GSM

5 1 - GSM 1.1

51.1

61.2

71.3

81.4 (GSM)

81.4.1 GSM.

81.4.2 ETSI GSM

91.5 GSM

101.6.

151.7 GSM

151.8 SS

151.8.1 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

151.8.2 Home Location Register (HLR)

161.8.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

161.8.4 Authentication Center (AUC)

161.8.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

161.9 BSS

161.9.1 Base Station Controller (BSC)

161.9.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

161.10

161.10.1 Operation & Maintenance Center ()

161.10.2 Network Management Center (NMC)

161.11 (MS)

171.12 GSM

171.12.1 (Cell)

171.12.2 (Location Area - LA)

181.12.3 MSC (MSC Serving Area)

181.12.4 PLMN

181.12.5 GSM

191.13 GSM

191.13.1 900

191.13.2 1800

191.13.3 1900

191.13.4 GSM 800

191.14

201.15 GSM

201.15.1. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

201.15.2. Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)

211.15.3. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

211.15.4. International Mobile Terminal Identity (IMEI)

211.15.5. International Mobile Terminal Identity Software Version number (IMEISV)

211.15.6. Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)

211.15.7. Location Area Identity (LAI)

211.15.8. Cell Global Identity CGI

221.15.9 Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

22 2 - 7.

222.1

222.1.1

232.1.2.

232.2

232.2.1 Channel Associated Signalling.

232.2.2 Common Channel Signalling

242.3 OSI ()

242.4 7

242.4.1 .

252.4.2 7

27 3 -

273.1.

273.2 MSC/VLR

273.2.1 Mobile Switching Center

283.2.2 Visitor Location Register

283.2.3 Gateway MSC

283.2.4 Home Location Register

293.2.5 Interworking Location Register

293.2.6 AUC EIR

293.2.6.1 AUC

293.2.6.2

303.2.6.3

303.2.6.4

313.2.6.5 EIR

313.2.6.6 IMEI

313.2.7

313.2.8 ()

32 4 -

324.1

324.1.1.

324.1.2.

334.1.3.

334.2

334.2.1 TRC

334.3 (BSC)

334.3.1 BSC

354.4

354.4.1 BTS

354.4.2 BTS

36 5 -

365.1

365.2

365.2.1

365.2.2 ,

365.2.3 (Active mode)

365.2.4 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)

365.2.5

375.3 (SIM)

375.3.1 SIM-

375.3.2

375.3.3 , SIM

385.3.4 MS VV

38 6 - GSM

386.1 Bearer Services

396.2 Teleservices

396.3 GSM.

396.3.1. (Call Forwarding).

396.3.2. (Call Barring).

396.3.3 Call Waiting (CW).

406.3.4 (Call Hold).

406.3.5 - (Multiparty call - MPTY).

406.3.6 .

406.3.7 (Closed User Group - CUG)

406.4 .

41 7 - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

417.1 GPRS

417.2 GPRS

417.3 (BSS)

427.4 (CSS)

427.5

427.6 (PSS)

427.6.1 GPRS (SGSN)

447.6.2 GPRS (GGSN)

447.7 GPRS

45 8 -

458.1

458.1.1

458.1.2

458.1.3

468.1.4

468.1.5

468.1.7

468.1.8

478.1.9

478.1.10 : (TDMA)

478.2

478.2.1

478.2.2

478.2.3

478.2.4

478.2.5

488.3 ,

488.3.1 (Path loss)

488.3.2 (Shadowing)

488.3.3 (MuItipath fading)

488.3.4 (Time Dispersion)

488.3.5 (Time Alignment)

498.3.6 (Combined Signal Loss)

498.4 ,

498.4.1 (Interleaving)

508.4.2 (Antenna Diversity)

508.4.2.1

508.4.2.2

508.4.3 (Adaptive Equalization)

518.4.4 (Frequency Hopping)

518.4.5 (Timing Advance - )

528.5 GSM

528.5.1 - . (Analog To Digital (A/D) Conversion)

528.5.1.1 (Sampling)

538.5.1.2 (Quantization)

538.5.1.3 (Coding)

538.5.2 (Segmentation)

538.5.3 2 (Speech Coding)

548.5.4 (Channel Coding)

548.5.5 (Interleaving)

548.5.6 (Ciphering/Encryption)

558.5.7 (Burst Formatting)

558.5.8

56 9 - GSM

569.1

569.1.1

569.1.1.1 (Control Channels)

589.1.1.2

589.1.2 (Bursts)

609.1.2.1

609.2

609.2.1 ,

619.3 MS

619.4 GPRS

619.4.1 .

619.4.2 GPRS.

63 10.

6310.1 : MS IDLE

6310.1.1 MS

6310.1.1.1

6410.1.1.2 PLMN

6410.1.1.3 (Cell Selection)

6510.1.1.4 IMSI Attach

6510.1.1.5 (LU), - IMSI attach

6510.1.2 10.1.2.1 (Cell deselection)

6610.1.2.2 LA

6610.1.2.3 MSC/VLR

6610.1.2.4 MSC/VLR

6710.1.2.5

6710.2 : MS Busy

6710.2.1 (MS - PSTN)

6710.2.2 (PSTN - MS)

6810.2.3 (Handover)

6810.2.3.1 Locating

6810.2.3.2

6910.2.3.3 , BSC

6910.2.3.4 , BSC, MSC/VLR

6910.2.3.5 , MSC

7010.3 .

7010.3.1 IMSI Attach .

7010.3.2 MS

7010.3.3

7010.3.4 SMS MS

7110.3.5 SMS

7110.4 GPRS

7110.4.1 GPRS

7210.4.2 GPRS.

7210.4.2.1 GPRS Attach

7210.4.2.2 Routing Area Update

7210.4.2.3 PDP Context Activation

7310.4.2.4 Cell Update.

73 11 -

7311.1 Service Switching Function

7311.2 Service Control Function

7411.3 IN

7411.4 MIN.

7411.5 .

75 12 -

7512.1

7512.1.1 :

7512.1.1.1

7512.1.1.2

7512.1.1.3 ( )

7512.1.1.4

7612.1.1.5

7612.1.1.6

7612.1.1.7

7612.1.1.8

7712.1.2

7712.1.2.1 BS

7712.1.2.2

7812.1.2.3

7912.1.2.5

7912.1.2.6

7912.1.2.7 GSM 900 .

8012.1.3 .

8112.1.3.1

8112.1.3.2

8112.1.3.3

8112.1.3.4

8212.1.3.5

8212.1.3.6

8212.1.3.7

8212.1.3.8

8212.1.3.9

8212.1.4

8212.1.5

8312.2

8312.2.1

8312.2.1.1

8312.2.1.2

8312.2.1.3 TEMS Investigation

8512.2.2

8512.3

86 1. .

89 2.

89 1.

89 2.

90 3.

91 4.

1 - GSM 1.1

1.1

, , , . .21.10.1832 - .. . (1786-1837) , . 1836 .24.05.1844 . .14.02.1876 . ! . , , . , , , ! , . 14 1876 , 7 . , : . 500 . . ! , , . , . 1877 , . , .07.05.1895 .

1895 .. . - - .1896

. (1856 - 1943) 32 , . 1901 . .19.02.1900 .. 45 .1921 2 . .1930 (AM) .01.10.1932 .1935 () . AM, . .1940 (FCC) , (DPLM). DPLM 1946 . - (St. Louis). 150 . 1947 - - , 35-40 .1947D.H. Ring Bell Laboratories .1948Shockley, Bardeen Brittain Bell Laboratories , , , .1950 1950- . .1969 (, , , ) . (Nordic Mobile Telephone - NMT), .1973 NMT , , , . .1981 NMT 450.1991 (GSM).1998 200 .1999 GPRS.2000 , 3G, 3G.2001 3G .2002 TDMA GSM.1.2

. , . . , .

(1G) , , . , .

(2G) . , . GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) 2G.

, ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network). (SMS - Short Message Service).

(IN) ( : Pre-paid, Free Phone ..), , .

2G. GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) - GSM.

2G, , . (3G), , , (). 2G, , , , . 3G (UMTS).

, GSM , , .1.3

, :

;

.

, , :

;

;

.

, . , :

;

;

;

, ;

(, ..).

, 1981 NMT 450, . , , . , , , . GSM . 2004 GSM 73% 72% .

, , :

1-2.

1981NMT 450Nordic Mobile Telephony 450 MHz,

1983AMPSAdvanced Mobile Phone System

1985TACSTotal Access Communication System

1986NMT 900Nordic Mobile Telephony 900 MHz,

1991GSMGlobal System for Mobile communication

1991TDMA CD-AMPS) (IS136)Time Division Multiple Access

(Diqital-AMPS)

1993CDMA One (IS 95)Code Division Multiple Access

One ,

1992DCS 1800 GSM 1800Digital Cellular System

1994PDCPersonal Digital Cellular

1995PCS 1900Personal Communication Services

2000UMTSUniversal Mobile TelecommunicationSystems

2001GSM 800Global System for Mobile communication

1.4 (GSM)1.4.1 GSM.

1982-1985 ( - 1985 Conference Europeenne des Postes et Telecommunications) 900 . (GSM).

1986 , : (FDMA) (TDMA).

1987 GSM TDMA FDMA. 12 (Moll), GSM 1991 .

1988 GSM . 5 MoU. - MoU , .

1989 (ETSI) GSM.

1990 1 GSM , .

1991 GSM 1800. MoU , , . 1 GSM.

1992 1. GSM 1. () ().

1993 - , MoU. MoU 70 . GSM , , , . GSM . DCS 1800.

1994MoU 100 60 . GSM. GSM 3 .

1995 (PCS). GSM, 1900 .

1996 GSM 1900.

1998MoU 253 100 GSM 70 . GSM 31% .

1999 GSM 179 .

2002 GSM , EDGE, AMR, .

2004 GSM 207 , 1046 .

, GSM - , GSM, , GSM.

, GSM, , , (SMS), (IN), , (MVPN).

GSM , .

GSM , , , .

1.4.2 ETSI GSM GSM . GSM , , GSM . GSM, .

12 ETSI GSM, 1.2. , , ETSI. 1-2 ETSI

01

02

03

04 MS - BSS

05

06

07 MS

08 BSS - MSC

09

10

11

12

DCS-1800 PSC-1900 ETSI GSM-900. DCS-1800 PSC-1900 , , PSC-1900 - , American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

1.5 GSM 1980 - GSM , . GSM 1. GSM ( 2, 2+) .

1

1 : ;

;

( 9.6 /);

;

;

.

, 1 (Subscriber Identity Module - SIM). 2

2 1995 . , 4... 1 , : Half-rate;

;

;

;

;

-;

;

.

2+

2+. 2+ ETSI 1995 . 5... 1996 . (. Release 96, release 97 ..). . -, 2+, : ;

;

;

GSM 1800, GSM 1900 DECT - .

, -, . , : EDGE - Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution, , ;

CAMEL - Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic, , IN ;

HSCSD - High Speed Circuit Switched Data, , ( 4-) .1.6. , :1992 . 200 . .

12 . "".

16 . "". .

. . "". 15 "" . .

1993

11 "" AMPS . 6 " ".1994

10000 Ericsson. " ". DAMPS TDMA ( " 800"). "" , : , , . "", "-" ( ) " ", .1995

"" " 800", AMPS/DAMPS.

"" , , . 200 . "" .

1996

"" - (NYSE), , . "" (ADR) , , NYSE VIP 60 . .

1997

" " GSM 1800. , . 20 . GSM 1800.

GSM 1800 - " 1800". 1997 120 . , 160 .

" 1800" DAMPS IS-136.

1998

28 1998 GSM-1800 . "" GSM-1800 -, , - . "" .

7 GSM-1800 , - , GSM-900/1800 .

1998 " ", , " " " ".

30 1998 " " 141600 .

21 GSM-900/1800.

"" GSM " ", . " " (pre-paid).

1 "" Telenor . Telenor 162 . 25% "".

"" , " " 500.

" GSM" . 22 "-GSM".

1999

10 "" ICO Global "" . ICO-R ( "-") .

20 " ", GSM-900/1800, .

25 , " " GSM, " 800" (DAMPS).

26 " GSM" 37 . "" , GSM-900/1800/1900, 61. GSM , .

"" " ", , .

1999 "" "" , DAMPS GSM-900/1800. , .

24 "" " " GSM, , GSM-900 GSM-1800 .

5 1999 "" , GSM-900/1800.

, " GSM" , . , , , - , .

15 " GSM" , 20% .

18 "" - . 49 , . Philips Aeon $10.

"" GSM -, , - . , , , .

1999 "" " 1999 " ". "" " ". 150 - 52 , , .

, 75 . . " ".

1999 "" , 352 . , 47%. 184%. 1999 170 . .

2000

"" Nokia GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) " GSM" . "" , .

2000 "" Ericsson WAP " GSM". 10 WAP- - . " GSM" , , , .

2000 "" " GSM" , 99% . GSM 600.

"", 1999 " ". , " " 23 .

24 "" " GSM" . "" - " ".

20 2000 "" " ", 573700 .

29 "" " - ", " " , , , SMS, WAP, GPRS.

2000 "" : 225,4 . .

" " " GSM", 195 . , 20-30% .

" " . 7 8 " . ". (, , ). , , " ".

" GSM" " ", " " " ", 2000 .

. "" "-".

10 " GSM", , .

18 "" "-" , .

" GSM". 62%. " " , , , , . " GSM" 41600 . ( 31 1999 ) 44200, 94% . " GSM". 270 92 , , GSM/iDEN. "" .

2001

2 - , .

6 "+" , .

" " . - , .

23 "" "", , FMC (Fixed-Mobile Convergence), , . FMC , , "", " ". FMC , . , .

"" " ". - (-), "" . "" , . , .

14 "" IBM, , IBM Lotus "".

30 "", Telenor " " . "- ", " ", "" "-", 100% "". "" GSM. Telenor, "", .

- SIM Application Toolkit. " GSM" SIM (32 kb 16 kb) . - SIM-. .

26 "" - GPRS. " GSM" , GPRS , PDA, WAP- .

12 "" Amdocs, IP . Amdocs GSM GPRS "".

27 "" " " Telenor, 99% , .

"" " ..." - .

"-" - " " (Mobile e-Mail) .

20 ( Mobile Telecommunications Limited, GSM-900). , "" . .

3 "" "+ GSM", .

4 "-" .

"", , "" WAP " GSM" - .

14 .

18 .

"" , "+ GSM".

2 .

" " "" - SMS-. SMS SMS- " " .

17 GSM.

24 " GSM" , SMS, "-", SMS- .

25 .

30 "" " ", , " " " ".

30 . , : , , , . , , .

1 .

1 2001 " GSM" : GPRS-, " GSM", WAP GPRS , , .

28 "-"

"" " -" " ". " " "". - .

" - 2001", "" " ", " " 2001 .

"" (3G)

26 "-" .

2001 "" 422,6 . , 54,2% 247,1 . . 47,3 . 77,8 . 2000 . 31 "" 2,11 . , , 153,3% 2000 . , , . 2001 "-" GSM-900/1800 50 , ( - , , , ), 85 . .

2001 422,6 . USD, 54,2%. 47,3 . USD. 31 2001 2,11 . , 153,3%. 2001 , 50 .

2002

30 77,597% "". "" 66% . 30 2002 ., 68 800 , 46 100 - GSM. "" : 2001 . 2 .

17 100% , "". 25 . , 38."" . : 65% 105 000 .

2003

15 . -. , , " GSM", 44.

2004

30 "" " " (), DAMPS GSM-1800, 2.7 - , .

14 " " 100% "" - "" 49% " " 51%. 12 . " " , GSM DAMPS, 280 . 20.3% , "" .

24 "", 70.

26 "" - -, . -, K-Mobile Excess, GSM-900 600 000 , , , 31% .1.7 GSM

. 1.2. GSM

GSM 2 . , , .

:

- Switching System (SS) - Base Station System (BSS)

. . 1.2 . , . 1.2.

AUCAuthentication Center ( )

BSCBase Station Controller

BTSBase Transceiver Station ()

EIREquipment Identity Register

HLRHome Location Register

MSMobile Station

MSCMobile Switching Center GSM

NMCNetwork Management Center

Operation and Maintenance Center

VLRVisitor Location Register , MSC/VLR

SS , . SS : Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Authentication Center (AUC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR).

BSS , . : Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) () - , , , . SS, BSS.MS , .1.8 SS

1.8.1 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

MSC . , . PSTN, ISDN, , , . MSC. MSC . MSC . MSC , , (-). MSC , . MSC , .1.8.2 Home Location Register (HLR)

GSM , PLMN. HLR - , , .. .

HLR ( ) , HLR. HLR :

() .

, .

, MSC/VLR. ().

HLR MSC/VLR, . HLR , HLR. HLR - . . , HLR, MSC VLR, , .

1.8.3 Visitor Location Register (VLR) VLR , MSC. , MSC VLR. VLR , MSC , MSC. HLR VLR , , .

MSC, VLR, MSC, HLR, . HLR VLR .

, MS / .1.8.4 Authentication Center (AUC) - . AUC - , ( ). MSC ,

1.8.5 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)EIR - , . . (EIR) , , .

1.9 BSS1.9.1 Base Station Controller (BSC)BSC , GSM. , , MS, . MSC BSC.1.9.2 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)BTS MS. BTS , - , . BSC BTS.1.10 1.10.1 Operation & Maintenance Center () GSM. ( .25) , MSC, BSC .. , . , .

1.10.2 Network Management Center (NMC) (NMC). , . , NMC , , .

NMC , .

1.11 (MS)MS . MS, . MS , , .

MS , , . , , , , , , , .

MS GSM :

();

(SIM).

GSM, , . - SIM. SIM , GSM. , , . , .

1.12 GSM . , , .

1.12.1 (Cell) , GSM, . , .. .

, - , GSM ( ).

, (CGI). , , , , .1.12.2 (Location Area - LA) (LA) , . LA, . (LAI) VLR. MS , LA, LA. , MS Idle. , . MS LA, . MS , LA.

. 1.5 .. 1.6 .

1.12.3 MSC (MSC Serving Area)

MSC LA , MSC. , MS MSC , (HLR).1.12.4 PLMN PLMN , , . PLMN, . MS PLMN . MSC/VLR. . 1.8 .1.12.5 GSM GSM , GSM. GSM , , . GSM .

- , , MS PLMN PLMN. GSM PLMN MSC (LA) 1.8. GSM1.13 GSMGSM , : 900, 1800, 1900 .1.13.1 900

GSM 900 . . , . E-GSM R-GSM, P-GSM (primary)- P-GSM900 890-915/935-960 MHz

E-GSM900 880-915/925-960 MHz

R-GSM900 890-925/935-970 MHz

R-GSM1800 1710-1785/1805-1880 MHz

1.13.2 1800

1990 . , GSM, 1800. . , , , .

, , . 1800 : GSM 1710-1805/1785-1880 MHz. 1997 1800 Digital Cellular System (DCS) 1800 MHz, GSM 1800.

1.13.3 1900

1995 PCS (Personal Cellular System). , , . PCS , , .

, PCS, 1900 . GSM 900 - , , GSM 1900 . GSM 1900 GSM 900 , GSM 1900 ANSI.1.13.4 GSM 800

800 TDMA (AMPS D-AMPS). GSM 1800 , .

2 .

P-GSM 900E-GSM 900R-GSM 900GSM 1800GSM 1900

Uplink890 - 915 880 - 915 890 - 925 1710 - 1785 1850 - 1910

Downlink935 - 960 925 - 960 935 - 970 1805 - 1880 1930 - 1990

1.14

, . . Idle: MS , ;

Active (Busy): MS ;

Detached: MS

MS , Implicit Detach. detached. 3 , GSM . 3 -

IDLE (Registration), MS PLMN, VLR HLR, ! .

(Roaming) , LA, MSC/VLR .. ( MSC/VLR PLMN)

(International Roaming) PLMN, .

Location Update MS.

Cell selection/reselection / IDLE.

Paging, MS , .. MS MS

BUSYLocating . BSC , MS BTS.

Handover .

MS , Detached. MS , GSM, . MS , , MS. , , MS . MS , , IDLE. , MS LA, MS . MS .

. 1.10

MS , 1 . LA, MS Location Update LA VLR. ! IDLE MS, Busy - BSC.1.15 GSM - , GSM . MS. , .1.15.1. International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)IMSI GSM. GSM . IMSI SIM, HLR, VLR AUC. IMSI : MCC (Mobile Country Code) -

MNC (Mobile Network Code) -

MSIN (Mobile Station Identification Number) - MS

GSM IMSI 15 .

1.15.2. Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) (MSISDN) , . . MSISDN . CC (Country Code) - NDC (National Destination Code) - ( )

SN (Subscriber Number) -

PLMN NDC. NDC + SN . NDC DEF . PLMN NDC. MSISDN . 15 , (+7). Beeline +7 903 XXX 905.

1.15.3. Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)TMSI - IMSI, MS . . MS TMSI.TMSI IMSI, 8 . TMSI , IMSI, , .

, MS (LU, ) MSC/VLR TMSI IMSI, MSC/VLR TMSI MS, SIM-. MSC/VLR MS TMSI. , IMSI . IMSI , Location Update TMSI.1.15.4. International Mobile Terminal Identity (IMEI)IMEI . . GSM IMEI 15 : (Type Approval Code) - .

FAC (Final Assembly Code) - , .

SNR (Serial Number) - . FAC

Spare - . . MS, 0. 1.15.5. International Mobile Terminal Identity Software Version number (IMEISV)IMEISV , , MS, . , , MS, ., , PLMN MS (, half rate/full rate, .). IMEISV.SVN (Software Version Number) - , MS MS. SVN 99, .1.15.6. Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)MSRN - , MSC, MS. MSRN - , .

MSRN SN MSC/VLR.1.15.7. Location Area Identity (LAI)LAI - (LA), LA GSM.Location Area Code (LAC) - , LAC 16 , 65536 LA PLMN.

1.15.8. Cell Global Identity CGICGI LA. Cell Identity (CI) LAI. CI 16 .1.15.9 Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

BSIC MS . BSIC : NCC - Network Color Code ( ). , , .

- Base station Color Code ( ). , , . 2 - 7.

, .

(), .

- , , , . , ( , ) , , .

. , - . .

( ) :

, ;

(, );

, (, / ).

: (Access Signalling), ;

(Trunk Signalling), . , , , , , , . . - GSM, , , -, - , . , , .2.1 : PSTN, ISDN GSM.2.1.1

( - , - ). : (Decadic) - / .

(DTMF - Dual Tone Multi Frequency) - 1 4 1 4 ( 2 8).

(: , , ..).2.1.2.

Digital Signalling System 1 (DSSl). ISDN - (OSI).2.2

. :

- (Channel Associated Signalling - CAS). ( : , ..), (, ) .

- (Common Channel Signalling - CCS). .

2.2.1 Channel Associated Signalling. 1 . . 16 , .

, , . :

-

-

..

..

.

. 2.3. .

7 2 . CCITT R1 5 ( 2 6), Rl,5.2.2.2 Common Channel Signalling ( ), . , , , , , .

, -, ( ). - . , ( - 30).

1968 , 6. 7.

7 1980 . . 7 (, , ).

2.3 OSI ()

7 . .

ISO (International Standardization Organization) 1977. .

. - 7 , 7-.. 2.4. (Physical Layer)

. . (Data Link Layer)

( ). . / , (, ).

(Network Layer)

- . , , - . (), .

(Transport Layer)

. , .

(Session Layer)

( , ..). , .

(Presentation Layer)

, , . . (Application Layer) , . : , , ..2.4 7

, 7 (ITU-T). ITU-T 7, 7 . , , .2.4.1 .

. 2.5 7.Signalling Point (SP) - () , , . SP . (MSC, BSC ..) SP (Signalling Point Code), SP.SP Originating Point (OP), a - Destination Point (DP).Signalling Transfer Point (STP) - . STP , SP. 2-102 STP, .. 2-100 2-101, 2-101. SP Network Indicator (NI), : 0 - ;

1 - ;

2 - () ;

3 - ( - );

SPC (SP Code), . SPC 14 , :

( 0 16383);

7 + 7 ;

4 + 4 + 6;

..

. SP , , .. .Signalling Link (SL) - , , .. 64 /. SP , .Link Set (LS) - () . LS 16 SL.Signalling Route (Destination) - , Destination Point. -, 2-100 2-101, LS=2-102 LS=2-101. SP , .

Signal Unit (SU) - () . 3 :

MSU - Message Signal Unit ( ), , -;

LSSU - Link Status Signal Unit ( ) , ;

FISU - Fill-in Signal Unit ( ) - MSU LSSU.

2.4.2 7

7 , 4 :. 2.6. 7 : Message Transfer Part (MTP) - ;

User Parts (UP) - .

: -1 - (Signalling Data Link). , .. , (64 /). -2 - (Signalling Link). SP. .

-3 - (Signalling Network). - . 3 :

. , 2, , SP , , SP, . , SP, - ,

, SP ( , 4 , SP, , 2).

. , , , 5-() SP- (DPC). , 2, , - ( DPC SP) ( ). , , DPC SP, -. , ( , SP), DPC , SP-. (SLS), , . , , , .. -. 1 2 (OSI). 3 3 OSI , .. , .

2.7.

TUP (Telephony User Part) - , . ISUP-, .. ISDN.ISUP (ISDN User Part) - ISDN. , ISDN.SCCP (Signalling Connection Control Part) . ( N1 ).

( ). SCCP.

( CL). .

SCCP 3 , , , 3 OSI. SCCP .. NSP(Network Service Part). NSP SP , , 7, , . SCCP , , , . (Transaction Capabilities Application Part) , ( ) CL.BSSAP (Base Station Subsystem Application Part) , GSM.MAP (Mobile Application Part) - , GSM, HLR, VLR .. .

CAP (CAMEL Application Part) - (MIN).INAP (Intelligent Network Application Part) (IN). (Operation & Maintenance Application Part) . 7

ASE - Application Service ElementMTP - Message Transfer PartNSP - Network Service PartSCCP - Signaling Connection Control PartTCAP - Transaction Capabilities Application Part. 2.8. . 3 -

3.1.

GSM . 3.1

MSC/ VLRMobile services Station Center/ Visitor Location Register

GMSCGateway MSC

HLRHome Location Register

ILRInterworking Location Register

AUCAuthentication Center

EIREquipment Identity Register

DTIData Transmission Interface

Message Center

3.2 MSC/VLR3.2.1 Mobile Switching CenterMSC - GSM. MS. : . MSC : , , . MSC , , MS , PSTN. . MSC . MSC , , , . MSC GMSC. MSC HLR . . MSC

(Call Barring, Call Forwarding if Busy ..). (SMS) MSC.

HLR. , MSC HLR MS. HLR MSC1. VLR. . .

MSC. , MSC. BSC. BSS MS SS, BSS - BSC, MSC. MSC MSC BSC. MSC BSC , , BSC. . MSC (ISP - Internet Service Provider) , PSTN. MSC , , . , , , TIGRIS Ericsson. MSC, .

. 3.2 GSM/PSTN ( ) . 3.3

3.2.2 Visitor Location Register VLR GSM , MSC. , MSC VLR. , MSC HLR ( ) , . . 3.4 HLR - VLR MS MSC/VLR :

1. VLR () , , MS ( IMSI).2. , VLR MS, HLR .

3. HLR VLR, . HLR VLR MS .

4. VLR , MS (LAI) (IDLE).VLR MS MSC MS, : (IMSI, MSDISDN). , .

MS (LA). MS.

().

3.2.3 Gateway MSC GMSCGMSC , HLR MS. MS., (PSTN), GSM, PSTN GSM GMSC. GMSC, , HLR , MSC/VLR . MS MS.

MSC GMSC, HLR , . MSC GMSC , - HLR. GMSC:

1. HLR MSRN.2. .3.2.4 Home Location RegisterHLR - (), PLMN. HLR , . HLR , . , HLR, :

(IMSI, MSDISDN). , .

MS ( MSC/VLR). ().

HLR :

, . HLR , , . HLR . .

MSC. HLR MS MSC, MS, ( MSRN). GMSC. GMSC MS HLR MS, HLR MSRN, MSC. MSISDN, GMSC , HLR , MS.

AUC. HLR , - , () AUC. VLR/ILR. MS MSC, VLR MS HLR, . HLR VLR , VLR, , .

HLR , MSC/VLR, . .3.2.5 Interworking Location Register ILR . ILR D-AMPS GSM 1900 (PCS, ). ILR HLR D-AMPS VLR GSM .

D-AMPS, - D-AMPS- HLR ILR. GSM 1900, HLR VLR ILR, , .

3.2.6 AUC EIR , . , GSM , :

. .

, . , MS, . MS , MS.

MS. GSM, MS. , MS, , .

. , MS MS (IMSI) , , . , , " " - TMSI (Temporary Mobile Station Identity)/ (, ), IMSI. TMSI . TMSI . , TMSI (LAI), TMSI .

AUC EIR. , MSC/VLR .3.2.6.1 AUC AUC , MSC/VLR , MS., AUC, :1. - Random Number - (RAND);

2. - - Signed Response - (5RE5);3. - Ciphering Key - ().

3.2.6.2

( ) (Ki). AUC IMSI. . SIM. AUC :1. RAND;

2. RAND Ki SRES - A3 8 .

3. RAND, SRES HLR .

3.2.6.3

1. MSC/VLR RAND MS.2. MS, Ki RAND, SRES, A3.

3. MS, Ki RAND, RAND 8. MS .

4. SRES MSC/VLR, , , SRES, MS, SRES, AUC. - MS , - .

. . : ;

.3.2.6.4

- , , BTS MS, -. - TDMA, A3. , , , .. - . ().1. ( : 5/1 5/2) MSC/VLR BTS.2. MS.

3. MS , ( , SRES ) TDMA, A3.4. BTS.5. BTS , TDMA A3.

6. , MSC. , .

3.2 GSM.

1 ( SIM)5

2 (SIM)A3; 8; IMSI; Ki; TMSI/LAI;

3 (AUC)A3; 8; IMSI/Ki

4HLR IMSI/RAND/SRES/Kc

5VLR IMSI/RAND/SRES/Kc, IMSI/TMSI/LAI/Kc

6 (MSC)5, TMSI/IMSI/Kc

7 (BSC)5, TMSI/IMSI/Kc

3.2.6.5 EIR MS IMEI. : Type Approval Code. .

FAC Final Assembly Code. , .

SNR Serial Number. . FAC

Spare . . MS, .

3.2.6.6 IMEI1. MSC/VLR IMEI MS.2. MS IMEI MSC.3. MSC/VLR IMEI EIR.4. IMEI, EIR 3 :

. ,

. IMEI, GSM. . ( ) IMEI , .

5. IMEI MSC/VLR, , .

3.2.7

DTI DTI GSM (Inter-Working Function -IWF). , . :

/ PSTN. DTI , GSM , (0,3 - 3,4 )

/ ISDN. , .

/ PDN. DTI (CS GSM) ( .25).

. PLMN DTI (Circuit Switching).

HSCSD. (HSCSD) ( 4-) (1 TS - 9.6 /, 13.4 /).

3.2.8 ()

, , , , : ;

;

(Short Message Service - SMS);

. , . , . MS , , , .. , . , , ( ).

, . , , . . (SMS)

160 - (MS), . SMS GSM ( CDMA D-AMPS ). , - MS .

, SMS , SMS . SMS , , . , GMSC . SMS GMSC. . MS.

4 -

4.1

(BSS), . :

;

MS ;

.

. 4.1 BS

BSS : (BSC): BSS, , .

(TRC): () GSM . GSM - 13 /, -64 /.

(BTS): BTS ERICSSON RBS (Radio Base Station) MS . RBS , .

4.1.1.

BSC TRC: BSC TRC. . . , .

BSC TRC. . , . 500 . TRC , MSC/VLR .. 4.2 TRC 4.1.2.

GSM BTS. , BTS , , BTS: BTS ( 3,5 35 )

BTS ( 500 3,5 )

BTS ( 500 )

4.1.3.

, . :

(). , MS BTS. BER, .

(Leaky Cable). , . . , BTS. , , Leaky Cable .

4.2

4.2.1 TRC : ;

.

1. , GSM .

2. TRC , : 13 /, MSC 64 /, TRC. , GSM 13 /, - 64 /. TRC ( ) 16 /, .. 1 4 GSM. GSM ITU-T , ( V.35, V.35bis ..) 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 14400 /. TRC, , 13 /.

3. Half Rate, Full Rate, Enhanced Full Rate Adaptive Multi Rate. GSM . TRC BSC. , , , , ..4.3 (BSC)4.3.1 BSCBSC GSM. . : (, ..)

BTS

TRC

MS

BSC

: : ( , , ..) . ( / , , , ..). Locating ( ) . (, , , , ..). , .

BTS BTS: ( , , ..)

BTS: .

BTS. , BTS. TRC , TRAU (Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit) TRC, BSC, GSM, TRAU .

BSC TRC TRA . , , TRC . , TRA BSC. MS

Paging. BSC , Location Area (paging). . SDCCH. BSC MS .

. SDCCH BSC . , BSC .

BSC : MS BTS. BSC MS BTS uplink downlink. MS BTS 480 . .

Locating. BSC MS - . , MS BTS, , .

(Handover). Locating , BSC MS BTS , .

BSC, MSC/VLR . BSC MSC ( IMSI/TMSI ). MSC , . (Frequency Hopping). BSC : Base Band: , BTS BSC. Synthesized: , BTS BSC. - BSC- BSC, . - BSC :

BSC: , BSC . . , . , , .4.4

4.4.1 BTSBTS , . . 4.3 BTS RBS 2000 ( ERICSSON) GSM BTS. , BTS , , BTS: BTS ( 3,5 35 )

BTS ( 500 3,5 )

BTS ( 500 )

BTS GSM: 900/1800/1900 .4.4.2 BTS BTS :

BTS MS . : . BSC , : (BSIC) . . BSC.

. BTS MS (, ).

BTS , Uplink .

BTS . : .

.

(Adaptive equalization).

. 4.4 BTS ().

.

BTS BTS BSC, LAP-D, . BTS , , BSC . BTS BTS . BTS, , BSC. 5 -

5.1

: SIM -

- Mobile Terminal ( )

SIM- - - , (Ki IMSI). - ( ).5.2

5.2.1

. .5.2.2 ,

, Idle Busy, , BSC. Cell Reselection Handover. .

5.2.3 (Active mode) MS SACCH . MS BTS. MS Busy . BSC .. 5.5 .5.2.4 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) - MS. MS DTX () ON . , MS . MS , , "Post", . , MS , "Pre", ON . Post () , TRC . , , .

MS Post , , BTS (update) .

DTX , .. , , .

(DRX) MS Discontinuous Reception (DRX). , BTS , . MS , MS , "sleep mode". MS .5.2.5

MS , , MS . , . MS GSM . MS. 5.2 -

GSM900GSM1800GSM1900

120 (43 dBm)1 (30 dBm)1 (30 dBm)

28 (39 dBm)0.25 (24 dBm)0.25 (24 dBm)

35 (37 dBm)2 (33 dBm)

42 (33 dBm)

50.8 (29 dBm)

, , 4 GSM 900 1 GSM 1800.5.3 (SIM) GSM Subscriber Identity Module - SIM-. SIM- - , , , - -, . SIM- MS .SIM- : : , - IMSI, Ki /8.

: LA, , PLMN ...

, .

5.3.1 SIM-

2 SIM-. "ID-1 SIM" "Plug-in SIM". SIM-.ID-1 SIM ID-1 SIM ISO Integrated Circuit (1) - ).Plug-in SIM SIM- SIM- ID-1 . .

. 5.7 SIM 5.3.2

GSM , SIM-. : , A3;

, Ki; , 8;

SRES; , SIM-.5.3.3 , SIMSIM GSM. , GSM PLMN. , SIM, : .

: SIM, , ( ).

1 , , SIM:ICCID - . ( ). .IccID=89701+99+010000000001 - 19 ;

: . ITU-T E.118:89 -

7 - (. ITU-T E.164) 01 - GSM-90099 -

01 - SIM: , SIM ( , PLMN); International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI): , . IMSI=MCC+MNC+MSIN=250+99+91Xi...X8;

: LAI, ;

(KJ;

;

, ( );

PLMN;

: , ; , . , SIM : Personal Identification Number (PIN) - PIN ;

/ PIN ;

PIN ;

PIN Unlock Key (PUK) - PUK ;

PUK .

. , SIM-. TEMS Investigation ERICSSON.

5.3.4 MS VV , (Mobile Terminal) , SIM- MS. PIN PUK . PIN-PIN 4 8 . PIN . , , PIN- . PIN-. PIN- . PIN- SIM . , PIN- SIM- , SIM- - PIN-, .. SIM PIN./ SIM SIM- , GSM . SIM PIN- (Unblocking Key) PUK. PUK 8- . PUK , . 10 PUK , MS. MS SIM-. 6 - GSM GSM : (Basic Services) - , , . :

(Bearer Services) - (, ) . , , 13/ - . .

(Teleservices) - , , (, SMS ..).

(Supplementary Services) - , () . , .

(Intelligent Services) - , , Pre-Paid. (GPRS) .

6.1 Bearer Services GSM (V.35, V.35bis, V.90 ..). GSM PSTN 0,3 -3,4 ( ). ISDN , ( Non transparent). GSM ( ) (, .25) / - PAD (Packet Assembler-Disassembler).6.2 Teleservices GSM , : (Speech), .

(Emergency Call). GSM , . ETSI 112, GSM 900/1800 SIM-.

3 (Facsimile group

3). GSM ITU. 3 . MSC (DTI). / (Alternative Speech/ Fax). , . GSM, .. .

Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF).

( ) . , .. Short Message Service (SMS). / 160 . , , .6.3 GSM.6.3.1. (Call Forwarding). , . GSM / ( , .., SMS). : (Call Forwarding Unconditional) - , MS. (Call Forwarding Not Reachable) - , . , MS Detached .

(Call Forwarding on Busy) - , MS Busy. , Call Waiting ( ).

(Call Forwarding on No Reply) - , - . , , .

6.3.2. (Call Barring). , (Operator Determined Barring) , (Subscriber Determined Barring). , :

(Outgoing Call Barring) - , :

(Barring of All Outgoing Calls - BAOC). - (Barring of all Outgoing International Calls - BOIC).

, (Barring of all Outgoing International calls EXcept those directed to the Home PLMN country - BOIEXH).

(Incoming Calls Barring) - , :

(Barring of All Incoming Calls - BAIC).

(Barring of all Incoming Calls when Roaming Outside home PLMN - BICRO).

6.3.3 Call Waiting (CW). , . , , MS .6.3.4 (Call Hold). , , . , .. MSC .6.3.5 - (Multiparty call - MPTY). , , ( ). MSC, MS .6.3.6 .

(Calling Line Identification Presentation - CLIP) - , (MSISDN) . (Calling Line Identification Restriction - CLIR) - , . : CLIP, - CLIR. , Private Number ( ). (Connected Line identification Presentation - COLP) - , . , , , , . (Connected Line identification Restriction - COLR) - , CLIR, .6.3.7 (Closed User Group - CUG) , (/, ).6.4 .

, ., , . . : Pre-paid SIM. . , .

Free Phone. , . 800 (.. 8 800 ...., ).

Universal Access Number. , , . , . , , , , .

Premium Rate Call. ( , ..) . 809.

Televoting (). . , , , - . Voting, () (MSC), , . 7 - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).GPRS GSM . GPRS , GSM. , . GPRS , . GPRS , GSM , GPRS . . , GPRS .7.1 GPRS GPRS. GPRS GSM, GSM . GPRS , GPRS . GPRS GSM, BSC, (. . 7.1). GSM : GPRS - Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) GPRS - Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). -. GPRS, , , GPRS, - SGSN GGSN. SGSN GGSN. , - GPRS - GSM GPRS . SSGN G (Gb, Gr ..), ETSI. . UMTS (3G) I (Iu, Iur ..).7.2 GPRS MS, GPRS. A: MS GPRS GSM. MS / . : MS GPRS GSM, / , . : MS GSM GPRS. . - -1-, . , , .7.3 (BSS) GPRS MS, BSS. BSS : , . GPRS BTS .

BSS , , , MSC. GPRS.7.4 (CSS)CSS SS GSM, (. 1, 1.7: GSM). GPRS MSC, GSM/GPRS, , MS (Attach): IMSI/GPRS. GPRS GMSC.HLR , , , GPRS. , HLR , , . , , / GPRS , (Access Point Name - APN) (Internet Service Provider - ISP), , MS IP . GPRS HLR PDP (Packet Data Protocol) . HLR 5 PDP . HLR SGSN. HLR, SGSN. HLR GPRS .AUC - GPRS. AUC GPRS , SGSN.SMS-IW-MSC MS GPRS SMS GPRS. SMS-IW-MSC GPRS.7.5

(Billing Gateway - BGw).BGw GPRS , GPRS .

GPRS , . , / , . GPRS , .

.

SGSN GGSN, , MSC CDR . CDR :

S-CDR, SGSN. G-CDR, GGSN. CDR, , GPRS. GPRS S-CDR G-CDR.BGw . BGw , , , . , .7.6 (PSS)PSS , GPRS. (IP). , GSN (GPRS Support Node). GPRS: GPRS (SGSN) GPRS (GGSN). SGSN GSM, , MSC/BSC, GGSN , , . GPRS GPRS SGSN GGSN, GPRS. .7.6.1 GPRS (SGSN)SGSN GPRS, . 7.2. BSC, MSC/VLR, SMS-G HLR. (backbone network) GGSN SGSN.

SGSN GPRS, .SGSN. SGSN GPRS , , MSC GSM. , MS, .. GPRS SGSN .. 7.2 SGSN

SGSN GPRS, .SGSN. SGSN GPRS , , MSC GSM. , MS, .. GPRS SGSN . SGSN. GPRS SGSN . MS (MM - Mobility Management). , , IMSI GPRS, , , GSM GPRS, .

. MS , SGSN , SGSN GPRS. Location Area GPRS. GPRS Routing Area - RA. , LA - GSM, a RA - GPRS. RA LA. RA LA. PLMN, PLMN. SGSN Gs MSC/VLR MS , : / GPRS/IMSI. attach SGSN, SGSN MSC/VLR . . MS Gs .

. MS GSM/GPRS , MSC/VLR SGSN. . , GPRS GPRS. ( LA RA) GSM GPRS. MS , LA MSC RA SGSN. RA, a SGSN Gs MSC LA. . (Session Management - SM)

GPRS PDP . SM (PDP), .PDP , MS GGSN.SGSN , : PDP - , PDP .

PDP. PDP . IPv6.

PDP. IP MS. APN (Access Point Name). , , : wap.beeline.ru QoS (Quality of Service) - . QoS, , , ( ).

PDP SGSN , - PDU ( ) MS MS. SGSN PDP , . SGSN . SGSN , ISP (Internet Service Provider) ( APN).

: SGSN GGSN. IP , , . IP, GPRS. , , GPRS, - GPRS. GPRS : RIP v2, OSPF v2, BGP v7. OSPF v2. GGSNSGSN GGSN ( ) PDP , APN . (Domain Name Server - DNS) GGSN, APN. SGSN GTP (GPRS tunneling protocol) GGSN .7.6.2 GPRS (GGSN)GGSN IP . GGSN , , ISP RADIUS, . IP GGSN IP , GPRS. SGSN GGSN. GGSNGGSN GPRS: IP.GGSN IP . RADIUS DHCP IP .

IP. IP. GPRS (VPN). IP . , . , IP. IP SGSN, GGSN ( , ). IPv4 IPSEC, MD5 (ESP), (DES-CBC). (, ..).

. SGSN. .

GGSN ( , PDP ). SGSN. . .

GGSN CDR MS. CDR , .7.7 GPRS SMS GPRSSGSN Gd SMS-GMSC SMS-IW-MSC. SMS GPRS SGSN, MSC/VLR. SMS GPRS , SMS .MS, GPRS, GPRS. MS, GPRS, GSM, GPRS. MS, GPRS, GSM, GPRS, GSM. SMS GPRS, MS SMS SGSN. SMS GPRS:1. SMS-C , MS. SMS-C SMS-GMSC.2. SMS-GMSC HLR SMS ( : SGSN MSC SGSN MSC, ).3. HLR , SGSN, MS, MSC . MSC, SMS GSM.4. SGSN, SMS-GMSC SMS SGSN.5. SGSN SMS MS, SMS-C. 8 -

8.1

. 8.1 , .

1 - GSM P-GSM 900E-GSM 900GSM 1800GSM 1900

, UplinkDownlink890-915 935-960880-915 925-9601710-1785 1805-18801850-1910 1930-1990

, .~33~33~17~1

(Bandwidth), 25357560

(Duplex Distance), 45459580

(Channel Separation), 200200200200

1124174374299

(ARFCN)1..1240, 975.. 1023512..885512..810

, /.270270270270

1 GSM 1 , . .8.1.1 , . - . . 1 - . :

..

. ( ). , , .8.1.2

. , . X - . X . (8 /.). 8.1. , GSM 900 : 8.1 , ,

. , . , , . FM . - , , .8.1.3

, , , uplink - MS BTS. . , , , .8.1.4

, (Frequency Division Multiple Access - FDMA). GSM - , (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number - ARFCN) . 2 . 2 -

(Simplex) , FM

(Half Duplex) , ( )

(Full Duplex)

, , FM, . , , , : , - . uplink, - downlink. . .8.1.5

(uplink, downlink), . . . . 8.3, GSM 900. , - . - FDMA. . , . . 8.4 . , 895.4 895.6 . 200 . .8.1.7

. , . , , . . , , . , - . ., . . . . 8.5 . . 8.5 , , . , . , , .8.1.8

, , . , /. /, GSM 270 /.8.1.9

, GSM 900 . , , (, , ), , . : .

, : , . . , . : 1 /. 1 . 200 /, 200 . , 1 / 1 . GSM Gaussian modulation with Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) - , 270 / 200 . GSM GMSK . , (, NMT-450).8.1.10 : (TDMA) (FDMA) GSM (Time Division Multiple Access - TDMA) . TDMA . , . TS - time slots ( ). MS TS uplink, downlink. , TS, (burst). TDMA GSM 8 . , GSM 8 , , . . 8.6 TDMA.8.2

8.2.1

- . .8.2.2

- , .8.2.3

- . . , , .8.2.4

- 8.2.5

- . ( ), ( ). () . - , , . , , , . . . , . , . . , . , , , .

8.3 ,

, . .

8.3.1 (Path loss)Path Loss (PL) - , , - MS BTS. PL (dropped calls), , BTS PL , , .8.3.2 (Shadowing) , MS BTS , , , , .. , (signal strength). MS MS BTS. . (fading dips). . 8.10 , MS BTS.8.3.3 (MuItipath fading) , MS BTS , , . , , , , . ( ), (Rayleigh fading). , . , . MS . . , GSM 900 17.8.3.4 (Time Dispersion) , MS BTS. , , , . (Inter-Symbol Interference - ISI), () , . 8.12, 1, 0 BTS. , 1 . 1 MS , .8.3.5 (Time Alignment) MS TS TDMA. .., , MS BTS. , , MS, TS. TS, , , MS, TS (. 8.13). MS BTS. .8.3.6 (Combined Signal Loss) , , , , . . MS . . 8.14 . , - , . (path loss), . .

. 8.14 , 8.15.

, ( 8.15 ). , -100 dBm, (-104 dBm), , . , , , dB, dB . .8.4 ,

. , , (BER - Bit Error Ratio). BER .Transmitted bits 110 10 0 0 110Received bits10 0 10 0 10 10

Errorstt. t3/10 = 30% BER . , , , . , BER. , , , , .8.4.1 (Interleaving) . , . . , .

8.16 Interleaving ( ). , - . 8.17 . , (1234). , , BER 25%, 100%. . , 8.16, , . , 25%. , BER 25%. , , .

8.16 8.4.2 (Antenna Diversity) - . :

8.4.2.1

BTS . 2 . 2 , , , , . , 3 dB, 12 -18 X 25*(12 - 18*?0 . . 900 6 , 1800 , - ( 3 ). . . 8.18 - .8.4.2.2

(-pol). , , , . - , 45. Tx/Rx . , , - .8.4.3 (Adaptive Equalization) - , , . :

1. , (training sequence). BTS, MS. BTS MS BTS.2. MS BTS ( . 8.19, "S"). , , ( ).3. BTS MS . BTS , MS BTS. , , , .4. , BTS . , . .

BTS -, 100% - . , . , GSM (Viterbi equalizer).. 8.19 8.4.4 (Frequency Hopping) , . , .

GSM Frequency Hopping - MS BTS , . MS BTS .

GSM 64 . -, 63 -, .

. 8.20, . N-ro TDMA 1, N+1 2. , , .

8.4.5 (Timing Advance - )

( - ). , BTS MS. BSC MS . GSM (3,69 ), 0 63., MS BTS MS BTS (Uplink). ( - access burst) (RACH -random access channel). - , RACH, FACCH (Fast Associated Common Control Channel). , , 49 39 . , (GB - guard period), 68.25 , - 252 . , - . . 8.22 TB(tail bits) , . MS , BTS , , . , , 252 , . . GSM 35 . (63 ). , , , 8.2. - ; DRT - , v- -108[*/]; t= 1 = 48/13 [].8.5 GSM GSM . - (): ()

()

8.5.1 - . (Analog To Digital (A/D) Conversion) MS : A/D Conversion. ( ) ( ). :

8.5.1.1 (Sampling) . "", , . . , (), , l/2fm. , , , . - . , , , . , , , 300 3400 . , . 2*3.4 = 6.8 . 8 , .8.5.1.2 (Quantization) - . ( ) . , , , - . . 8.26. . , . . , 256 , GSM 8192 .

8.5.1.3 (Coding) 1/0. 13 (213=8192). , 2157 0100001101101.Bit1211109876543210Total

Set to010000110110I

Value0204800006432084012157

- - 8000 13 . 104 /.

8.27 2157

, 8 ( ), 8*104 / = 832 /. , ( ) 1 , , 200 , , 8 832 /. GSM .

8.5.2 (Segmentation) , , , , GSM . . 50 8000, - -. : , ( ) ..

MS, .

.

, 20 . GSM 20 .

8.5.3 2 (Speech Coding)2 , ,

- 13 , - , 260 . , 260/20 = 13 /. , PSTN. . (waveform coders - ).

8.29 , (vocoders). GSM (Hybrid Coders), . . (waveform coders - ). , (vocoders). GSM (Hybrid Coders), . GSM 13 / . , 8 8*13 / = 104 /. - 832 /. . :

()8.5.4 (Channel Coding)

GSM 260 , , , , 456 .260 : 1: 50 -

2: 132 -

3: 78 -

, 50 , ( ), 3 , , 53 . 3 . 53 132 4 ( 189 ) 1:2, 378 . .78 .8.5.5 (Interleaving)

, 456 20 . , 8 57 . . 8.31. 8.32 (normal burst) ( 57 ). . , , 25 % BER 20 (2/8 = 25%). 8.32. Normal burst ( )

. 8.33. ,

25%. . BER 12.5 % 57 20 , 20 20 . 20 , MS 20 . (burst) 12.5% , .8.5.6 (Ciphering/Encryption) (Ciphering/Encryption) (burst) , . GSM 5. - , , 456 20 .

8.5.7 (Burst Formatting) , MS/BTS ( ). ( ) , , , .

GSM 456 . 136 20 , 592 .

TDMA 0.577 , , 156.25 ), 3.69 ), 148 .

8.25 (Guard Period - GP). MS/BTS , , MS/BTS. 156.25 ( ) 625 ( ) 20 . , , . 676 20 .

33,6 /, 8- - 270.4 /, , GSM ~270/.

8.5.8

676 20 , , . , GSM GMSK. (, 916.4 ) .

9 - GSM9.1

(time slot - TS) TDMA . GSM 8 . , . - . - , . , - , . - , - ., , TCH (Traffic CHannel). - BSC , , FACCH (Fast Associated Control Channel).9.1.1

GSM , / MS.

, MS (burst). . 9.2.

. 9.2 9.1.1.1 (Control Channels)

, . , ( ). . MS . , , (LA), .. MS . , MS, . Broadcast Channel () . , MS , , . , MS ( - roaming), , FCCH, SCH, . MS, Common Control CHannels ()

9.1 - .Broadcast Channels () -

BTSMS

FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel)Downlink - BTS MS, Point-to-multipoint . ,

.

SCH (Synchronization Channel)Downlink - BTS MS, Point-to-multipoint TDMA ( ) BTS (Base Station Identity Code -BSIC). , GSM , BSIC MS.

(Broadcast Control Channel)Downlink - BTS MS, Point-to-multipoint :

- (LAI);

- ;- , ;

- .. , , GSM IDLE.

9.2 - .Common Control Channel (CCCH)

BTSMS

MS (Paging Channel)Downlink, BTS MS, Point-to-point -, MS SMS. IMSI TMSI , .MS , (IMSI/TMSI), .

i

RACH (Random Access Channel)Uplink, MS

BTS, Point-to-point MS - (- , ..)

AGCH - (Access Grant Channel)Downlink, BTS MS, Point-to-point SDCCH MS. . SDCCH. .

MS BSS . MS BSS - DCCH (Dedicated Control channel). 9.3 - DCCH.Dedicated Control hannel (DCCH)

BTSMS

SDCCH (Stand aloneDedicated Control Channel) (Uplink, Downlink),Point-to-point SDCCH, . BSC TCH.SDCCH SMS, MS IDLE. SDCCH, .

MS ( ). SDCCH SMS, MS IDLE.

SMS (Cell Broadcast Channel)Downlink, BTS MS, Point-to-multipoint

(SMS) MS, .MS ( ).

SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) (Uplink, Downlink),

Point-to-point - ( -). BSC MS , , ( , MS), a ( SMS, Call Waiting ..) . MS

BUSY ( SMS, Hold ..)

FACCH

(Fast Associated Control Channel) (Uplink, Downlink),

Point-to-point

.

.

9.1.1.2

, MS , . TCH (Traffic Channel). : (Full Rate TCH): 13 /. .

(Half Rate TCH): 6,5 /. HRTCH , .

9.1.2 (Bursts) TDMA , , 5 (bursts): 9.4 - :

Normal Burst ,

,

AGCH,

SDCCH,

,

SACCH, FACCH, - 57 , .

- (26 ).- (Steal flags) - 1 , , FACCH 57 .

- (Tail bits) ( 000)

- (Guard period) 9.25 .

Frequency Correction Burst MS FCCH142 .- .- : 9.25 .

Synchronizati on Burst

MSSCH- 39 TDMA.

64 .

- .

- : 9.25 .

Dummy Burst , . eTS (1-7)- , .

Access Burst

RACH, FACCH-41 .

-36 (Random Reference).

- .

- (GP): 69.25 . GP - , .

- NB (Normal Burst)NB , RACH, FCCH, SCH FACCH. 114 (GP) 8,25 30,46 . 114 57 , 26 1 . NB (Steeling Flag), , : . (Traffic Channel) , . NB 26 , . : . RXQUAL, . , , , . RXQUAL (, );

NB ;

. , . , .

- FCB (Frequency Correction Burst)FCB . 142 -, 1625/24 . (200 ), 0,022% 900 . FCB 8,25 , . (FCB) (FCCH). - SB (Synchronization Burst)SB . 64 , TDMA . . (SCH). - DB (Dummy Burst)DB . DB NB (. 9.3) 26 . DB , . DB , .

- (Access Burst) . . , , . . 8 , - (41 ), 36 . (68,25 , 252 ), ( ) .

. GSM - 35 . 233,3 .

9.1.2.1

. 9.3. 9.2 , . mapping. , , 1 TS. TDMA. , , .

. 9.4. , DCCH - .9.2.1 ,

. , MS , , , . BTS MS (downlink) . , MS BTS (uplink), RACH. RACH , MS .

9.4 (1) . , TS . 8 SDCCH 4 SACCH , 8- ( , SMS ..).. 9.6 SDCCH SACCH. , . , , ( ).

, / : , DCCH. , 7 .

, , , . .

MS . SACCH, .. 9.7 9.3 MS. 9.8 MS .1. MSC/VLR , LA MS. / BSC, / LA.

2. BSC LA. , .

3. MS , RACH.4. BSC AGCH MS , SDCCH SACCH , .

5. SDCCH SACCH . BSC , SDCCH .6. MS BTS . , . , MS SACCH.9.4 GPRS9.4.1 .

GPRS (PS). , GPRS, , PDCH. , (PSD -Packet Switch Domain). , CSD (Circuit Switch Domain). PDCH CS. PDCH PCU (Packet Control Unit). PDCH GPRS. / TBF - Temporary Block Flow. MS TBF, uplink, - downlink. TBF , TFI - Temporary Flow Identity. TBF MS PDCH. GPRS PDCH, PSET MS. PDCH ( 4-) . , PSD PDCH.9.4.2 GPRS. GSM 10 . . , , , . GPRS . , GSM. (Packet) , , GPRS. , , GPRS -Packet Paging Channel. GPRS (Packet Timing advance Control Channel). , . GSM , , SACCH.PBCCH

Packet Broadcast Control Channel , GSM, - . , - GPRS .

Packet Paging Channel - , downlink MS . , .

GPRS I (NOM=l).PRACH Packet Random Access Channel, uplink. PRACH MS uplink .

PAGCH Packet Access Granted Channel downlink . MS .

PNCH Packet Notification Channel downlink (- - Point-to-Multipoint -Multicast) MS -. PNCH DRX. DRX GPRS 1.

Packet Associated Control Channel MS. . . PDTCH, MS. , MS, , , MS , .

PTCCH/U Packet Timing advance Control Channel uplink Access Burst, MS, .

PTCCH/D Packet Timing advance Control Channel downlink MS. PTCCH/D PTCCH/U.PDTCH . -, MS . , MS PDTCH . , PDTCH/U uplink, PDTCH/D downlink. 10 -

10.1 : MS IDLE 10.1 MS IDLE1. , IMSI (IMSI attach)2. (Location update)

3. L

4. MSC/VLR

5. MSC/VLR

6. , - -.

7. (IMSI detach)8. ( - MS) (Implicit detach)10.1.1 MS

10.1.1.1

MS Idle, . , .

MS Idle - Camp on - .

Cell Selection."Camp on" MS . MS RACH .

(IDLE) MS 4 , :

PLMN (PLMN selection)

(Cell Selection)

(Cell Reselection)

(Location update).

Location Update: IMSI attach ( MS);

Normal Location Update ( );

Periodic registration ( );

MS . IMSI detach.IMSI Attach/Detach IMSI attach/detach , /. MS, MSC/VLR IMSI attach. MS MSC/VLR IMSI detach. VLR , MS. MS, , . (Normal Location Update) MS , , (Location Area). MS , , LAI LAI, SIM- MS. , Normal Location Update SIM LAI. (Periodic Registration) MS Paging. , , . MS , , . 3212 BSC.Implicit detach MS MSC detached (implicit detach). BSC MSC, MS MSC. , MS Implicit Detached. To MSC , BSC.Purging in VLR. 7.3 IDLE Detached ( ), VLR. MS Purging. VLR HLR , MSC/VLR Location HLR "MS Purged from VLR".10.1.1.2 PLMN MS GSM PLMN. MS . MS , PLMN ("registered PLMN"). MS . , MS PLMN , . - , .

PLMN, SIM- , . MS PLMN. PLMN , MS .

, , - PLMN. - (location update). MS . , MS PLMN , 1 ( ).

MS , . , MS , , MS , .

PLMN, a , . , MS, .10.1.1.3 (Cell Selection) . : Stored list selection. , - ( Allocation list). MS, MS .

Normal cell selection. . , . . (Normal cell selection) normal cell selection, MS . : PLMN.

(Cell barred). , MS - , MS Busy ( ), ; .

LA,

. MS IDLE 1. 1>0. :\ = - >0 1 = -0 0 CRO, BSC .CRO - Cell Reselection Offset - , [dB]; - Temporary Offset. , [dB]; - Penalty Time. .

- [];

2 , GSM 2.

MS Idle CI, C2 . , MS .

, MS :

.

MS , downlink ( ).

1 () 5 , , MS .

2 5 ;

MS ( ).

10.1.2.2 LAMS . MS LA, . , LA, . LAI . MS LAI , SIM. LAI , , .

10.1.2.3 MSC/VLR MS LAI , , . MS , MSC/VLR , VLR, MSC/VLR MSC/VLR.1. MS , LAI. LAI . LAI , - .

2. SDCCH MS - .3. , MS .

4. .10.1.2.4 MSC/VLR () , MS LA. , LA MSC/VLR. VLR , :

1. VLR , , .

2. VLR MS, HLR VLR.3. HLR VLR, VLR MS ( MSC/VLR).4. VLR MS, . , LAI IDLE MS. MS .10.1.2.5

. , ( ).10.2 : MS BusyMS Busy , , (, ) ( ).1. MS ( : , , SMS).2. MS ( : , , , SMS).3. BSC

4. BSC MSC

5. MSC10.2.1 (MS - PSTN) , MS . .

1. MS RACH .

2. BSC AGCH. , AGCH .

3. MS SDCCH MSC/VLR . , , SDCCH. :

a. .

b. .

c. .

d. - ( ).

4. MSC/VLR (/). MSC/VLR BSC/TRC TCH. BTS MS .

5. MSC/VLR - PSTN .

6. .10.2.2 (PSTN - MS) , MS . , MS, () MS. PSTN . MS MS .1. PSTN MS (MSISDN). MSISDN GMSC , MS.2. GMSC MSISDN, , HLR MS. GMSC HLR , MSC/VLR.3. HLR :

a. MSISDN IMSI,b. , (CFU), . CFU , HLR GMSC .c. , HLR , MSC/VLR MS .4. HLR MSRN MSC/VLR.5. MSC/VLR MSRN IMSI HLR GMSC.6. GMSC MSRN MSC/VLR. , MSC/VLR MSRN.7. MSC/VLR , LA MS. BSC, LA.8. BSC BTS , LA. BTS , . IMSI TMSI, MSC/VLR.9. MS , , .10. BSC SDCCH, AGCH ( AGCH SDCCH, MS).11. SDCCH (, , ..). , MS .12. . , .10.2.3 (Handover) GSM . BSC , MS BTS. MS , ( - Mobile Assisted Handover).10.2.3.1 Locating. 10.8 BSCMS . downlink, MS . BTS BSC SACCH ( 480 ). BTS, MS, . BTS MS (Measurement Reports). , BSC . - locating. () (, ). , .

, .

( BTS), (Urgent). MS , MS ( ). , . MS LA, LU .

. MS , .

:

;

, BSC; , BSC, MSC/VLR; MSC. .10.2.3.2

Intra cell Handover - , :

(.. ), ( );

, , BSC , , MS .

10.2.3.3 , BSCMSC/VLR . MSC/VLR . LA, .1. BCS BTS .

2. BSC BTS MS , (TS) , . MS FACCH.3. MS Access Burst . , MS .

4. BTS Access Burst, FACCH.5. MS BSC BTS.

6. BSC BTS .10.2.3.4 , BSC, MSC/VLR BSC, BSC MSC/VLR.1. BSC MSC , IMSI , .

2. MSC , BSC BSC.3. BSC BTS .

4. BSC MS MSC BTS, .

5. MS Access Burst, .6. BTS .

7. MS MSC BSC.8. MSC BSC .10.2.3.5 , MSC , MSC, PLMN. , MSC/VLR, , BSC.1. () BSC - MSC (MSC-) .

2. MSC-A , MSC (MSC-B) .3. MSC-B IMSI (MS Handover Number1), . BSC.

4. BSC BTS .

5. MSC-B MSC-A MSHN.6. MSC-A MSC-B.7. BSC, MSC-A, MS BTS.

8. MS Access Burst.9. BTS , .

10. MS MSC-A MSC-B BSC.11. MSC-A BSC MSC-B.12. BSC, ( . 10.11 ). MSC (MSC-A) , . , , .MS , LA MSC. HLR VLR-B , a VLR-B, , VLR-A .1 Mobile Station Handover Number MSRN. MSHN MSRN.10.3 .

GSM , . , , , , 7 ( , ). .

, . , , , .

10.3.1 IMSI Attach .

MS , :

1. MS GSM . . MS , . .

2. MS PLMN, SIM. , . , MS, , MS .

3. MS , , . MS , IMSI (IMSI Attach).4. MS ( ). , HLR .

10.3.2 MS

MS , , MS . , GMSC HLR , MSC/VLR .

10.3.3

(SMS) , 160 - . SMS-C (SMS Center) .

MS :

SMS: SMS-C MS

SMS: MS SMS-C

MS IDLE BUSY. MS , SACCH. , SDCCH, .. IDLE.10.3.4 SMS MS SMS SMS-C, , , , . 10.12 1. MS , RACH, AGCH, SDCCH ( )2.

2. , MS SDCCH SMS-C MSC/VLR. SMS-C . MS , PC.2 MS Busy, SMS SACCH.

10.3.5 SMS SMS - SMS-C MS.1. SMS-C .

2. SMS-C - SMS-GMSC.3. SMS-GMSC HLR .

4. HLR ( MSC/VLR) IMSI SMS-GMSC.5. SMS-GMSC MSC/VLR.6. MS ( MS Idle), , , .

7. , MSC/VLR MS, SDCCH ( SACCH, MS Busy).8. , MSC/VLR SMS-C. , MSC/VLR HLR, SMS-C. , SMS-C HLR VLR , MS. HLR SMS-C , MS . SMS-C , , , , .10.4 GPRS , GPRS GSM, , ., Mobility Management ( MS) .10.4.1 GPRS. 10.14 Routing Area

GSM MS MSC Serving Area Location Area. GPRS , .. . GPRS Routing Area (RA), LA. RA (RAI)

MCC+MNC+LAC+RAC. MS GPRS GSM, , MS (MS - Busy, - Idle), GPRS , , . . 10.15. , MS GPRS, :IDLE - MS, GPRS. Mobility Management .STANDBY - MS, GPRS. MS RAI RA Update. RA, Cell Update . , SGSN MS Standby RAI. READY SGSN (PDU - Packet Data Unit). MS , Ready (Ready Timer, , 44 ). Ready MS SGSN ( Cell Update).

. 10.15. MS GPRS.10.4.2 GPRS.10.4.2.1 GPRS AttachGPRS - , GSM. GPRS Attach.1. MS Attach_Request ( RAI, P_TMSI) SGSN.2. SGSN SGSN RAI, IMSI SGSN.3. MS SGSN - IMSI SGSN.4. MS SGSN, SGSN IMSI MS.5. SGSN IMSI HLR.6. SGSN MS.7. SGSN Update Location Request (IMSI, SGSN) HLR.8. HLR Cancel_Location SGSN MS.9. HLR MS (QoS, APN ..) SGSN.10. , SGSN MS (P_TMSI TLLI).10.4.2.2 Routing Area Update MS Standby RA Update RA.1. MS RA_Update_Request ( RAI, P_TMSI) SGSN.2. SGSN SGSN RAI, IMSI SGSN

3. SGSN ( , PDP) SGSN.4. SGSN MS.5. SGSN Update_Location (IMSI, SGSN) HLR.6. HLR Cancel_Location SGSN MS

7. HLR MS SGSN.8. SGSN MS (P_TMSI TLLI).10.4.2.3 PDP Context Activation GPRS PDP Context Activation (Packet Data Protocol). MS ( ).

MS PDP context (). - Access Point Name (APN). APN wap.beeline.ru ( wap ).

, SGSN GGSN .

10.4.2.4 Cell Update. Mobility Management GPRS : GPRS , MS (Ready), MS. MS ( Cell Reselection), SGSN - Cell Update. MS RA, RA Update Cell Update.1. MS SGSN MS (IMSI -TMSI);2. BSC (CGI=MCC+MNC+LAC+RAC+CI). 11 -

. ( 8), - . , . :

SSF (Service Switching Function) - , IN .

SCF (Service Control Function) - , IN .

SDF (Service Data Function) - , , IN . SRF (Special Resource Function) - , (, ) IN .

SCE (Service Creation Environment) SME (Service Management Environment) .

SSF SCF , - .

11.1 Service Switching FunctionSSF , , GSM IN. , SSF Service Switching Point (SSP).SSP , , , . SSP SCP. SSF: IN . SSP , IN ( ).

. SCP .

. SCP , SSP DTMF .

. SSP (, , ..).

MSC/VLR SCP. , SSF MSC/VLR.11.2 Service Control Function , SCF Service Control Point (SCP). SCP - . SCF: . - , . SCE SCP. . SCP , SSF SDF, , .

SSF SDF.SCF, , , SSF MSC/VLR.11.3 IN , SDF . SCP . SDF .SRF , .. MSC DTMF .SCE SME SMS (Service Management System). , , - .

11.4 MIN. - 1. MSC/VLR ( ), SSF.2. SSF SCF , . SSF SCF .

3. SCF () , , SDF.4. SCF ( ) SSF.5. SSF MSC SCF.11.5 .

, IN . ITU 7 INAP. IN , INAP . , GSM. CAMEL - Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic.

CAMEL ETSI, GSM, IN , .

, CAMEL . CAMEL (Capability Set - CS)., , CAMEL 2 :

Pre-paid SIM;

Virtual Private Network (VPN) - ;

Operator and Location dependent routing

( ) .. 3 CAMEL :

Pre-paid SMS;

Pre-paid GPRS. 7 - CAMEL Application Part (CAP). 12 -

12.1

12.1.1 :

12.1.1.1

. . , , , -, , , .12.1.1.2

. , .12.1.1.3 ( )

, , .12.1.1.4

(GoS - Grade of Service) - , , . , , :

, N- ; - , ; :

, - , , 1 3600 .;

- , ;

, 0 < 5%, 0.015 . , , ( + ) 0.025 2%. , , , (0.007 - 0.016) . , , , 12.1..007.008.009.01.02.03.05.1.2.4

1.00705.00806.00908.01010.02041.03093.05263.11111.25000.666671

2.12600.13532.14416.15259.22347.28155.38132.595431.00002.00002

3.39664.41757.43711.45549.60221.71513.899401.27081.92993.47983

4.77729.81029.84085.869421.09231.25891.52462.04542.94525.02104

51.23621.28101.32231.36081.65711.87522.21852.88114.01046.59555

61.75311.80931.86101.90902.27592.54312.96033.75845.10868.19076

72.31492.38202.44372.50092.93543.24973.73784.66626.23029.79987

82.91252.99023.06153.12763.62713.98654.54305.59717.369211.4198

93.53953.62743.70803.78254.34474.74795.37026.54648.521713.0459

104.19114.28894.37844.46125.08405.52946.21577.51069.685014.67710

114.86374.97095.06915.15995.84156.32807.07648.487110.85716.31411

125.55435.67085.77745.87606.61477.14107.95019.474012.03617.95412

136.26076.38636.50116.60727.40157.96678.834910.47013.22219.598 j13

146.98117.11547.23827.35178.20038.80359.729511.47314.41321.24314

157.71397.85687.98748.10809.00969.650010.63312,48415.60822.89115

168.45798.60928.74748.87509.828410.50511.54413.50016.80724.54116

179.21199.37149.61719.651610.65611.36812.46114.52218.01026.19217

189.975110.14310.29610.43711.49112.23813.38515.54819.21627.84418

1910.74710.92211.08211.23012.33313.11514.31516,57920.42429.49819

2011.52611.70911.87612.03113.18213.99715.24917.61321.63531.15220

2112.31212.50312.67712.83814.03614.88516.18918.65122.84832.80821

2213.10513.30313.48413.65114.89615.77817.13219,69224.06434.46422

2313.90414.11014.29714.47015.76116.67518.08020.73725.28136.12123

2414.70914.92215.11615.29516.63117.57719.03121.78426.49937.77924

2515.51915.73915.93916.12517.50518.48319.98522.83327.72039.43725

2616.33416.56116.76816.95918.38319.39220.94323.88528.94141.09626

2717.15317.38717.60117.79719.26520.30521.90424.93930.16442.75527

2817.97718.21818.43818.64020.15021.22122.86725.99531.38844.41428

2918,80519.05319.27919.48721.03922.14023.83327,05332.61446.07429

3019.63719.89120.12320.33721.93223.06224.80228.11333.84047.73530

3120.47320.73420.97221.19122.82723.98725.77329.17435.06749.39531

3221.31221.58021.82322.04823.72524.91426.74630.23736.29551.05632

12.1.1.5

, () BSS. :

;

.

, BSS () , . , .

.

. , , , .

12.1.1.6

. : (GOS);

RX Quality;

SQI (Speech Quality Index).12.1.1.7

: , ;

;

PSTN PLMN. . BSS . . 3 : (3.5 - 35) ;

1 (0.5 - 3.5) ;

0.5 .

, , .12.1.1.8

PLMN : . , , , ;

.

, , , . , .12.1.2

- , . BS , .12.1.2.1 BS , : ;

.

, . , . BS , GSM 1800 , . , (HR) . BS . Ericsson GSM 900/1800. 12.2 - GSM 1800GSM 900

, . BS, . , BS, .

2.74.03.75.6

57.58.112.2

22332741

BS . , , BS , .12.1.2.2

. 12.2 , , , , . 12.2. , .12.1.2.3

, , , . . , , "-", "" . , , : ;

.

: ;

BS;

BS;

.

. , , 12.3. 12.3 - Allgon 7331.06.

16 dBi

- 45

3 9

3 65

300

..12.3 Allgon7331.06 900 .

(). , ( , , ..). , , - . -, 12.4, , . . 12.5.. 12.4

. 12.5

, , GSM - . . - C/R Carrier-to-Reflection ( R). - . - . , GSM - 35 . (Time Alignment). , , Extended Range, TDMA , , , 72 .12.1.2.5

, . , , , .12.1.2.6

, . , , . - . , (/1, /)./1 - Carrier - to - Interference. ./ - Carrier - to - Adjacent.

(+/- 200, 400 ).

, GSM: : /1 > 9 dB; , (+/-200 ): / < -9 dB; , (+/-400 ): / < -41 dB; , . . . , , GSM. :1. - ;2. , .12.1.2.7 GSM 900 .

. . , , . , , , . , . , , D, " ". . , ., 21 , . 12.8 , 1/21 . Al, A2, A3, ... Gl, G2, G3 Al, A2, A3, ... Gl, G2, G3, , . 1, 1, 1 2, . , , . 7/21 12.8. : 12.8 7/21, =4.58: - ;- ; , 1/3. D, /1. /1 . ETSI GSM , /1 9 , Ericsson, GSM , 12 . :k - ( );qs - , R, : D - , - /1. , , . GSM qs 3R. , /1 12 , . /1 : 12.4 - .

Y43.53

, 7 ( = 7), 6 (I=6), Dj = 4.58 Rj . , ;

, >, . 12.8. 6 , /1 . .12.1.3 .

, , , BS, - . : ;

;

;

;

GPS ;

( , ). ;

TEMS ERICSSON. :

12.1.3.1

, (, )., , , . , . , . , , , : (, );

;

;

.12.1.3.2

, , , - , .. (" 45.162-2001"). : ;

;

;

;

, , .

12.1.3.3

, . , , 20 - 40 . . , , 15% , , . , . , ( ). , , , , , , 0, 120, 240. , , , , - - .12.1.3.4

: ;

.

2 : 2. 12 - 18, 4-5 GSM 900 2 - 3 GSM 1800.

. 12 -18 X 5, 20 - 25 GSM 900 10-15 GSM 1800.2 , . C GSM .

GSM 900 :1. 0.4 .

2. 0.2 .12.1.3.5

. , , , . GSM 900 5 .

, - , , , , , , , .

, - , , , 35 - 50 .

12.1.3.6

, , . , . , , .

, , , , , .

12.1.3.7

, . , .

12.1.3.8

GSM BTS BSC. BTS BSC :

;

;

.

12.1.3.9

, , . .

12.1.4

, :

;

;

MSC; BSC; .

, , (BTS, BSC, MSC). BSC (Cell Design Data). .

12.1.5

, .

, BTS. . , , BTS. , , .

12.2

12.2.1

, , , .

, . , , , , , , .

. , , , , , . , ( , , ). , - , , , -, .

, .

12.2.1.1

, :

, ;

();

, ;

;

.

12.2.1.2

( ) . : . , ( , );

. () , : ( ); , , ;

. . , .

, , , , , .

12.2.1.3 TEMS Investigation 12.5 - TEMS , dBm , dBm / ,

TEMS 98

(Ericsson GH 688)/ 5-33110 +/- 47890 - 915/ 935 - 960

TEMS 3.2(Ericsson R520m)/ 5-33110 +/- 47890 - 915/ 935 - 960,

1710-1785/ 1805-1880

TEMS - , . Ericsson GH688, Ericsson R520m, Ericsson T68, ETSI.TEMS, Test Mobile System, (Test Mobile Software) (Test Mobile Station). TEMS , MS GPS. , TEMS , MS BTS. , , . GSM , , . 12.9. 12.9 TEMS Investigation 3.2

, : 2- MS; , 2, 3- ;

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MS; SIM ;

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SMS- ;

Rx Quality ;

, FER (Frame Erase Ratio); , CI 2;

SQI (Speech Quality Index); /1 /;

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MS BS ;

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12.2.2

-, , . , TEMS, . :1. () (SDCCH);2. (congestion) () (SDCCH);3. ( , , .. );

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, , , . GSM 1800 GSM 900 , , . GSM 900/1800 .

1. .1GFirst Generation

2GSecond Generation

3GThird Generation

3GPPGeneration Partnership Project

8PSK8-Phase Shift Keying , EDGE

Interface between MSC and TRC or BSC/TRC MSC TRC (BSC/TRC)

AbisInterface between BSC and BTS BSC BTS

AGCHAccess Granted Channel ,

AMRAdaptive Multi Rate

ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute

Advice of Charge ()

APIApplication Programming Interface

APNAccess Point Name ( GPRS)

ARFCNAbsolute Radio Frequency Channel Number

ASN.1Abstract Syntax Notation #1

AterInterface between TRC and BSC TRC BSC

AuCAuthentication Center

BAICBarring of All Incoming Calls

Barring of All Outgoing Calls

Broadcast Control Channel

BCHBroadcast Channels

Bit Error Probability

BICROBarring of all Incoming Calls when roaming outside the home PLMN country PLMN

BOICBarring of all Outgoing International Calls

BOICEX Barring of all Outgoing International Calls EXcept those directed to the Home PLMN country PLMN

Basic Physical Channel ( GSM - )

BSCBase Station Controller

BSICBase Station Identity Code

BSSBase Station System

BSSMAPBase Station Sub-system Maintenance Application Part ( 7)

BTSBase Transceiver Station ()

c/iCarrier to Interference /

C7,

CCS#7Common Channel Signaling Number 7 7 (7)

CAMELCustomized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic, IN

CAPCAMEL Application Part CAMEL

CBCall Barring or Cell Barred () ,

CBCHCell Broadcast Channel , (SMS Cell Broadcast)

CDRCall Data Record

CFCall Forwarding

CFBCall Forwarding on subscriber Busy

CFNRYCall Forwarding on No Reply

CFNRCCall Forwarding on subscriber Not Reachable

CFUCall Forwarding Unconditional

CGICell Global Identity

CLIPCalling Line Identification Presentation

CLIRCalling Line Identification presentation Restriction

CNCore Network , " " (,

COLPConnected Line identification Presentation

COLRConnected Line identification Presentation Restriction

Connection Management

Central Processor

CSCircuit Switching

CS-

1/2/3/4Coding Scheme 1/2/3/4 GPRS

CUGClosed User Group

CWCall Waiting

DDFDigital Distribution Frame

DEMUXDe-Multiplexer

DLDownlink

DTMFDual Tone Multi Frequency

DTXDiscontinuous Transmission - /

DRXDiscontinuous Reception - , MS , .

Echo Canceller in a Pool-

EDGEEnhanced Data rates for Global Evolution GSM,

EFREnhanced Full rate

EGPRSExtended General Packet Radio ServiceGPRS EDGE

EIREquipment Identity Register

eMLPPEnhanced Multi Level Precedence and Preemption

ETSIEuropean Telecommunications Standards Institute

FACCHFast Associate