overspeed ၿဖစ္၇င္ေတါင္ impeller & turbine blade ေတြဟါ casing ထဲကေနအၿပင္ကိုပြင္႔ထြက္မလါပါဘူး။ ၁၆-အခ်ိဳ turbocharger ေတြမွာ turbine side မွာ turbine outlet diffuser ပါတယ္။အဒဲါဘါအတြက္တပ္ထါးတါလ၊ဲ Exh gas kinetic energy ကုိ recovery လုပ္၁၇- turbocharger internal bearing type ေတြမွာ rotor shaft diameter ကုိ ဘါလို႔၇နိုင္သေလါက္ ေသးထါးတါလဲSleeve bearing(inboard bearing) ေတြကုိ သံုးတဲ႔ အခါလိုအပ္ခ်က္ကေတါ႔ Static & dynamic force ေတြအတြက္ Good load carrying capability ဆုိတဲ႔ load ထမ္းႏိုင္စြမ္းၿမင္႔၇မယ္။တည္တည္ၿငိမ္ၿငိမ္ထမ္းႏုိင္၇မယ္။ဆီပြတ္အါးတို႔လိုေၿကာင္႔ၿဖစ္တဲ႔ mechanical loss ေတြနဲ၇မယ္။(rotor diameter ၿကီးေလ။mechanical loss မ်ားေလ ပါဘဲ) ၁၈-mc engine 5 cylinder 5S60MC နဲ႔ 6 cylinder ပါတဲ႔ 6S60MC အင္ဂ်င္ exhaust valve hydraulic actuating gear hydraulic cylinder တည္ေဆါက္ပုံဘါကြါလ။ဲ ဘါလို႔လဲ6 cyl နဲ႔ အထက္မွာ exhaust valve hydraulic actuating gear hydraulic cylinder မွာ puncture valve မပါ။ 2 stroke engine ဆလင္ဒါ ၆ လံုးေအါက္ဆို၇င္ AIR STARTING မွာ TDC & BDC ၿကား၇ိွ ဒုတိယအလုံးအတြက္ OVERLAP နဲသြါးလို႔ နိုး၇ခက္တဲ႔ ၿပသနာ၇ွိလို႔ FUEL ON SIGNAL မလါမၿခင္းexhaust valve actuating gear hydraulic cylinder puncture valve နဲ႔ Exhaust valve ေတြပိတ္ ထါး ပါတယ္။ ၁၉- OROS Piston , large bore MC engine ေတြ၇ဲ႔ exhaust valve hydraulic actuating gear မွာ ဘါလို႔ safety valve တပ္ထါးသလ။ဲ Spring air pressure က်လို႔ exh valve spindle mech stop ေ၇ာက္ခ်ိန္ hydraulic actuating gear ကဆီထပ္ပုိ႔၇င္ cam slip ၿဖ စ္တတ္တယ္။္20-soot blow steam line က 7K100A VALVE တလုံးမေကါင္းလို႔လခဲ်င္တယ္။ store ခန္းထမွဲာ CAST IRON VALVE ၇ယ္။ CAST STEEL နဲ႔လုပ္ထါးတဲ႔ VALVE ၇ယ္ ၂ မ်ိဳး၇ိွ တယ္။ဘယ္ဟါကိုသုံးမလ။ဲဘါလို႔လ။ဲ မ၇။ steam line မွာ ၇ုိး၇ိုး cast iron valve မသုံး၇

21- electro pneumatic valve positioner တခု nozzle block ၿဖဲဴ တ္ၿပိးၿပန္တပ္၇င္ဘယ္လို setting ၿပန္ခ်ိန္မလ။ဲ Electro-pneumatic valve positioner တခု nozzle , flapper တခုကိုပံုမွန္အါးၿဖင္႔ position မေၿပာင္း၇ဘူး။ဒါေပမဲ႔ လိုလို႔ၿဖဳတ္ေဆးၿ႔ပီး၇င္ position ၿပန္ခ်ိန္၇မယ္။အဒဲီလုိခ်ိန္၇င္ flapper ကို nozzle နားကပ္ထါး( 20 mA ေပးၿပီး )။အဒီဲအခ်ိန္မွာ ေက ြ်းတဲ႔ေလနဲ႔ actuator ကိုသြါးတဲ႔ေလ pressure တူ၇မယ္။ အလုိဲတူတဲ႔ေန၇ာမွာ nozzle block ကိုနပ္က်ပ္လုိက္ပါ။ ၂၂-M.C Engine မွာ rpm ကို proximity switch သုံးၿပီး Nabtesco ဘယ္လိုတြက္ယူလ၊ဲ Turning gear အစိတ္အေ၇အတြက္နဲ႔ - 6s50Mc ဆို ၁၁၇ ေလါက္၇ိွတယ္။ten key address = 194 ၂၃-၇လါတဲ႔ တြက္၇ တန္ဖုိးနဲ႔ speed order ကြါၿခားမွုကို ဘယ္လို ထိ္န္းလဲThe controller serves to compare the rotating speed commanded, with actual engine speed detected by the use of proximity switch, execute the PID calculation for the deviation to control the actuator connected to the fuel pump, and further to adjust the amount of fuel supplied to the engine so that the deviation in speed can be eliminated ၂၄-Fuel limiter - The equipment = governor is incorporated with four types of fuel limiters for prevention of engine over-load and stalling. Nabtesco မွာ ၄ မ်ိဳးပါတယ္တဲ႔။ အဒဲါဘါေတြလ၊ဲ ၁. MAX. LIMITER ၂. TORQUE LIMITER ၃. SCAVEN. LIMITER ၄. MIN. LIMITER 25-အ၇င္ MC Engine ေတြတံုးက pilot air manual valve ကေန distributor ကုိသြါးတဲ႔ ေလလိုင္းၿကားမွာ valve 26 မ၇ိွလုိ႔ distributor ထဲက reversing disc & distributor disc 2 ခု seize ၿဖစ္ၿပီး အင္ဂ်င္နိုးမ၇တဲ႔ ၿ႔ပသနာ ၿဖစ္ေလ႔၇ိွတယ္။အဒဲါဘါလို႔ ၿဖစ္တါလ။ဲ အဒဲီ valve 26 မေကါင္းလို႔ အသစ္လစဲ၇ာမ၇ွိ၇င္ ၿဖဳတ္ထုတ္ၿပီး cock တခုနဲ႔ အစါးထိုးလိုက္၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္နိုင္လ။ဲ Mc engine starting air line က valve 26 ပ်က္သြါးတယ္။ spare မ၇ိွလို႔ ၇ုိး၇ိုး 30 bar ခံနုိင္တဲ႔ cock တခုထည္႔၇င္ ၇မလါး။၇တယ္ဆုိ အဒီဲ ဗါး၂၆ က ဘါအတြက္ထည္႔ထါးတါလဲAir start valve မလုံလို႔ exh gas ေတြ starting distributor ကို ၿပန္လါၿပီး seize ၿဖစ္လို႔ အဒဲိ valve 26 ကိုထည္႔ထါးတယ္။ မ၇ိွ၇င္ ၇ိဳး၇ိုးဗါးထည္႔ၿပီး သံုးနိုင္( ၇၇င္ေတါ႔ၿပန္ထည္႔ေပါ႔) 26-MC Engine မွာ main engine aux blower 2 လံုး၇ွိတဲ႔အထဲက တလုံးပ်က္သြါး၇င္ က်န္တလံုးထနဲဲ႔ manoeuvring လုပ္လို႔၇လါး။turbocharger compressor အထြက္ေလက air cooler,water mist catcher ကိုၿဖတ္ၿပီး receiver ကုိေ၇ာက္တယ္။aux blower အထြက္ကေကါ air cooler / water mist catcher ကိုၿဖတ္ၿပီး receiver ကုိေ၇ာက္တါလါး။ aux blower inlet ေလက ဘယ္ကလါတါလဲ။ ၇ပါတယ္။ aux blower က air cooler /water mist catcher ကိုၿဖတ္ၿပီးဆြဲၿပီး receiver ကုိပို႔27- slide fuel valve ေၿပာင္းတပ္တါနဲ႔ ဘါလို႔ low load ေမါင္းလို႔၇တါလ။ဲ ME/ME-C engines are equipped with slide fuel valves as standard. The injection pressure is independent of the engine load and creates an optimised injection on all load levels and, accordingly, makes cylindercut out less relevant for securing stable running conditions at very

low loads. 28-MC Engine ေတြ၇႔ဲ NOx emission က low load မွာပိုမ်ားလါး။ high load မွာပိုမ်ားလါး။ Low load 29-MC engine ေတြ exhaust valve spindle ကုိေပးတဲ႔ sealing system ဘယ္ႏွစ္မ်ိဳး၇ိွလ။ဲ ဘါေတြလ၊ဲ ၂ မ်ိဳး ။ air sealing & oil sealing ၃၀-MC engine ေတြ air starting valve leak ၿဖစ္၇င္ main air starting line ထဲ hot leak gas ေတြမ၀င္ေအါင္ဘယ္လိုလုပ္ထါးလ။ဲ Non return valve တပ္ထါးပါတယ္။ 31-PLC နဲ႔ပတ္သက္လို႔ Set & Reset FLIP FLOP ဆိုတါဘါလ၊ဲ ဘယ္ FUNCTION မွာအမ်ားဆံုးသံုးတတ္လ။ဲ Alarm circuit ေတြမွာသုံးတတ္တယ္။ alarm လါၿပီး reset ၿပန္လုပ္ဖို႔။ 32-ON DELAY , OFF DELAY ဆုိတါဘါလ။ဲ ခလုပ္ဖိၿပီးခဏေနမွ (preset time ေ၇ာက္မွ) on တါ on delay,အဲဒီလိုဘခဲဏေနမွ OFF ၇င္ OFF DELAY ၃၃-RETENTIVE ON DELAY ဆုိတါဘါလဲ။(RETENTIVE = ABLE TO RETAIN) On delay timer က accumulate time က preset time နဲ႔မတူေသးလဲ power off လုိက္၇င္ accumulate time ကုိ သံုညလုပ္လုိက္တယ္။ retentive on delay timer က power off လဲ accumulate time ကုိ သံုညမလုပ္ဘေဲ၇ာက္တဲ႔ ေန၇ာမွာထိန္းထါးတယ္34- 3 term controller နဲ႔ 3 element controller ဘါကြါလ၊ဲ PID က 3 TERM, WATER, STEAM, LEVEL စသၿဖင္႔ Element 3 ခုကို sense လုပ္၇င္ 3 element ၃၅- exhaust valve spring air pressure (၄.၅ bar) ေလါက္မွာ slow down ၿဖစ္တယ္။ ဘါလို႔ slow down function ထည္႔ထါးတါလ။ဲအဒဲီ pressure မွာ slow down မၿဖစ္၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္နိင္လ။ဲ Exh valve ပ်က္။ cam slip ၿဖစ္။ 36-PLC ေတြမွာသံုးတဲ႔ XIC ( examine if close ) နဲ႔ လ်ပ္စစ္ပတ္လမ္္းေတြမွာသုံးတဲ႔ NC (normally close)နဲ႔တူလါး။ အဒဲီလိုဘ ဲXIO (examine if open ) နဲ႔ NO(Normally open)နဲ႔တူလါး။ မတူ။XIC ဆုိတါ PLC Scan စစ္ခ််ိန္မွာ close ေတြ၇င္ သူ႔ကိုေပးတဲ႔ instruction အတုိင္းလုပ္။ XIO ဆို၇င္ စစ္တဲ႔အခ်ိိန္ open ေတြ႔၇င္ သူကိုေပးတဲ႔ instruction အတိုင္း output က on ဆို၇င္ on မယ္။ NO ကေတါ႔ လ်ပ္စစ္ၿဖတ္မစီးလို႔ ON မွာမဟုတ္ပါ။ ON ေစခ်င္၇င္ CR တလုံးထပ္ခံ၇မယ္။ 37-Inductive proximity sensor နဲ႔ Capacitive proximity sensor ဘါကြါလ။ဲ ဘယ္ဟါက Metal ေတြကို္ပို အါးေကါင္းေကါင္း detect လုပ္နိုင္သလဲ။ဘယ္ဟါက non metallic object ကို detect လုပ္နိုင္လဲCapacitive proximity sensors will sense metal objects as well as nonmetallic materials such as paper, glass, liquids, and cloth. They typically have a short sensing range of about 1 inch, regardless of the type of material being sensed Capactive proximity sensor က non metallic object ေတြကုိ detect လုပ္နိင္။ inductive proximity sensor က metal detect ပုိအါးေကါင္း။

- pwm တခုမွာ ၁၀၀% duty cycle ဆိုတါဘါကုိေၿပာတါလ။ဲ 1 cycle မွာ off ၿဖစ္တါမ၇ိွေတါ႔ပါ။ဥပမါ - ၂၀၀ watt heater ဆို၇င္ ၂၀၀ watt အၿပည္႔ေပးမယ္။ 39-SCADA နဲ႔ DCS ဘါကြါလ၊ဲ SCADA ဆုိ၇င္ေတါ႔ ပါတဲ႔ PLC ေတြဟါ ပုံမွန္ Control function သါမက data ေတြယူ၇မယ္။လိုသလုိထိန္းေက်ာင္း၇မယ္။၇လါတဲ႔ data ေတြကုိ report လုပ္နိုင္၇မယ္။ပို႔တဲ႔ report ကလဲလိုအပ္၇င္ excel sheet လိုမ်ိဳးထထဲည္႔တြက္နိုင္၇မယ္။ေနာက္ၿပီး host computer ၇ဲ႔ HMI software ကေပးတဲ႔ command အတုိင္း field device ေတြကိုထိန္းေက်ာင္း၇မယ္။ အဒဲီ PLC ေတြကပုိ႔တဲ႔ Data ေတြက host computer ဆီေ၇ာက္ပါတယ္။အဒဲီ host computer မွာ install လုပ္ထါးတဲ႔ SCADA/HMI software ကိုအသုံးခ်ၿပီး plc ေတြကတဆင္႔ field device ေတြကုိ ေမါင္းနွင္ပါတယ္။ဒီေတါ႔ PLC ေတြက Standalone မဟုတ္ဘ ဲMultitask or management PLC ေတြၿဖစ္၇ပါမယ္။ဒီမွာတခုသတိထါး၇မွာက host computer ဟါ HMI ၿဖစ္သြါးေပမဲ႔ real time control process ကုိလုပ္တါမဟုတ္ပါ။( host computer ကတခါတည္႔လွမ္းထိန္းတါမဟုတ္ပါ။ PLC ကသါ real time control လုပ္တါပါ။ plc မပါဘနဲဲ႔ေတါ႔ host computer တခုထည္းနဲ႔ field device ေတြကုိမေမါင္းနိုင္ပါ။ )အဒဲီေတါ႔ SCADA host computer နဲ႔တထိုင္တည္း data ေတြကို ေသခ်ာ document လုပ္နိုင္မယ္။ alarm logger က လြယ္ကူစြါ record လပု္နုိင္မယ္။ setting ေတြကိုလည္း host computer ကေနတန္းထည္႔ေပးနိုင္လီု႔ ပုိစံနစ္တက်control လုပ္နုိင္မယ္။ measurement ေတြကိုအ၇င္လို စက္ေတြမွာ measurement toolေတြ( engine indicator လုိ) နဲ႔သြါးယူစ၇ာမလုိေတါ႔ဘ ဲsensor/plc စတါေတြကလါတဲ႔ data ေတြကေနတန္းmeasurement လုပ္နိုင္လို႔ mechanical limitation ကုိထည္႔တြက္စ၇ာမလုိေတါ႔ပါဘူး( ဥပမါ - 4 stroke engine power card ကို mechanical indicator နဲ႔ယူဖို႔မၿဖစ္နိုင္ပါဘူး)

၄၀-network နဲ႔ပက္သက္လုိ႔ Topology ဆိုတါဘါလဲnetwork တခုထမွဲာ device ေတြလါတပ္ထါးတဲ႔ ပုံစံေပၚမူတည္ၿပီး (အဒဲါကို topology လို႔ေခၚပါတယ္။) ခြဲၿခားထါးပါတယ္။ Network တခု၇ဲ႔ topology က ၂ မ်ိဳးဘဲ၇ိွပါတယ္။ star topology, bus topology ၇ယ္ဆိုၿပီး ၂ မ်ိဳးပါ။တကယ္လုပ္ငန္းၿကီးသံုးတါက bus topology ပါ။

၄၁-maker မတူတဲ႔ plc ၂ မ်ိဳး profieldBUS NETWORK ထလဲါခ်ိတ္၇င္ ဘါေတြလုပ္၇မလဲ။ Profieldbus protocol ေၿပာင္းေပးတဲ႔ MODULE တပ္ေပး၇ပါမယ္။ ၄၃-စက္ခန္းထေဲန၇ာအနံွ႔က ၿပန္က်ဲေနတဲ႔ SENSOR ေတြ. ACTUATOR ေတြကို CABLE တေခ်ာင္းထနဲဲ႔ လိုက္သြယ္ၿပီး monitor & CONTROL လုပ္လို႔ၿဖစ္နိုင္ပါမလါး။ ၇ပါတယ္။ DEVICE NET က ၄ WIRE ပါ CABLE နဲ႔ဆက္ပါတယ္။ SIEMEN ဆုိ၇င္ S7200 နဲ႔အထက္အတြက္ ီAS interface master module ထည္႔လိုက္ၿပီး တခါတည္းပါလါတဲ႔ 2 core cable နဲ႔သြယ္လုိက္၇ံုပါဘ။ဲ I/O Input/output ၿကိုးေတြမလုိေတါ႔ါပါဘူး။

၄၄-4-20 mA input signal နဲ႔ေမါင္းေနတဲ႔ PID System တခုမွာ 0 mA input signal ၀င္ လါ၇င္ PID System ကဘယ္လုိတုန္႔ၿပန္မယ္ထင္လ၊ဲ

WIRE BREAK ALARM ေပးလိမ္႔မယ္။ ၄၅-4-20 mA ကုိ 0-10 V ထက္ပိုအသံုးမ်ားၿကတယ္။အဒဲါဘါေၿကာင္႔လဲ. ၄-၂၀ mA က ပုိေ၀းေ၀းသြါးနိုင္တယ္။ noise ေတြကုိ ပို immuse ၿဖစ္တယ္။. ၄၆-pulse width modulation(PWM) ကိုေနာက္တမ်ိဳးဘယ္လုိေခၚၿကလ။ဲ 47- 500 watt ၇ိွ heater coil တခုထကဲိုသုံးၿပီး temp ၿမင္႔ေစခ်င္၇င္ ၿကာၿကာဖြင္႔။နိမ္႔ေစခ်င္၇င္ ခဏေလးဖြင္႔ နဲ႔ အပူခ်ိန္ထိန္းတါကို ဘယ္လို CONTROL မ်ိဳးလိုေခၚနုိင္လ။ဲ time proportioning control

48- hydraulic MOTOR တခုသံုးၿပီး ၀န္တခုကို မတဲ႔ ( သေဘၤါ ေက်ာက္မတဲ႔ WINDLASS တခုလို ) hydraulic system တခုမွာ - ေက်ာက္(မ)ေနတုံး ေမါင္းတဲ႔ HANDLE center position အေနအထါးမွာ ေက်ာက္ၿပန္ေလ်ာ႔မက်သြါးေအါင္ ဘယ္လို စီမံထါးလ၊ဲ ANCHOR က ေ၇ထဲကေန ေလထဲေ၇ာက္လါခ်ိန္မွာ hydraulic motor ေပၚသက္ေ၇ာက္တဲ႔ ၀န္က ေၿပာင္းသြါးတယ္။အဒဲီအခ်ိန္မွာ ေလ်ာမက်သြါးဘ ဲေၿပာင္းတဲ႔၀န္အတုိင္းလိုက္ဆြဲ(မ) နုိင္ေအါင္ဘယ္လုိစီမံထါးလ။ဲ Counterbalance valve, load sensing control 49-MEPC 76(40) အ၇ထုတ္ထါးတဲ႔ incinerator တခုမွာ diesel burner ၇ယ္။ sludge burner ၇ယ္ ၂ ခုပါတယ္။ တကယ္လို႔ diesel burner ကုိ auto မွာထါးခဲ႔၇င္ ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာ cut off ၿဖစ္လ။ဲ 650°C Start sludge burner.(၆၅၀’C ေ၇ာက္မွ sludge burner စအလုပ္လုပ္မယ္။)(ဒီဇယ္burner နဲ႔တြဲလုပ္မယ္။) 640°C Temperature decrease to this level stop sludge burner and increase sludge program counter with 2.(၆၄၀’C ဆုိ၇င္ sludge burner ၇ပ္မယ္။) 800°C - Alarm level for low combustion chamber temperature.(combustion chamber temp နိမ္႔ေၿကာင္း alarm) 850°C Temperature allowing burning sludge alone.(sludge burnerတခုထေဲမါင္းခြင္႔ၿပဳတယ္။) ၅၀-ဘါလို႔ INCINERATOR refractory material ကုိ low cement/high alumina quality နဲ႔လုပ္၇တါလဲ၊ Dioxin ေတြ flue gas ထဲေ၇ာမပါေအါင္ combustion chamber က ၂.၅ မီတါအတြင္း flue gas ကု္ိ၃၅၀’C ေ၇ာက္ေအါင္ shock cool လုပ္ေပး၇မယ္။(ဒါေၿကာင္႔ refractory material ေတြကို low cement/high alumina quality မ်ိဳး နဲ႔ လုပ္၇တယ္။ ဘိုြင္လါကလုိ၇ိုး၇ိုးနဲ႔ မ၇ဘူး။ slag resistant and having very good thermal shock resistance ေတြ၇ိွ၇မယ္။) ၅၁-Pressure jet burner သုံး boiler ေတြမွာ burner ၂ ခုပါတတ္တယ္။ဘါလို႔ burner 2 ခုထါး၇တါလ၊ဲ Pressure jet burner ေတြဟါ turn down ratio နေဲတါ႔ low load , high load အတြက္ low fire, high fire အတြက္ burner 2 ခုထါး၇တယ္။ low load ဆို၇င္ တလုံးတည္း။high load လိုခ်င္၇င္ ၂ လံဳးသံူးပါတယ္။ ၅၂-nozzle , flapper သံုး controller တခုမွာ nozzle ပိတ္သြါး၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္မလ။ဲ Actuator ကိုေက ြ်းတဲ႔ေလတကယ္လုိတါထက္ပုိ မ်ားလါလိမ္႔မယ္။ 5၃-ethernet switch နဲ႔ ethernet hub ဘယ္ဟါပိုေကါင္းလ။ဲဘယ္ Network မွာသံုးလ၊ဲ Switch ကပုိေကါင္းပါတယ္။ Ethernet network မွာသံုးပါတယ္။ ၅၄-တကယ္လို႔ ooredoo GSM Phone card ( Internet သံုးဖို႔) ကုိ wireless router မွာတပ္ၿပီး အိမ္က

computer ေတြ home network ခ်ိတ္သံုးၿက၇င္ အဒီဲ network ကုိဘါ network လို႔ေခၚလဲ၊ အလဲိုမွမဟုတ္ဘ ဲwireless router မ၇ွိလို႔ cat 5 ၿကိုးနဲ႔ ဆက္ခ်င္၇င္ဘယ္လိုဆက္၇မလ၊ဲ Wirless network, ethernet hub or Ethernet switch ခံၿပီးဆက္ခ်င္ဆက္။ ကြန္ၿပဴတါ ၂ လံုးဆို၇င္ reverse ဆက္5၅- crossover cabel နဲ႔ Ethernet cable ဘါကြါလ၊ဲ ဘယ္ဟါကုိဘယ္ေန၇ာမွာ သံုးၿပီးဆက္သြယ္လ၊ဲ Crossover cable – reverse, Generally speaking, a crossover cable is constructed by reversing (or crossing over) the order of the wires inside so that it can connect two computers directly. A crossover cable looks almost exactly like a regular Ethernet cable (a straight-through cable), so make sure you have a crossover cable before following these steps.

- nozzle ring မပါတဲ႔ turbocharger ၇ိွလါး။ IHI RH 133 TURBOCHARGER TURBINE CASING မ်ိဳးက MIX FLOW လို႔ေခၚၿ႔ပီး NOZZLE RING မလိုပါဘူး။ ၆၁-turbocharger turbine side cleaning ၇ဲ႔ wet cleaning မွာ ၂ မ်ိဳး၇ိွတယ္။အဒဲါဘါေတြလ၊ဲ There are two types of wet cleaning:- low load washing,(washing of turbine and nozzle ring at low exhaust gas temperature or low engine load **), And - “thermo shock cleaning“ *** ၆၂-turbocharger bearing မွာ semi floating journal bearing ကုိဘယ္မွာသံုးလ၊ဲ anti friction bearing ဆိုတါကေကါဘါလဲ။ဘယ္မွာသံုးလ၊ဲfull float journal bearing ဆုိတါကေကါဘါလဲ။ ေနာက္ပိုင္း inboard bearing turbocharger အေတၚမ်ားမ်ား semi floating journal bearing ကုိသံုး။ external bearing turbocharger မ်ားက anti friction bearing ကုိသံုး။ လုိ္က္လည္ေန၇င္ full float, lock နဲ႔ဖမ္းထါး၇င္ semi float ၆၃-turbocharger bearing ေတြလသဲင္႔ မလသဲင္႔ ဘယ္လိုဆုံးၿဖတ္မလ။ဲ Load carry surface ဘယ္ေလါက္စါးသြါး၇င္လလဲို႔ manual မွာေပးထါး ၆၄-turbocharger wet cleaning လုပ္တဲ႔အခါ boost pressure (charge air pressure ) ကုိ ၀.၃ bar အထက္ထါးခိုင္းပါတယ္။အဒဲါဘါလို႔လ၊ဲ ေ၇ေတြ turbine end oil chamber ထဲမ၀င္ေအါင္၆၅- turbocharger inboard bearing type မွာ semi floating journal bearing ဆိုတါ bearing casing ထမဲွာ အက်ပ္၇ိုက္ထည္႔ထါးတါလါး။ဘယ္လုိတပ္ထါးလ။ဲ အက်ပ္၇ုိက္မထည္႔၇။ ဒီအတုိင္းထည္႔၇င္၀င္၇မယ္။ lock ထဲ၀င္မ၀င္ဘစဲစ္စ၇ာလုိ၆၆-turbocharger ေတြမွာ heat shield ကုိဘယ္ေန၇ာမွာတပ္ထါးလ။ဲ ဘါလို႔တပ္ထါးတါလဲseal ring & heat shield ကို bearing ေပၚ exhaust gas ေတြ၇ဲ႔ serious effect မ သက္ေ၇ာက္ေအါင္တပ္ထါးပါတယ္။ 67-turbocharger တခုမွာ turbine side diffuser & compressor side diffuser ဘါကြါလ။ဲ

Compressor side diffuser & volute casing ကအဒီဲအေ၇ြစြမ္းအင္၇ိွေလကုိ pressure energy ၿပန္ေၿပာင္းေပးတယ္။ Turbine wheel outlet မွာ kinetic energy ကုိ recovery လုပ္တဲ႔ outlet diffuser ကုိတပ္ထါးတတ္ပါတယ္။

68- 2 stage air ejector ၇ဲ႔ condenser ကေန vacuum condenser ကုိၿပန္ပို႔တဲ႔ condensate return line steam separator ပိတ္သြါး၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္္မလ၊ဲ Air release လုပ္တဲ႔ပိုက္ကေန ေ၇ေတြထြက္လါမယ္။ ( သတိမထါးမိ၇င္ တေန႔ ၈ တန္ေလါက္ ဆံုး၇ွဳံးတတ္ပါတယ္။)condenser ေပၚ mechanical load ပုိလါမယ္။ ၆၉-hydraulically operate fuel injector တခုမွာ needle lift ကဘါလုိ႔အေ၇းၿကီးတါလ။ဲ မမွန္၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္နိုင္လဲ။ အင္ဂ်င္တုိင္းမွာသူdesign အ၇ တြက္ထါးတဲ႔ rate of discharge curve ကုိ nozzle ကိုၿဖတ္တဲ႔ fuel flow ကိုထိန္းၿပီး အေကါင္အထည္္။ေဖၚပါတယ္။ အဒီဲ fuel flow ကို needle lift နဲ႔ ထိန္းတယ္ ( gate valve တလံဳးလိုေပါ႔) Pressure spring က needle diameter & opening pressure နဲ႔ကိုက္ညီေအါင္တြက္လုပ္ထါးလို႔ combustion chamber ၇ဲ႔ combustion pressure ကုိ effectively seal လုပ္ႏိုင္တါၿဖစ္တယ္။ needle lift က design ထက္မ်ားလါ၇င္ flow rate လမဲ်ားလါလို႔ hydraulic instability ၿဖစ္ၿပီး pressure spring oscillation ၿဖစ္မယ္။ spring ကိ်ဳးတတ္တယ္။lift သိပ္နဲ၇င္ေတါ႔ nozzle ေပါက္ orifice ဟါ လုံေလါက္တဲ႔ flow မ၇လု္ိ႔ ထုတ္ေပးတဲ႔ spray pattern ပ်က္ၿပီး wire drawn ၿဖစ္ကါ combustion မေကါင္းေတါ႔ဘူး။ ဒါေၿကာင္႔ fuel valve အါးလုံးက valve lift တူမွ တူညီတ႕ဲဆီပမါဏကုိထုတ္ေပးမွာပါ။ဒါမွ cylinder အါးလံဳး တူညီတဲ႔ power ကိုထုတ္ေပးမွာၿဖစ္တယ္။

70- NO x tier III ကုိ ၿပည္႔မီဘို႔ 4 STROKE ENGINE ေတြမွာturbocharger ေတြ၇ဲ႔ BOOST RATIO (PRESSURE RATIO) ၿမင္႔ဖိုလုိတယ္ဆုိတယ္။အဒဲါဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ MILLER PROCESS ကုိသုံးလို႔71-turbocharger turbine side water wash မွန္မွန္မလုပ္၇င္ IHI RH 133 တါဘိုခ်ာဂ်ာေတြ FLOATING BEARING ပ်က္စီးတတ္တယ္။အဒဲါဘါေၿကာင္႔ၿဖစ္၇တါလ၊ဲ Turbine wheel ေတြေပၚဂ်ီးကပ္ၿ႔ပီး housing နဲ႔ contact ၿဖစ္ကါ floating bearing ေတြပ်က္တတ္ပါတယ္။ 72-1957 CIMAC Congess in Zuerich, Switzerland တံုးက အတည္ၿပဳခဲ႔တဲ႔ miller process ကုိ အခု ေခတ္ 4 stroke engine ေတြမွာသုံးလါး။ သံုး၇င္ဘါအက်ိဳး၇ိွလ၊ဲ 1. Adoption of a “slight” Miller process to lower combustion temperature levels, and, with them, NOx emission. This process, first publicly presented in 1957 d uring the CIMAC Congess in Zuerich, Switzerland, is based on an earlier closing of the inlet valves. The original intention of the Miller process was to limit thermal and mechanical engine loadings, which rise sharply with increasing power density of the engines. The Miller process is also a well -known tool for e n gine designers to reduce fuel consumption rates, provided an appropriate matching of the turbocharger is possible. Compared with the normal working process, the Miller process

requires high -efficiency, high -pressure exhaust -gas turbochargers, because otherwise the e f fect on engine operation would be just the opposite. Use of the considerably increased efficiency level of the newly designed MAN B&W TCA-type turbocharger so that the resultant fuel savings from steps (1) to (3) exceeded the fuel losses involved in (1) to (3). The slightly increased compression ratio of the 48/60B has another beneficial effect: it improves the ignition behaviour of lowest -quality heavy fuel oils. The 48/60B can ther efore safely o perate wi th HFO up to a viscosity of 700 cSt/50°C and runs on fuels up to, and inclu ding, the CIMAC H55/K55 specifications.

၇၃-ice class ship နဲ႔ ၇ိုး၇ိုး trade ship ၂ မ်ိဳး ၇ဲ႔ propulsion main engine ေတြဘါကြါတတ္လ။ဲ As the low speed main engines are directly coupled to the propeller, the engine has to follow the propeller performance, i.e. also in heavy running propeller situations. For this type of operation, there is normally enough margin in the load area between line 6 and the normal torque/speed limitation line 4, see Fig. 2.04.01. To the left of line 4 in torque rich operation, the engine will lack air from the turbocharger to the combustion process, i.e. the heat load limits may be exceeded and bearing loads might also become too high. For some special ships and operating conditions, it would be an advantage when occasionally needed to be able to operate the propeller/main engine as much as possible to the left of line 6, but inside the torque/speed limit, line 4. Such cases could be for: • ships sailing in areas with very heavy weather • ships operating in ice • ships with two fixed pitch propellers/two main engines, where one propeller/one engine is declutched for one or the other reason

၇၄- late combustion ေတြ။ after burning ေတြ။ CCAI မ်ားလို႔ ၿဖစ္လါတဲ႔ COMBUSTION ေတြဟါ engine ေပၚ thermal load ကုိ design limit ထက္ပိုမ်ားေစတယ္။အဒဲါဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ Alcock ၇ဲ႔အဆိုအ၇ convective heat ဟါ pockets of flame အေနနဲ႔ လွဳပ္၇ွားတဲ႔အတြက္ အဒီဲ flame pocket နဲ႔ ထိေတြ႔တဲ႔အခ်ိန္က အပူခ်ိန္ကါြၿခားမွုထက္ပိုအေ၇းၿကီးတယ္ဆုိပါတယ္။ အလဲို HEAT FLUX နဲ႔ၿကာၿကာထိေတြေစတဲ႔ COMBUSTION အမ််ိဳးအစါးေတြက THERMAL LOAD ပိုေစပါတယ္။ 75-အခုေနာက္ပိုင္း heavy oil နဲ႔ေမါင္းတ ဲ4 stroke engine အေတၚမ်ားမ်ား piston ring 3 ကြင္းပါတဲ႔ 3 ring pack ကိုအသံုးမ်ားလါၿကတယ္။ဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ In Wärtsilä’s three-ring concept each ring has a specific task. They are dimensioned and profiled for consistent performance throughout their operating lives. To avoid carbon deposits in the ring grooves of a heavy fuel engine, the pressure balance above and below each ring is

crucial. Experience has shown that this effect is most likely achieved with a three-ring pack. Finally, it is well known that most frictional losses in a reciprocating combustion engine originate from the rings. Thus a three-ring pack is the obvious choice in this respect, too. The piston ring package and ring grooves are optimized for long lifetime by special wear-resistant coating and groove treatment 76-MC အင္ဂ်င္ေတြ MANOEUVRING လုပ္ခ်ိန္ အင္ဂ်င္၇ပ္ထါးတံုး scavenge air TEMP က အင္ဂ်င္ေမါင္းေနတံုး scavenge air TEMP ထက္ပိုၿမင္႔တတ္တယ္။အဒဲါဘါေၿကာင္႔လ၊ဲ AUX AIR BLOWER အထြက္ AIR COOLER ကုိမၿဖတ္လုိ႔

77- heating steam တခုမွာ steam trap ဘယ္ေန၇ာမွာတပ္ထါးတတ္လ။ဲဘါအတြက္တပ္ထါးတါလ၊ဲsteam trap & water hammer ဆက္စပ္မွဳ၇ိွလါး။steam trap ပိတ္ေန၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္မလ။ဲယိုေန၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္မလ။ဲဘါေၿကာင္႔လဲSteam trap မေကါင္း၇င္ water hammer ပုိၿဖစ္။ water hammer ၿဖစ္၇င္ steam trap ေတြပ်က္တတ္ပါတယ္။ အေတၚမ်ားမ်ား သေဘါၤမွာသံုးတါက thermostatic trap ေတြၿဖစ္လို႔ latent heat ကို system မွာအကုန္သံုးဘို႔လုပ္ေပးပါတယ္။latent heat မကုန္မခ်င္း လြတ္မေပးဘပဲိတ္ထါးတတ္ပါတယ္။ယိုခဲ႔၇င္ condensate return မွာlatent heat ေတြက်န္ေနလို႔ FLASH STEAM ေတြ CASCADE TANK မွာထြက္ေနတတ္ပါတယ္။ တနည္းအါးၿဖင္႔ဆို steam enthapy , steam energy ေတြဆံုး၇ွုံးတါပါဘ၊ဲ STEAM TRAP ပိတ္ေန၇င္ေတါ႔ CONDENSATE RETURN VALVE ပိတ္ထါးသလုိၿဖစ္လို႔ HEATER ေတြဆို လိုတဲ႔ အပူခ်ိန္မေပးနိုင္ေတါ႔ပါဘူး။ EJECTOR CONDENSOR အထြက္က TRAP ပိတ္၇င္ VACUUM မ၇ေတါ႔လုိ႔ TURBINE ကုိၿပသနာေပးလါပါမယ္။ 78-တကယ္လုိ႔ dual diesel cycle engine မွာ fuel injection start timing ေစါေပး၇င္ NOx တက္မလါး။ နသဲြါးမလါး။ NOX တက္လါပါမယ္။ In order to neutralise the increase in NOx emission, the injection can be retarded, although this leads to a higher fuel consumption rate and increased particle emission. Another effect of the delayed injection is a lower firing pressure.(NOx ေလ်ာ႔မယ္ဆို injection retard လုပ၇္ပါမယ္။အဒဲါဆိုဆီပိုစါးပါမယ္။မီးခုိးမထဲြက္တတ္ပါတယ္။) 79- viscosity 700 cst ၇ိွ hfo နဲ႔ေမါင္းတဲ႔ 4 stroke engine နဲ႔ ဒီဇယ္နဲ႔ေမါင္းတဲ႔ 4 stroke အင္ဂ်င္ဘယ္ဟါ က inlet valve ပိတ္တါေစါမယ္ထင္လဲThe slightly increased compression ratio of the 48/60B has another beneficial effect: it improves the ignition behaviour of lowest -quality heavy fuel oils. The 48/60B can therefore safely operate with HFO up to a viscosity of 700 cSt/50°C and runs on fuels up to, and including, the CIMAC H55/K55 specifications.( compression ratio ကိုၿမွင္႔လို႔၇တဲ႔ ေနာက္အက်ိဳးတခုက viscosity မ်ားတဲ႔ hfo နဲ႔ေမါင္းနိုင္တါၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။) အလုိဲ COMPRESSION RATIO ၿမွင္႔ခ်င္၇င္ INLET VALVE ေစါေစါပိတ္၇ပါမယ္။

80- 4 stroke engine ေတြမွာ inlet valve ပိတ္တဲ႔အခ်ိန္ေတြဟါ 20’ ABDC, 10’ABDC, 5’ABDC, စသၿဖင္႔ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးထါးၿကတယ္။ဘါလို႔အဒဲီလိုအမ်ိဳးမ်ုိဳးၿဖစ္ေနၿကတါလ၊ဲ NOX ေလ်ာ႔ခ်င္၇င္။ VISCOSITY မ်ားတဲ႔ဆီနဲ႔ေမါင္းခ်င္၇င္ COMPRESSIOIN RATIO တင္၇ပါမယ္။ ဒါေၿကာင္႔ INLET VALVE ပိတ္ခ််ိန္ကုိေစါေပး။ EXH VALVE DIAM ကို INLET VALVE ထက္ေသးေပး၇ပါမယ္။ ၈၁- UNIFLOW SCAVENGE 2 STROKE ENGINE မွာ MILLER PROCESS သုံးလို႔၇လါး။ မ၇ပါ။ 82-MC Engine ေတြမွာ aux blower က တါဘိုခ်ာဂ်ာအ၀င္က ေလယူၿပီး air cooler ကုိမၿဖတ္ဘ ဲအင္ဂ်င္ဆီပို႔တယ္။အဒဲိလုိလုပ္ထါးလို႔ ဘါအက်ိဳးအၿမတ္ေတြ၇လါလဲ။ TURBOCHARGER ကုိအင္ဂ်င္၇ပ္ေနခ်ိန္မွာ လည္ေနေစပါတယ္။ AIR COOLER ကုိမၿဖတ္လို႔ ေလက TEMP ၿမင္႔ေနလို႔ ENGINE နိဳးဘို႔ပိုလြယ္ပါတယ္။ ၈၃-4 stroke engine ေတြမွာ piston pin ကုိ Piston boss bearing & connecting rod small end bearing ေတြမွာထည္႔ၿပီး circlip နဲ႔ဖမ္းထါးတါကို ဘယ္လုိေခၚလဲ၊ FULL FLOAT ၈၄-cummin KTA 19 Engine ေတြ၇ဲ႔ fuel pump ကေန fuel valve ကုိသြါးတဲ႔ fuel pipe ေတြမွာ double wall pipe တပ္စ၇ာမလိုဘူး။ဘါေၿကာင္႔လဲ UNIT FUEL INJECTOR ၈၅-2 stroke engine & 4 stroke engine ဘယ္ဟါက Pmax ပုိမ်ားတတ္လ၊ဲဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ 4 STROKE ENGINE ပုိမ်ား။ Engine component ေတြရဲ႔ mechanical and thermal stress ခံနိုင္စြမ္း၇ည္၈၆- 2 stroke engine ၇ဲ႔ thermal efficiency က limit ၇ိွလါး။၇ိွတယ္ဆုိဘါေတြက limit လုပ္ထါးတါလ။ဲ 1. ၇နိုင္တဲ႔ cylinder volume မွာ cut off ratio အနဆုံဲးနဲ႔ complete combustion ၿဖစ္နိုင္ဘို႔2. Engine component ေတြရဲ႔ mechanical and thermal stress ခံနိုင္စြမ္း၇ည္3. Safe အၿဖစ္နိုင္ဆုံး Piston speed နဲ႔ rpm အၿမင္႔ ဆံုးၿမွင္႔နိုင္စြမ္း( piston speed ကတင္ခ်င္တိုင္းတင္လုိ႔မ၇ပါဘူး။acceleration stresses,speed of combustion,scavenging efficiency စတါေတြထည္႔တြက္၇ပါတယ္။) mechanical limit +Air retaining တကယ္ကေတါ႔ DUAL CYCLE မွာ CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE က THERMAL EFFICIENCY ပိုေကါင္းပါတယ္။အလုိဲ CONSTANT PRESSURE COMBUSTION ကုိအၿပည္႔အ၀သံုးနိုင္ဖို႔ CUT OFF RATIO နဲ၇မယ္။ COMPRESSION RATO မ်ား၇မယ္။ AIR FUEL RATIO မ်ား၇မယ္။ ဒါေတြမွာ 2 STROKE က အကန္႔အသတ္ေတြ၇ိွေနပါတယ္။ 88-output ၿခင္းတူတဲ႔ 2stroke engine exh temp က 4stroke engine exh temp ထက္နတဲယ္။အဒဲါဘါလိုလ။ဲအလဲိုနေဲတါ႔အင္ဂ်င္၇ဲ႔ thermal efficiency ေပၚဘယ္လိုသက္ေ၇ာက္မွု၇ိွလ၊ဲ CHARGE AIR က EXH GAS မွာေ၇ာပါေနလုိ႔။ ဒါေၿကာင္႔ AF ကုိတင္ဖို႔မလြယ္ေတါ႔ THERMAL EFFICIENCY နပဲါတယ္။ ၈၉-mc engine မွာ over critical running နဲ႔ under critical running ဆုိတါဘါလ၊ဲQPT ဆိုတါကေကါဘါလဲ။ QPT – QUICK PASSING TECHNIQUE ပံုမွန္ MC ENGINE ေတြလို CRITICAL RPM က ေအါက္ဖက္မွာဆို၇င္ UNDER CRITICAL RUNNING /

SHAFTING SYSTEM က FLEXIBLE ၿဖစ္ေအါင္လုပ္ထါးပါတယ္။ 90-MC Engine VIT System မွာ upper break point, lower break point ဆိုၿပီး၇ိွတယ္။အဒဲါဘါလို႔ထါး၇တါလ။ဲ LOWER BREAK POINT – PMAX – PCOMP < 35 BAR အတြက္UPPER BREAK POINT - Engine component ေတြရဲ႔ mechanical and thermal stress ခံနိုင္စြမ္း၇ည္91-4 stroke engine & 2 stroke engine ေတြမွာ ဘယ္ဟါက mep (mean effective pressure ) & Pmax ပိုမ်ားတတ္လဲ။ဘါေၿကာင္႔လ၊ဲ 92-dual diesel cycle thermal efficiency မွာပါတဲ႔ cut off ratio, constant volume pressure ratio တို႔ဆုိတါဘါလ။ဲန၇ဲင္ဘါၿဖစ္လ။ဲ မ်ား၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္လ။ဲ CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE မွာ ၇ိွ RATIO OF PRESSURE INCREASE AT CONSTANT VOLUME – TIMING ေစါ၇င္ ပိုမ်ား။တကယ္ေတါ႔ ေနာက္ပိုင္း 4STROKE ေတြက ဒီ CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE ကိုနနဲိုင္သမ်ွနေဲအါင္လုပ္လါပါတယ္။CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE ကုိပိုသံုးလါပါတယ္။CUT OFF RATIO နေဲလ THERMAL EFFICIENCY မ်ားေလပါဘ၊ဲ 92-NOx ေလ်ာ႔ဖုိ႔အတြက္ 4 stroke engine ေတြမွာ Compression ratio ကုိတင္လါး။ခ်လါး။အလဲိုလုပ္ခဲ႔၇င္ cut off ratio & constant volume pressure ratio ေပၚဘါအက်ုိဳးသက္ေ၇ာက္လ။ဲ COMPRESSIO RATIO ကုိတင္ပါတယ္။ CONSTANT VOLUME PRESSURE RATIO နဲသြါးပါလိမ္႔မယ္။CUT OFF RATIO လဲနလဲါပါလိမ္႔မယ္။ 93-ေနာက္ပိုင္း 4 stroke diesel engine ေတြမွာ compression ratio တင္ၿပီး injection pressure ကုိပါ တင္ၿကတယ္။အဒဲါဘါေၿကာင္႔လ၊ဲ Low NOx combustion is based on: An high compression ratio that therefore gives an higher combustion air temperature at the start of injection, which drastically reduces the ignition delay A late start of injection and shorter injection duration to place combustion at the optimal point of the cycle with respect to efficiency Improved fuel atomization and matching of combustion space with fuel sprays to facilitate air and fuel mixing In practice this means modifying the engine parameters that affect combustion, in other words increasing the compression ratio and raising the cylinder combustion pressure. The injection equipment has also been designed to inject fuel later than normally, during a short, distinct injection period ၉၅- CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IMPELLER & SHAFT အတြဲလုိက္ကို သံဘါ္းတန္း ၂ ခုၿကားထါးၿ႔ပီး လွည္႔တါအၿမတဲန္းတေန၇ာတည္းမွာ လည္တါ ၇ပ္ ၇ပ္သြါးတယ္။အဒဲါဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ STATIC BALANCE မေကါင္း

96- steam atomizing hfo burner တခုဟါ air fuel ratio ကို hfo pressure & combustion air pressure နဲ႔ခ်ိန္ထါးတယ္။တကယ္လို႔ အဒဲီ burner ကုိ mgo ေၿပာင္းသံုး၇င္ ဘါေတြေၿပာင္းေပး၇မလ၊ဲဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ ဆ၇ီဲ႔ DENSITY အခ်ိဳးနဲ႔လိုက္ၿပီး ဆီေက ြ်းတါကိုေလ်ာရမယ္။ တနည္းအါးၿဖင္႔ fuel pressure ကုိေလနဲ႔ ကိက္ုညီေအါင္ေလ်ာ႔ခ်ေပး၇မယ္။

97-pneumatic control valve တလုံးကို 5/2 way အေနနဲ႔ေ၇ာ။3/2 way အေနနဲ႔ေ၇ာသုံးနိူင္တယ္လို႔ ေၿပာထါးတယ္။ အလဲိုလြယ္လြယ္ေၿပာင္းသံုးနိုင္ဘုိ႔အမ်ားအါးၿဖင္႔ ဘယ္လိုလုပ္ထါးၿပီး ဘါspare part ေလးေတြထည္႔ေပးတတ္လ။ဲ 3/2 way pneumatic control valve gasket plate ၿပားမွာ အေပါက္တေပါက္ပိုပါတတ္တယ္။

98- cargo turbine တခု၇ဲ႔ lube oil sump မွာ water contanminate ၿဖစ္ေန၇င္ ဘါေၿကာင္႔ၿဖစ္နိုင္သလဲ

Turbine gland မွာ တခုခု contaminate ၿဖစ္တါ။ဒါမွမဟုတ္ လဘုိဲ႔လိုေနတါ။

Turbine shaft ၿဖတ္တဲ႔ turbine casing မွာ Ni-Pb Brass labyrinth ပါတဲ႔ gland 2 ၿခမ္းနဲ႔ casing

မွာတပ္ထါးပါတယ္။( labyrinth prevent leakage of steam through the parts & penetrate the air into

casing at start up)

၉၉-steam blast burner ေတြၿဖဳတ္ေဆး၇င္ဘါေတြစစ္၇မလဲ

Periodically check the combustion condition and the related instruments. If the combustion is abnormal,first check and clean the atomizer. When removing the atomiser front the sprayer body, use the disassembling tools supplied for this purpose.

- When checking and cleaninr the atomiser. loose the burner tap nut by use cf the wrench provided for this purpose, taking care not to drop th« atomizer or scratch its surface.

-It is just enough to clean the atomiser and cap nut with parrafin oil As the deposited carbon are not be removed as it is or even if it is immerased into paraffin oil for a long time, remove it with a bristle brush. Never use a sandpaper, steel wire, scraper and the like, if the atomizing orifice or sliding faces are scratched, the outstanding design and elaborate machining will become meaningless. In other words, It is not too much to say that the suitability of the condition of the atomizer solely depends on the careful maintenance and handling.

(d) If foreign matter is found in the atomiser, clean the atoniser with washing oil and investigate for and resnove the cause.

(e) Clean up the sliding faces of the sprayer and atomizer before assembling When screwing in the cao nut, it is not necessary to apply undue force. In this work, carefully cheek to see if the atomizer is properly equipped into the cap nut.

(f) Fit the atomizer properly to the cap nut and screw it into the sprayer carefully

so that the atomiser don’t tilt, or place the atomizer on the sprayer, put the cap nut thereon and carefully screw in by hand. Use a wrench only for final clamping. Tightening by spanner at last stage tc be made with single hand type huimer about 500g weight by 2 ~ 3 times hitting which to ba done from about 30 ~ 40cm height.

၁၀၀-အင္ဂ်င္ခန္းတခု၇ဲ႔ alarm and monitoring system တခုမွာ redundency

ဆိုတါဘါလဲ။ဘယ္လိုလုပ္ထါးသလ။ဲ

Dual redundant Local Area Network:Used for communication between the Remote Operator

Stations and other PC based equipment. Each unit is connected to two completely separate

Local Area Networks (LAN) for maximum redundancy.

• Dual redundant CAN-bus:Used for communication between the Distributed Processing Units.

Each unit is connected to two

completely separate CAN-buses (CAN - Control Area Network) for maximum redundancy.

Redundency ဆိုတါ network တခုပ်က္တါနဲ႔ whole system တခုလုံး

၇ပ္မသြါးေအါင္လုပ္ထါးတါကိုေခၚပါတယ္။

101- တကယ္္လုိ႔ GAS FREE လုပ္မထါးတဲ႔ FUEL TANK ေတြနား WELDING ေဆၚခဲ႔၇င္

အနဆုံဲးဘယ္ေလါက္ကြါ၇မလ။ဲ

500mm

၁၀၂- တကယ္လုိ႔ CPP SYSTEM ကေန GOVERNOR ကိုေပးတဲ႔ SIGNAL GROUND ၿဖစ္ခဲ႔၇င္ ဘါ

ေတြၿဖစ္လါနိုင္လဲ။

Governor မွာအဒဲါနဲ႔ဆိုင္တဲ႔ alarm တက္လါၿပီး cpp system ကေတါ႔ back up mode

ကိုေၿပာင္းသြါးပါလိမ္႔မယ္။

104-inert gas generator တလုံးဟါ soot release ကါကြယ္ဖို႔ 25% load နဲ႔မစ၇င္ အလိုလို shut down ၿဖစ္တယ္။ igg system delivery valve position setting လြဲေနလို႔ ၂၅% ေအါက္ ၿဖစ္ေနတယ္။ ၂၅% အထက္ေ၇ာက္ေအါင္ (IGG အထြက္) blower အထြက္ delivery valve ကုိပိတ္ေပး၇မလါး။ဖြင္႔ေပး၇မလါး။

IGG BLOWER DELIVERY VALVE ကုိဖြင္႔ေပး၇ပါမယ္။

၁၀၅-EMERGENCY FIRE PUMP တလံုး၇ဲ႔ SUCTION ဟါ သေဘါၤေ၇ွ႔ BOW TRUSTER ROOM ထမဲွာ၇ွိတါေကါင္းလါး။ ENGINE ROOM ထဲက EMERGENCY SEA SUCTION ကယူတါေကါင္းလါး။ ဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ

From SOLAS

4.6.3 Arrangements of emergency pumps, seawater inlet, suction and delivery pipes and sea-chests

1. Not only emergency pumps, but also seawater inlet, suction and delivery pipes with valves, etc. should be outside the compartment containing the other fire pumps. Only short lengths of suction and discharge piping may, however, under certain circumstances, penetrate the machinery spaces if enclosed in substantial steel casing. In lieu of the steel casing the pipe may be insulated to A-60 class standard.

The pipe should have substantial wall thickness, in no case less than 11 mm, and should be all welded except for the flanged connection to the sea inlet valve.

The sea-chest with valve and the main part of the suction piping should be, in general, outside the machinery spaces. If this arrangement cannot be made, the sea-chest may be fitted in the machinery spaces on the condition that the valve is remotely controlled from a position near the pump, in the same compartment, and the suction pipe is as short as practicable.

2. The emergency fire pump should be placed so that the main requirements of regulation II-2/4.6.3 can be complied with. The discharge line of the emergency fire pump should be provided with isolating valves placed outside the fire pump space.

၁၀၆-သေဘါၤေပၚ၇ွိ ပန္႔ေတြ ကို generator တလုံးစီကေနခြဲေပးလို႔ ၿဖစ္နိုင္လါး။ (ဥပမါ - main s.w pump-1 ကို မီးစက္ ၁ ကေန။ main lube oil pump -2 ကို မီးစက္ ၃ ကေန။booster pump 1 from generator 1, booster pump 2 from generator 3 စသၿဖင္႔ )

အဒဲီအတြက္ BUS TIE BREAKER ေတြပါတတ္ပါတယ္။

၁၀၇-သေဘါၤေပၚမွာ ဘိြုင္လါ ၂ လံုး၇ိွတယ္ဆိုပါေတါ႔။ port side ဘိုြင္လါကို AT sea မွာ အသုံးမ်ားတယ္ဆို၇င္ stb boiler ကုိ္ဘါေတြလုပ္ေပးထါး၇မလဲ

အဒဲီလုိအေၿခအေနမ်ိဳးအတြက္ BOILER မွာ HEATING BOX ပါတတ္ပါတယ္။ HEATING ေပးၿပီး STB BOILER ကို ၂ ဘါးေလါက္၇ေအါင္ထိန္းထါးနိုင္ပါတယ္။ တပတ္တခါေလါက္ေတါ႔ WARM UP လုပ္ေပးသင္႔ပါတယ္။

၁၀၈-တကယ္လို႔ stb boiler ကုိ waste heat recovery ( main engine exh gas နဲ႔) အတြက္သံုးခ်င္၇င္ဘယ္လိုေၿပာင္း၇မလ။ဲဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ

M/E ၇ပ္ထါးသင္႔ပါတယ္။

ေၿပာင္းခ်င္တဲ႔ ဘိုြင္လါကို မီးစထိုး။

BOILER CIRCULATING PUMP ကို ၇ပ္။ အ၀င္အထြက္ဘါးေတြပိတ္။ BOILER မွာ၇ိွ CIRCULATING PUMP အ၀င္အထြက္ဘါးေတြပိတ္။

အေ၇းၿကီးတါက ေၿပာင္းတဲ႔အခ်ိန္ BOILER PRESSURE တူေန၇င္ေကါင္းပါတယ္။ PORT BOILER က BOILER WATER ေတြ ၿပန္မစီးေအါင္( VALVE ေတြမလံုခဲ႔၇င္)

၁၀၉-purifer disc ေတြေဆးတဲ႔ disc cleaner နဲ႔ boiler chemical ေတြေ၇ာထါးလို႔၇လါး။ဘါေၿကာင္႔လ။ဲ

ACID & ALKALI ေ၇ာမထါး၇ပါ။

၁၁၀-သေဘါၤေပၚမွာ သံုးတဲ႔ jacket water treatment chemical (DEWT NC -nitrite - borate based corrosion inhibitor-Rocor NB ) ကိုအိမ္က ကါးေ၇တိုင္ကီမွာထည္႔လို႔၇လါး။ထည္႔၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္နိုင္လဲ။

မထည္႔သင္႔ပါ။ ROCOR NB က ALUMIUM, ZINC စတါေတြကုိ စါးတတ္ပါတယ္။

၁၁၁-သေဘါဲေပၚက air condition system cooling က LT WATER နဲ႔လုပ္ၿပီး LT COOLING WATER TANK ကို ROCOR NB DOSE လုပ္တယ္။ အဒဲီ AIR CONDITION CONDENSOR မွာ ZINC တံုးတပ္၇မလါး။ၿဖဳတ္ပစ္၇မလါး။

ZINC တုံးေတြၿဖဳတ္ပစ္ပါ။

၁၁၂-သေဘါၤေပၚမွာ fuse back up OCR ဆုိတါဘါလ။ဲ

limited breaking capacity may demand that back-up fuses be fitted for very high

prospective short-circuit fault levels.

A disadvantage of a fuse is its insensitivitymto small overcurrents. An HRC fuse will blow at currents as low as 25% overload, but only after about 4 hours. The advantage- of a fuse is its very high speed of operation (a few milliseconds)

at high short-circuit fault current - faster than a circuit-breaker. Fuses are fitted in circuits to give protection against short circuit . But protection against relatively small overcurrents (e.g. due to shaft overloading on a motor)is provided where necessary by an over current relay (OCR)

၁၁၃-သေဘါၤေပၚက MOTOR OVERLOAD RELAY ကု္ိဘယ္လုိခ်ိန္လ။ဲတကယ္လို႔ OVERLOAD က HHI ( HYUNDAI HEAVY INDUSTRIES) ထုတ္ဆို၇င္ေကါဘယ္လုိခ်ိန္လ။ဲ

1.15 OF F.L.A of motor shown on motor label, if HHI – SET AS FLA.

၁၁၄-သေဘါၤေပၚက MSB ထဲက BUS BAR ေတြဘါလို႔ အၿပားေတြၿဖစ္ေနတါလ။ဲအလံုးလုပ္လုိ႔မ၇ဘူးလါး။

SKIN EFFECT

၁၁၅- INERT GAS မပါတဲ႔ TANKER သေဘါ္ေတြ GAS FREE လုပ္တဲ႔ BLOWER က STEAM DRIVE ဆုိ၇င္ အဒဲီ ေမါင္းတဲ႔ STEAM က TANK ထဲကိုၿပန္မ၀င္၇ဘူးတဲ႔။ဘါေၿကာင္႔လ၊ဲ

Portable fan ကေတါ႔ ေ၇။ေလ။ေ၇ေႏြးေငြ႔။ဟိုက္ေၿဒာလစ္ စတါေတြနဲ႔ေမါင္းႏိုင္တယ္။ non sparking type ၿဖစ္၇မယ္။ steam သံုးခဲ႔၇င္ exhaust steam က tank ထဲၿပန္မ၀င္၇ဘူး။ steam က static electricity ၿဖစ္လုိ႔။

၁၁၆- သေဘါၤေပၚက STAND ALONE PLC ဆုိတါဘါလ၊ဲ

single ended or stand-alone PLC – PLC တခုက process တခုကိုဘဲ ထိန္းေက်ာင္းပါတယ္။အၿခား

computer , PLC ေတြနဲ႔ Communicate မလုပ္ပါဘူး။multi-task PLC application- သူမွာ data

communication network နဲ႔လုပ္နိုင္စြမ္း၇ိွပါတယ္။ plc တလုံးဟါ

လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားစြါကိုလုပ္ကုိင္ထိန္းေက်ာင္းနိုင္ပါတယ္။ပင္မထိန္းခ်ုဳပ္ကြန္ၿပဴတါ central computer or plc နဲ႔

network ထဲမွာဆက္သြယ္ထ္ိန္းေက်ာင္းနိုင္ပါတယ္။control management

PLC.လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားစြါကိုလုပ္နုိင္တယ္။ပင္မ ကြန္ၿပဴတါဆီက ပ၇ိုဂ၇မ္ေတြကို Download လုပ္ၿပီး က်န္တဲ႔ plc

ေတြကုိ အဲဒီပ၇ိဳဂ၇မ္အတုိင္းလိုသလုိခိုင္းနိုင္ပါတယ္။သူဆီမွာ လိုတ ဲadderss သါထည္႔ေပးခဲ႔၇င္ network

ထ၇ဲိွသမွ် plc ေတြကိုဆက္သြယ္နိုင္ပါတယ္။

၁၁၇-CUMMIN ENGINE KTA-19 (UNIT FUEL INJECTOR) လို အင္ဂ်င္ကို မီးစက္အေနနဲ႔သံုးခဲ႔၇င္ LOAD အေၿပာင္းအလမွဲာ FUEL ပမါဏ ဘယ္လိုထိန္းလ။ဲ(ပံုမွန္ BOSCH PLUNGER ELEMENT FUEL PUMP ေတြက FUEL RACK နဲ႔ထိန္းတယ္)

VARY THE FUEL SUPPLY TO COMMON RAIL BY GOVERNOR & AFC PUMP

၁၁၈-MAK 6M42 လို FUEL PUMP PLUNGER မွာ အ၇စ္ GROOVE ေတ၊ြပါၿပီး HYUNDAI 7H17/28 FUEL

PUMP PLUNGER ေတြမွာေတါ႔မပါဘူး။ဘါေၿကာင္႔လ၊ဲ

HYUNDAI 7H17/28 – DRAIN OUT RETURN LUBRICATION FOR PLUNGER AS WASTE OIL

MAK 6 M 42, RETURN PLUNGER LUBRICATING OIL back TO SYSTEM

TO PREVENT CONTAMINATE LUB OIL WITH FUEL OIL, MAKE GROOVES AT PLUNGER

119-INLINE FUEL INJECTION PUMP တလုံး OVERHAUL လုပ္ ( PLUNGER & BARREL အသစ္လဲ)

ၿပီးအင္ဂ်င္ၿ႔ပန္ေမါင္းေတါ႔ LOAD နဲနေဲလး(၁၀% ေလါက္)ဘတဲင္လို႔၇တယ္။ဘါေၿကာင္႔ၿဖစ္နုိင္လ။ဲ

120-power management system (PMS) မွာ ဘါ FUNCTION ေတြပါလ။ဲ

Power management – Energy Management ( electric propulsion အပါအ၀င္) In a system of electrical power installations, vessel and process automation system, and positioning system, the various parts of the automation system controls their parts of the power system, e.g. the dynamic positioning system controls the thruster drives, the off-loading control system use cargo pump drives, the process control system interacts with compressors and cooling/heating systems etc. The interconnecting point for all installed power equipment is the power distribution system. By starting and inrush transients, load variations, and network disturbances from harmonic effects the load and generators are interacting and influencing each other. Optimum operation and control of the power system is essential for safe operation with a minimum of fuel consumption. As it is the energy control system (energy, and power management system), which monitors and has the overall control functionality of the power system, it will be the integrating element in a totally integrated power, automation and positioning system. The purpose of the Power Management System (PMS) is to ensure that there is sufficient available power for the actual operating condition. This is obtained by monitoring the load and status of the generator sets and the power system. If the available power becomes too small, either due to increased load or fault in a running generator set, the PMS will automatically start the next generator set in the start sequence. A power management system can also have extended functionality by monitoring and control of the energy flow in a way that utilizes the installed and running equipment with optimum fuel efficiency. Such systems can be called Energy Management System (EMS). For PMS and EMS systems, the main functions can be grouped in:

· Power generation management: Overall control with frequency and voltage monitoring with active and passive load sharing monitoring and possibly control, and load dependent start and stop of generator sets. Since control logic and interlocking functions are a significant part of the power system switchboard design, the functionally of these systems must be coordinated. · Load management: Load power monitoring and coordinator of power limitation functions in other systems, load shedding and start interlock of heavy consumers based on available power monitoring. · Distribution management: Configuration and sequence control of reconfiguring the power distribution system. The distribution system should be configured to fit the requirements in the actual operational mode for the vessel. The new generation production vessels and also drill ships/rigs have a complex power system configuration with advanced protection and relaying philosophies. There are close connections between the functional design and performance of the energy control system (power management system) and the power protection system functions. It is a challenge for involved parties to obtain an optimal and functional solution with several suppliers involved and a yard being responsible for all coordination. Blackout of the power generating system is the most severe fault that can happen in an electric propulsion system. Various mechanisms to avoid blackout are linked to the power management system, such as the auto start/stop functions, reduction of propulsion and other loads, or shedding of non-critical loads. Normally, the available power will be controlled within the boundaries for auto start/stop, but if a sudden increase in load, or tripping of a generator set should occur, the available power can be reduced. By monitoring load balance and/or network frequency, the load reduction and load shedding functions will then be activated to reduce the loading and safeguard the power generation until a new generator set is started and connected. Should a blackout occur, and it does unfortunately happen from time to time, there will normally be required to have a system for sequence control of start-up and reconfiguration of the power system. This is implemented at the system control level, and includes sequences for starting and synchronizing generator sets and loads. There will normally also be a set of predefined operation modes, e.g. transit mode, station keeping mode, maneuvering mode, etc. with automatic sequence control for power system reconfiguration. Automatic power limitation for propulsionmotors Auto-start, synchronising and load sharing of standby generators

Control of re-generation from the propulsion motors during braking and Reversing manoeuvres Power limitation for main generators Load shedding by preferential tripping Dynamic limitation of propulsion motor acceleration Monitoring of: Load sharing Diesel performance Proposal to start/stop a generator Running time for generators and propulsion motors

Status and data display

Switchboards: § Under- and overvoltage, typically alarm only § Under- and overfrequency, typically alarm only § Earth fault, trip or alarm depending on earthing philosophy § Differential, or other fast short circuit protection Generator: § Overcurrent and short circuit § Earth fault § Reverse power § Negative phase sequence § Under- and overvoltage § Overfrequency § Under- and overmagnetization and/or capacitive reactive power § Differential protection with transformer inrush blocking § Synchronizing check with speed output to prime mover Bus tie and transfer feeders § Short circuit – may be included in generator protection § Earth fault § Synchronizing check § Differential protection (in ring network configurations) Transformer feeder: § Over current § Short circuit § Thermal overload/image

§ Earth fault § Undervoltage § Some times, especially for large transformers differential protection Motor feeder: § Overcurrent § Short circuit § Earth fault § Thermal overload/image § Negative phase sequence § Motor start: stalling, I2t, number of starts § Earth fault § Undervoltage

အေခၚအေ၀ၚေတြ ၇ွင္းခ်က္

1) Normal Operational Condition > , It is the condition under which the ship as a whole is in working order and functioning normally. It also includes machinery, services, mearts and aids ensuring propulsion, the ability to steer, safe navigation, fire and flooding safety, internal and external communication signals, means of escape, and emergency boat winches. 2) Conditions o f Habitability The services that are needed to provide minimum living conditions aboard a ship aiid which form part of the normal electrical services (SOLAS Regulation 11-1/41.1.2) include services such as cooking, heating, domestic refrigeration, mechanical ventilation, sanitary and fresh water are adequately provided. 3) Emergency Condition It is a condition under which any services needed for normal operational and habitable conditions are not in working order due to failure of the main source of electrical power. 4) Dead Ship Condition It is the condition under which the main propulsion plant, boilers and auxiliaries are not in operation due to the absence of power.

Ums pms

The ship’s Power Management System (PMS) has two operating modes: Manual and Automatic. When manual control is selected, the PMS has no control over the generating sets; the generators and their prime movers can be operated locally and also at the main switchboard. For example, the diesel generator local control mode is selected by means of the Local / Remote switch. When the system is set to automatic, the PMS controls the operation of the main switchboard and the three generators.

In order to fulfill the requirements for Unmanned Machinery Space (UMS) operation, the system controls the following features: 1. Automatic blackout start of the standby generator 2. Automatic synchronising 3. Automatic frequency control 4. Automatic load sharing 5. Preferential tripping of loads 6. Sequential restart of essential consumers 7. Automatic generator start and connection in response to a heavy consumer start request 8. Automatic generator start/shutdown in response to high/low load conditions 9. Pre-selection of the standby generator priority, is achieved by operation of the standby generator selection switch on the synchronising panel.

၁၂၁-CONTROL FUSE, PANEL FUSE, MAIN FUSE, TRANSFORMER FUSE

စတါေတြကဘါေတြလ။ဲဘယ္မွာေတြ႔၇တတ္လ။ဲ

Motor starter panel

၁၂၂-IACS RULE ေတြက သေဘါၤေတြအတြက္ အဓိက - ၂ ခုဘ ဲPROVIDE လုပ္တယ္။

အဒဲါဘါေတြလဲ၊အဒီဲထမဲွာ SEA WORTHINESS ပါလါး။

သေဘါၤ hull နဲ႔ ယင္းႏွင္႔ဆက္ႏြယ္ေနေသါအပိုင္းမ်ားၿက႔ံခိုင္မွဳ

Propulsion & Steering system တို႔လံုၿခဳံစိတ္ခ်၇မွဳ

ေက်ာက္ခ်။ကမ္းကပ္။ပင္လယ္ၿပင္ေမါင္းႏွင္စဥ္ ကုန္ႏွင္႔လူမ်ားလံဳၿခဳံမွဳ

Not covered by class (but covered by statutory, flag state ကတါ၀န္ယူ၇ပါတယ္။)CLASS

မွတါ၀န္မယူေသါအ၇ာမ်ား

Flotational Stability ႏွင္႔သက္ဆုိင္ေသါအ၇ာမ်ား

အသက္ကယ္က၇ိယါမ်ား

ပင္လယ္ၿပင္ညစ္ညမ္းမွဳဆိုင္၇ာက၇ိယါမ်ား

မီးေဘးကါကြယ္မွဳက၇ိယါမ်ား

Load line cert အ၇ လုိအပ္ေသါ items မ်ားဟါ class အ၇လိုအပ္လို႔ load lind cert ကုိဘယ္အဖြဲ႔အစည္းက

တါ၀န္ယူယ ူclass ကထပ္ၿပီး အဒဲ iီtems ေတြကိ ုစစ္မွာၿဖစ္ပါတယ္။

SEA WORTHINESS မပါပါ။

Legally defined, a seaworthy ship is one that is fit for any normal perils of the sea, including the fitness of the vessel itself as well as any equipment on it and the skills and health of its crew. Note that this only includes the perils of the sea, as opposed to the perils on the sea, and so does not includepiracy, severe storms or other such hazards that may occasionally be encountered.

Because this definition is very general and non-specific, a number of other considerations have to be taken into account. The destination, class of ship, place of departure and even the type of cargo are all considerations when determining seaworthiness. Given the number and type of variables involved, seaworthiness is a relative term that is impossible to be measured or determined in the abstract.

123-control engineer မွာ ပါတဲ႔ 1-threshold ,2-hysteresis, 3-dead zone, 4-resolution , 5-span, 6-

range စတါေတြဟါဘါေတြလ။ဲ

၁၂၄-ACB မွာပါတဲ႔ ARCING CONTACT နဲ႔ MAIN CONTACT ေတြမွာ ဘယ္ CONTACT က ACB CLOSE မွာ

အ၇င္ကပ္ၿပီ; ဘယ္ CONTACT က ACB OPEN မွာ အ၇င္ကြါလ။ဲ

The ( arcing contact = auxiliary contact )makes first & breaks last i.e. when ACB is closed, the

auxiliary contact closes first and then the main contact follows.

When the ACB is open, the main contact open firsts and then the auxiliary contact opens. Thus

the auxiliary contacts are subjected to arcing during the opening of ACB and can easily be

replaced

125-ဇီနာဒုိင္အုတ္ဆိုတါဘါလ။ဲသူကုိဘယ္မွာသုံးလ။ဲသူ၇ဲ႔အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုကဘယ္လို

ဇီနာဒိုင္အုတ္ဆုိတါ ၇ိုး၇ိုးဒိုင္အုတ္လို forward direction current ကိုၿဖတ္စီးခြင္႔ေပးသလုိ သူ၇ဲ႔ breakdown

voltage ကိုေက်ာ္တဲ႔ ဗို႔အါးေပးခဲ႔၇င္ reverse direction current

ကိုလည္းၿဖတ္စီးခြင္႔ေပးတယ္။(ဒီေန၇ာမွာမွတ္ထါး၇မွာက ၇ုိး၇ိုး ဒိုင္အုတ္ေတြက reverse bias current

ကိုတါးထါးတယ.္သူခံနုိင္တါထက္ေၿပာင္းၿပန္ဗို႔ပိုေပးခဲ႔၇င္ ပ်က္စီးသြါးတယ.္ဇီနာကေတါ႔ေၿပာင္းၿပန္ဗို႔ ကို

ၿပိဳပ်က္ဗို႔အါးထက္ပိုေပးခဲ႔၇င္ ေၿပာင္းၿပန္လ်ပ္စီးၿဖတ္စီးခြင္႔ေပးတယ္.

ဒါေၿကာင္႔ဇီနာကုိ ေၿပာင္းလေဲနတဲ႔ ဗို႔အါးပင္၇င္း တခုကေန fixed reference voltage

ထုတ္ယူၿခင၇္င္သုံးတတ္တယ္။

၁၂၆-spark erosion ကိုကါကြယ္တဲ႔ shaft earthing system မွာ carbon brush ဘယ္ႏွစ္ခုပါလ။ဲ

ဗို႔မီတါအတြက္ ၁ ခု။ EARTHING အတြက္ ၂ ခုတြဲ

127-Incandescent lamp နဲ႔ Discharge Lamps ဘါကြါလ၊ဲ

၁၂၈-DISCHARGE LAMP ဘယ္နွစ္မ်ိဳး၇ိွလ။ဲဘါေတြလ။ဲ

129-အခ်ိ ႔ဳ reducing valve ေတြက ေလလုိင္းအတြက္သံုးလို႔၇တယ္။ fuel oil line မွာမသံုး၇ဘူး။ဘါကြါ္လို႔လ၊ဲ

FUEL LINE အတြက္ဆို ATMOSPHERE ကို VENT လုပ္တဲ႔အေပါက္မပါဘူး။

130-PLC OUTPUT ေတြမွာ SOLENOID, RELAY, CONTACTOR ေတြပါ၇င္ SUPPRESSION

COMPONENTS ေတြထည္၇တယ္။ DC ဆို-ဘါထည္႔လ။ဲ AC ဆိ-ုဘါထည္႔လ။ဲ

၁၃၁-MOV ဆုိတါဘါလ။ဲPLC CIRCUIT ဘယ္ေန၇ာမွာသံုးတတ္လဲ။

(- ဇီနာ၂ လံုးကို back to back ဆက္ခဲ႔၇င္ A.C LINE voltage surge ကိုကါကြယ္နုိင္တယ္.MOB ( metal

oxide varistor )အလုပ္လုပ္ပံုက ဒါမ်ုိဳးဘ၊ဲ)

ေၿပာင္းၿပန္ဗိုအါးအဆင္႔ကိုမေ၇ာက္မခ်င္း ပတ္လမ္းပြင္႔ေနလို႔ လ်ပ္စီးမစီးပါ။သက္မွတ္ voltage peak

ေ၇ာက္၇င္ short circuit ၿဖတ္စီးခုိင္းလို႔ အဒီဲ ဗို႔အါးကို ပတ္လမ္းထမဲေ၇ာက္ေစဘဲ bypass လုပ္လုိက္တယ္။

၁၃၂-BOW THRUST ခန္းထကဲ BOW THRUSTER ကို POWER SUPPLY လုပ္တဲ႔ BUS BAR ေတြက NUT

ေတြေခ်ာင္ေန၇င္ဘါၿဖစ္မလ၊ဲ

Overcurrent – CURRENT DRAW MORE THAN NORMAL

133-TANKER တစီး၇ဲ႔ CARGO PUMP ROOM EXHAUST FAN အတြက္ SUCTION 2

ခု၇ိွတယ္။ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာ ဘယ္ SUCTION သံုး၇မလဲ

Low suction for normal

High suction for emergency ( flooding)

၁၃၄- CARGO PUMP ROOM BULKHEAD GLAND က GAS TIGHT SEAL လါး။ LIQUID ကိုေကါ SEAL

ၿဖစ္လါး။

Gas tight / not liquid seal

၁၃၅- centrifugal pump နဲ႔ CARGO DISCHARGE လုပ္လို႔ CARGO ကုန္ခါနီးဆို Delivery valve

ကိုပိတ္ေပး၇မလါ။ဖြင္႔ေပး၇မလါး။ဘါလို႔လ။ဲ

the Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) requirement for the pump as a function of flow-rate.The NPSH requirement at any flow rate is the positive head of fluid required at the pump suction over and above the cargo's vapour pressure to prevent cavitation at the impeller.

1.Adjust Trim & List to facilitate cargo flow

2. Pressurising the cargo tank with inert gas in tankers, or vapour in LPG carriers

3. Regular maintenance of pump wear ring

4. Reducing the flow rate by reducing speed or by throttling discharge valve and operating above NPSH

-Control cargo temperature to prevent boil off

Shut as per performance curve to maintain min NPSH to prevent cavitation

၁၃၆- cargo pump room exhaust fan ၇ဲ႔ air change ကဘယ္ေလါက္လဲ

5.4 Ventilation

5.4.1 Ventilation systems in cargo pump-rooms

. Cargo pump-rooms shall be mechanically ventilated and discharges from the exhaust fans shall be led to a safe place on the open deck. The ventilation of these rooms shall have sufficient capacity to minimize the possibility of accumulation of flammable vapours. The number of air changes shall be at least 20 per hour, based upon the gross volume of the space. The air ducts shall be arranged so that all of the space is effectively ventilated. The ventilation shall be of the suction type using fans of the non-sparking type.

၁၃၇-tanker ေတြမွာ BALLAST TANK ေတြအတြက္ PV VALVE အပိုေဆါင္ထါး၇တယ္။ဘါလို႔လ၊ဲ

5.7.2 Arrangements for gas measurement in double hull and double bottom spaces

5.7.2.1. Suitable portable instruments for measuring oxygen and flammable vapour concentrations shall be provided. In selecting these instruments, due attention shall be given to their use in combination with the fixed gas-sampling-line systems referred to in paragraph 5.7.2.2.

5.7.2.2. Where the atmosphere in double hull spaces cannot be reliably measured using flexible gas sampling hoses, such spaces shall be fitted with permanent gas sampling lines. The configuration of gas sampling lines shall be adapted to the design of such spaces.

5.7.2.3. The materials of construction and the dimensions of gas sampling lines shall be such as to prevent restriction. Where plastic materials are used, they shall be electrically conductive.

5.8 Air supply to double hull and double bottom spaces

. Double hull and double bottom spaces shall be fitted with suitable connections for the supply of air.

5.5.1.3. Tankers required to be fitted with inert gas systems shall comply with the following provisions:

.1. double hull spaces shall be fitted with suitable connections for the supply of inert gas;

.2. where hull spaces are connected to a permanently fitted inert gas distribution system, means shall be provided to prevent hydrocarbon gases from the cargo tanks entering the double hull spaces through the system; and

.3. where such spaces are not permanently connected to an inert gas distribution system, appropriate means shall be provided to allow connection to the inert gas main.

IF H.C GAS leak from cargo tank, need to fill with IG GAS. So, need to keep spare PV VALVE.

၁၃၈-GOVERNOR နဲ႔ပက္သက္လို HUNT & JIGGLE ဘါကြါလ၊ဲ

ဒီတခါေတါ႔ ocean tankers automation အဖြဲ႔က အဘ တို႔လုိ။ko zaw myo swe တုိ႔လို EO ၿကီးေတြလုိ

သူေတြက ၇ွယ္ထါးတဲ႔ စါေတြ။ဒါေတြဖတ္ၿ႔ပီးေမးထါးတါေတြေၿဖၿက၇င္ ေကါင္းပါမယ္။ဘါလိုလဲ ဆိုေတါ႔

က ြ်န္ေတၚလည္းသိပ္နားမလည္ေသးလို႔ မွားနုိင္ပါတယ္။

၁၃၉- SDC 40A, SDC 40B,(ဒါေတြကုိ INTERNET ကေန DOWNLOAD လုပ္ဖတ္နိုင္ပါတယ္) ေတြက PLC

လါး။ဘါ FUNCTION ကြါလို႔ ၂ ခုသုံး၇တါလ။ဲ( BOILER CONTROL =ABC အတြက္)

၁၄၀-MITSUBISHI MAC 25B လိုဘြိဳင္လါမ်ိဳးအတြက္ - SYSMAC C200 HX PLC သုံးထါးတယ္။ဒီမွာေကါ

SDC 40 A, SDC 40 B လိုလါး။

၁၄၁-SYMAP လုိ GENERATOR PMS CONTROL SYSTEM တခုအသစ္လမဲယ္။ နဂို MSB ေပၚက SYMAP

အေဟါင္း၇ဲ႔ SETTING ေတြကို LAP TOP ေပၚ DOWNLOAD လုပ္ၿပီးအသစ္ထကဲို ၿပန္ UPLOAD

လုပ္မယ္။အလဲိုလုပ္ဖို႔ဆက္တဲ႔ MEDIA ကုိ RS 232 သံုးမလါး။ RS 485 သုံးမလါး။

OMORON SYSMAC C200HX အတြက္ဆို၇င္ေကါ။

၁၄၂-DEADMAN UNIT အတြက္ အခန္းေတြထမဲွာတပ္ထါးတဲ႔ EXTENSION ယူနစ္ေတြကို MULTIDROP

နည္းနဲ႔ဆက္ထါးတယ္။ RS 485 နဲ႔လါး။RS 232 နဲ႔လါး။

143- MAGNETIC CONTACTOR ေတြမွာ CHATTER ဘါလို႔ၿဖစ္လဲ

144-အခ်ိ ႔ဳ BOILER ေတြက FLAME SENSOR 2 ခုပါၿပီးအခ်ိ ႔ဳ က ၁ ခုဘဲပါတယ္။ ဘါကြါလို႔လ၊ဲ

၁၄၅-ACC SYSTEM မွာဘြိဳင္လါ ၇ပ္၇င္ FUEL ကုိ AUTOMATIC ပိတ္ဖို႔ AUTOMATIC VALVE 2

လံုးပါတတ္လါး။တလံုးပါတတ္လါး။

146-STEAM ATOMIZING BURNER တခုမွာ BOILER ၇ပ္တဲ႔အခ်ိန္ FUEL ၿဖတ္ေတါက္ၿပီးခ်ိန္ ATOMIZING

STEAM ထပ္ေပးတတ္တယ္။ဘါအတြက္လဲ။

၁၄၇-ပံုမွန္အါးၿဖင္႔ boiler start up မွာ naturally circulation boiler ဆို၇င္ တနာ၇ီက္ို ဘယ္ေလါက္ fire rate

max နဲ႔ထုိးသင္႔သလဲ။

၁၄၈-hfo သုံး boiler ေတြမွာ cool start နဲ႔ hot start ဆိုတါဘါလ။ဲ

When the boiler is to be started from the cold state in which no steam

is available from the land or the exhaust gas economizer, use the starting

diesel oil for fuel till the steam necessary for the oil heater becomes

available- cold start

၁၄၉-boiler အတြက္ wet layup , dry lay up ဆိုတါဘါလ။ဲ

(wet lay up) -1-When the boiler is being cooled down after shutting off firing ,boiler

compound (Na/PO4 =2.8 mole ration) of trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and dosodium

phosphate (Na 2HPO4) ,and hydrazine shall be added to the boiler

water by the chemical injection system in such a manner as to make the

boiler water of phosphoric acid (PO4)(-3) of about 50 ppm and hydrazine

(N2H4) of 100 -200 ppm (pH is about 10. 5--10. 6). The boiler water should

be kept in high alkalinity to protect the boiler from corrosion. Since

the boiler water density during the wet laid-up period is very high

compare with that of ordinary operating condition.

The boiler should be carefully blown down when starting operating to

bring the boiler water concentration down to the normal value (with the

boiler water treating limits). For this ,some amount of make-up water

is necessary and the distilled water should be prepared beforehand

accodingly.

(2)When the pressure has gone down to nearly zero, open the steam drum

air-vent valve.

(3)When the pressure is almost off the boiler, fill the boiler with distilled

water until it issues from the air vent valves, then close the valve.

(4)Put a hydrostatic pressure of 0.34(3.5) to 0,49 MPa(5 kg/cm2g) on the

boiler. Hold this pressure until the boiler has cooled to fireroom

temperature, then bleed the boiler, using the air vent valve, to be sure

all air is out. Hold a hydrostatic pressure of about 0.20(2)to 0.34MPa

(3.5 kg/cm2g) on the boiler.(5)Maintaining the alkalinity at a uniform level throughout

respective

boiler parts is an important consideration, so periodically sample

boiler water for analysis during the storage and replenish what have

been spent of alkalinity and sodium sulfite.

(6)In case the atmospheric temperature threatens to fall below the freezing

point, take care to maintain the boiler room temperature at higher than

5'C so as to prevent the boiler water from freezing.

(7)When interrupting the wet storage to put the boiler back into service,

bring down the steam drum water level.

Dry lay up

in case the wet lay-up method cannot be performed, resort to the dry lay-up

method.

(1)While the boiler still remains warm drain out boiler water and open

up the boiler for ventilation until completely dried internally.

(2)Remove the end plate of the waterwall lower header, to check and make

sure that no residual water remains collected inside the header,(3)If necessary, burn coke or

charcoal in a container within the furnace

to promote the internal surface drying.

(4)When completely dried, put quick line or calcium chroride in a shallow

dish for placement in the drum and header and then close the end plate

and manhole cover.

Use 2 to 5 kg of moisture absorbent for 1000 kg of boiler water when

quick line is employed and 1.8 kg of silica gel for 1000 kg of boiler

water, as a matter of standard practice.

(5)Be sure to close securely all the air-inlet openings into the furnace

and provide the cover on the stack.

(6)Check the moisture absorbent every one to two weeks at the beginning

and every one to three months thereafter at the circumstances call for

and renew deteriorated absorbent.

၁၅၀-ဘိြဳ င္လါေတြ၇ဲ႔ smoke indicator sensor ကုိဘယ္မွာတပ္ထါးလ။ဲ

smoke indicator sensor ( smoke density unit) ကုိ မီးခိုးေခါင္းတုိင္အဆင္ေၿပတေဲန၇ာမွာတပ္ၿပီး

ringelmann smoke density 0-5 ၿကား ၂.၅ ေလါက္မွာခ်ိန္ၿကတါဘ။ဲlight source unit, receive unit,

smoke desitometer, vision unit, control unit စတါေတြပါတတ္ပါတယ္။

၁၅၁-PR ELECTRONIC 9113 TEMP /Mili Amp converter data ေတြကုိ PR 4501 သံုးၿပီးေၿပာင္းလို႔၇လါး။

၁၅၂- PLC မွာ watchdog timer ဆိုတါဘါလဲ။ သူအလုပ္လုပ္ပုံက ဘယ္လုိလ။ဲ