© Metpenstat I - FPsiUI Langkah-langkah Penelitian Research Process 1 THE RESEARCH PROCESS.

© Metpenstat I - FPsiUI

Langkah-langkah Penelitian Research Process

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THE RESEARCH PROCESS



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The Research ProcessGravetter & Forzano: The process of planning and conducting a

research study involves using the scientific method to address a specific question.

During the research process, researcher moves from a general idea to actual data collection and interpretation of the result

Along the way, the researcher is faced with a series of decision about how to proceed each choice has disadvantages as well as disadvantages



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Formulatinga research

problem

Formulatinga research

problem

Conceptualizinga research

design


design

Constructing an instrument for

data collection

Constructing an instrument for

data collectionSelectinga sample

Selectinga sample

Writing aresearchproposal

Writing aresearchproposal

Collectingdata

Collectingdata

Processingdata

Processingdata

Writinga research

report

Writinga research

report

Variables andhypotheses:

definitionand typology

Considerationsand steps informulating a

research problem

Literaturereview

Research design:functions

Methods andtools of data

collection

Sampling theoryand designs

Study designs

Validity andreliability of theresearch tool

Field test of theresearch

tool

Editingof thedata

Developinga codebook

Coding

Contents of theresearch proposal

Methods of dataprocessing;

Use of computersand statistics

Principles ofscientific writing

What How Conducting of the study

Operationalsteps

RequiredtheoreticalknowledgeRequiredintermediaryknowledge

The Research ProcessThe Research Process



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Writing aresearch

report

Processing data

Collecting data

Writing aresearch proposal

Selecting a sample

Constructingan instrument

for datacollection


design

Formulating a research

problem

Step I

Step II Step

III StepIV

Step VStep

VIStep VIII

Step VII

RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS



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The Research Process (Gravetter, 2009)

1. Find a Research Idea:Select a Topic and Find a Hypothesis

2. Define and Measure Variables

3. Identify Participants or Subjects

4. Select a Research Strategy

5. Select a Research Design6. Conduct the Study

7. Evaluate the Data

8. Report the Result

9. Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea



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Step I

Formulating a research

problem

Step II

Step III

StepIV

Step V

Step VI

Step VIII

Step VII

Considerations & research steps in formulating research problem

Variables & hypotheses: definition and typology

Literature review




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Step 1:Formulating a Research

Problem Is the first step in the research process, tell

about what you intend to research Main Function: to decide what you want to find

out about menentukan arah penelitian: study design, measurement procedures, sampling strategy, etc.

Masalah penelitian ditentukan oleh: sumber dana, waktu yg tersedia, keahlian dan pengetahuan peneliti mengenai bidang yang diteliti



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Step 1: Find a Research Idea:select a topic and find a

hypothesis Typically involves two parts:

○Selecting a general topic area○Reviewing the literature in that area to

find a specific research question or hypothesis

Gravetter & Forzano



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Finding an idea for research study involves 2 parts:

1) Selecting a general topic area sources: everyday experience, books, journal articles, or class work (i.e.: human development, perception, social interaction, etc).

○ Without intrinsic interest to sustain motivation, it is very easy for a researcher to get tired or bored, and give up before the research is completed

○ Original topic area will guide you through the literature and help to decide which research studies are important and which are not relevant



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Step 1: Find a Research Idea:select a topic and find a hypothesis

Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis “what is questions are still unanswered”○Characteristics of good research hypothesis:

• Logical establish a connection between your research and the research result that have been obtained by others

• Testable It must be possible to observe and measure all variables involve. It must involve real situations, events, and individuals; not imagery or hypothetical events/situations JFK



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Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis○Characteristics of good research hypothesis:

• Refutable must be possible to obtain results that are contrary to the prediction. The hypothesis allows the potential for the outcome to be different from the prediction



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Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis○Characteristics of good research hypothesis:

• Positive hypothesis must make a positive statement about the existence of something: existence of relationship, existence of a difference, existence of treatment effect the basic nature of science is to assume that something does not exist until there is enough evidence to demonstrate that it actually does exist.ex. If we fail to find relationship = we fail to find convincing evidence (not conclude that relationship doesnot exist)



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Exercise:

Is the following hypothesis testable, refutable, and positive?

Hypothesis: Married couple who are regularly attend to religious services have more stable relationship than couples who do not.



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Step 2: Define and Measure Variables

The variables identified in the research hypothesis must be defined in a manner that makes it possible to measure

By defining the variables so they can be observed and measured, we are transforming the hypothesis into a specific well-defined that can be tested by making empirical observations

Example: aggressive behavior how it will be measured? fighting, mock, etc (Consider the characteristic of the participant to be measured)

Gravetter & Forzano



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Step II


design

Step I

Step III

StepIV

Step V

Step VI

Step VIII

Step VII

Literature review

Research design: functions

Study designs




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Step 2:Conceptualizing a Research

Design Desain penelitian: rancangan tentang

berbagai hal untuk melaksanakan penelitian, misalnya cara pengumpulan data, sampel, teknik analisis dll.

The strength of what you find largely rest on how it was found

Main function: to explain how you will answer to your research questions



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Step 4: Select a Research Strategy

Choosing research strategy involves deciding on the general approach you will take to evaluate your research hypothesis

Usually determined by one of two factors:

○The type of question askedEx: a) Is there a relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for preschool children?b) Will increasing the level of sugar consumption for preschool children cause an increase in their activity level?

○Ethics and other constraints

Gravetter & Forzano



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Step 5: Select a Research Design

Involve making decisions about the specific methods and procedures you will use to conduct the research study○One individual vs one group of

individuals?○Make a series of observation of the same

individuals over a period of time vs compare the behaviors of different individuals at the same time?



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Constructingan instrument

for datacollection

Step I

Step II

StepIV

Step V

Step VI

Step VIII

Step VII

Methods & tools of data collection

Validity & reliability of the research tool

Field test of the research

tool

Step III




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Step III:Constructing an Instrument for Data

Collection

Research Instrument/Research tool= a means of collecting information for your study

Metode pengumpulan informasi antara lain:- Observation forms- Interview schedules- Interview guides- Test



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Step III:Constructing an Instrument for Data

Collection

Steps to be followed:1) how are you going to collect data

primary data, or secondary data?2) construct a research instrument, or select

an already constructed one



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StepIV

Selecting a sample

Step I

Step II

Step III

Step V

Step VI

Step VIII

Step VII

Sampling theory & designs




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Step IV:Selecting a Sample

Sampel dan populasi Sampling: is the process of selecting a few (a

sample) from a bigger graoup (the sampling population) to become the basis for estimating or predicting the prevalence of unknown piece of information, situation or outcome regarding the bigger group (Kumar, 2005, p. 164)

Tujuan sampling: untuk mendapatkan subjek yang merupakan sebagian dari populasi yang dapat mewakili karakteristik populasi



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Step 3: Identify Participants or Subjects

The individuals who take part in research studies are called participants tf they are human and subjects if they are nonhuman

You must decide whether you will place any restriction on the characteristic of participants

Example: Preschool children OR 4-year-old boy from two-parent, middle-income household who have been diagnosed with a specific learning disability

Determine: number of participants/subjects, where and how to recruit them

Gravetter & Forzano



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Step V

Writing aresearch proposal

Step I

Step II

Step III

StepIV

Step VI

Step VIII

Step VII

Contents of the research proposal




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Step V:Writing a Research Proposal

Proposal penelitian: overall plan tells a reader about the research problem and how you are planning to investigate and the argument to choose them

Main function: to detial the operational plan for obtaining answers to your research questions

○ What you are proposing to do○ How you plan to proceed○ Why you selected the proposed strategy



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Step V:Writing a Research Proposal

Content of research proposal: Pernyataan tentang tujuan penelitian Permasalahan dan hipotesis penelitian yang akan

diuji Desain penelitian yang digunakan Lokasi penelitian Alat ukur yang digunakan Besar sampel dan teknik pengambilan sampel Prosedur pengolahan data Sistematika penulisan laporan penelitian Masalah dan keterbatasan dari penelitian

(feasibility of the study) Jadwal pelaksanaan penelitian



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Step VI

Collecting data

Step I

Step II

Step III

StepIV

Step V

Step VIII

Step VII

Field test of the research

tool

Editing of the data

Developing a code book

Coding




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Step VI:Collecting Data

Mengumpulkan data untuk dapat menarik kesimpulan penelitian, misalnya melakukan wawancara, menyebarkan kuesioner, melakukan FGD atau diskusi kelompok, melakukan observasi



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Step 6: Conduct the Study Ready to collect data

○Laboratory or in the field (real world)?○ Individually or in groups?

= Implement the decision about manipulating, observing, measuring, controlling, and recording the different aspects of the study

Gravetter & Forzano



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Step VII

Processing Data

Step I

Step II

Step III

StepIV

Step V

Step VI

Step VIII

Methods of data processing; Use of

computers & statistics




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Step VII:Processing Data

Merupakan tahap mengolah data dan menganalisis hasil

Cara mengolah data yang dikumpulkan tergantung pada 2 hal yaitu:○Type of information – descriptive,

quantitative, qualitative or attitudinal )○The way you want to communicate your

findings to your readers



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Step 7: Evaluate the Data Once the data have been collected

use various statistical methods to examine and evaluate the data○Drawing graphs○Computing means or correlation○Determine whether the results can be

generalized to the rest of population



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Step VIII

Writing aresearch

report

Step I

Step II

Step III

StepIV

Step V

Step VI

Step VII

Principles of scientific writing




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Step VIII:Writing a Research Report

Melaporkan tentang apa yang telah dilakukan, apa yang telah ditemukan, dan kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian



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Step 8: Report the Results One important aspect of the scientific

method is that observations and result must be public

Two reasons to report result are:○The result become part of general

knowledge base that other people can use the answer questions or to generate new research ideas

○The research procedure can be replicated or refuted by other researchers

Gravetter & Forzano



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The Research Process (Gravetter, 2009)

1. Find a Research Idea:Select a Topic and Find a Hypothesis

2. Define and Measure Variables

3. Identify Participants or Subjects

4. Select a Research Strategy

5. Select a Research Design6. Conduct the Study

7. Evaluate the Data

8. Report the Result

9. Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea



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Step 9: Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea

Most research studies generate more questions than they answer

If the results support the original hypothesis, it does not mean that we find a final answer

Result that support a hypothesis lead to new questions by one of following route:○Test the boundaries of the result○Refine the original research question

© Metpenstat I - FPsiUI Langkah-langkah Penelitian Research Process 1 THE RESEARCH PROCESS.

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