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, , , . Mag. Aleksandar Uzelac Research Assistant ()STORY )NST)TUTE, BELGRADE

MERCENARY ARMIES OF KING STEPHEN URO II MILUTIN Sa In this article, attempt is made to cover several questions related to

mercenary armies in Serbia during the reign of King Stephen Uro II Milutin

(12821321): origins of the mercenaries, the events in which they took part, their

organization, expenses and finally causes of their frequent and numerous presence.

The basic and the most visible trait of these mercenary armies is their

heterogeneity. Sources speak of the three ethnically distinct groups of mercena-

ries: those from surrounding lands, Orientals and Westerners. Bulgarian and

Greek mercenaries were used in the campaign against Byzantium in 1284 and in

later events during Serb-Byzantine war. They also participated in the struggle

for the throne between Milutins sons Constantine and Stephen in 13211322.

The Orientals (Turkopoles, Cumans, Alans and Tatars) are mentioned in sources

during the civil war between Milutin and Dragutin in 13101311, in which they

provided crucial help for Milutins side, as well as in several subsequent episo-

des. Western mercenaries were also present in Serbia at the time, but evidences

are scanty; the only confirmed example is the case of Francesco de Salomone f Treviso, who was knighted by Milutin in 1304. The most important of all these

groups in military context were the Orientals. Two thousand Cumans who ser-

ved as kings bodyguards and 1.500 Turkopols under the leadership of Constan-

tine Malik were the most numerous mercenary contingents, not only during the

reign of Milutin, but in Nemanji state in general. Hiring of the mercenaries was the task given only to the most confidential

people; even Milutins designated successor Constantine was directly involved.

Hiring was expensive and frequently it put the state in great financial straits.

Since funds of the state treasury were not sufficient to cover the costs of the

mercenary armies, extraordinarily financial measures were taken. In 1310, Ori-

II

entals were partly equipped and financed from the treasury of Hilandar

monastery, while in 1320, in order to secure funds for hiring Greek mercenaries,

special financial contribution was requested from authorities of Republic of Ra-

gusa, Numerous and frequent presence of mercenary armies in Serbia at the

end of Thirteenth and at the beginning of the Fourteenth century may be linked

to internal difficulties and precarious position of the ruler himself. Therefore,

due to the unreliability of domestic army who was recruited from the ranks of

frequently unfaithful aristocracy, employment of the mercenaries was the need

and the necessity. The way in which Stephen Uro II Milutin used foreign soldi-

ers is an important indicator of the means and ends of the state policies. It is

also a vivid testimony of his statesmanlike abilities and qualities.