(Gengo Kenkyu)117(2000),7110071 12 () : ,12 , , , 1. ,Wallace Chafe , (foregrounded) (1972:54), `1'`you' `given' , (1974:113),12 `givenstatus' (1974:123-124), . (J.HindsandW.Hinds:1979,P.Clancy:1980,M.Kameyama:1985,Walker,IidaandCote:1994). , 12 1) `given( )' , . ,12 , , , 2) , .1) , . , , , , . 2) Chafe activatedsituation , , .72 , 12 , .2. , . , . , (1963), (1973) . , , . , (1976), (1991), (1996), , . , , (1973,1981), (1991), (1992) . , , , , ,, , , ., , ,, . , , , , , . , , . , , , . . , , , . , , , , .12 73 , , , . .(1)A ,AB , B , . , ,B , , , 3). , , , , . , , , , .(2) : .: . , , , .3. , .3) (1988:2-7),X , P,XX ,P , P , ,X Y ,X , , , .74 (1996:200-237) , . , , , , , , . , (p.211).1) .2) .3) .4) . , . , , , , , . ,1) ,2) , ,1) , , , . 2) , , , , , . , , , , , 3)4) . 4) , , , , , . , 12 75 , . ,, . 3) , , , . . , . , , .+()/ +() / : . , . , , , ./ : . , , ./ = . / : . , , ( :1996), , . , , , .76 , , ./ , , , . . , / , 4) , . , , . , . / , . , .1.2. , , .a. b. c. 1,ac , , . ,ac , , . , , ,ac , .4) , .12 77 ,a , b . ,c , , . , , . ,2,ac , , , . , / , , , ,, ., .4. 4-1. , , , , .(3) , , (4) .(3) : .[ ] .(4) : :[ ] .4-2. , , . 5), 5) , , . , , , , .78 , , .4-3. , ., , . (1997) , , . , . , ( :1982, :1992 ), ., (1978), , , . (1973,1977), , , , . , , , , , , , . (1975), , , , , , , ( ) , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , 12 79 , , . , .(5) , .(6) , .(7) , .(8) .(9) .(5)(9) ,(5) ,(6) ,(7) . ,(8) ,(9) . , , . , , , , .1 ( ) 2 ( ) 80 , , (1982),(1992) , , . . , . , , , , , , . ,( ) , . , () , , ,( ) , . . , . , , . , . , . ( ) ., , ( ) ,, . , , , . .(10) .( ) , 12 81 . , , , 1 . , , , 6).(11) .(12) . , , , , , . , , / .5. , ., . , , , , , , .5-1. / , , , / . /, , ,12 , 6) , .82 , .(13) 1:, ? .: . 2: , /*[ ] . ( )(14) , : , . : , !! /*[ ] , . . ( )(15) /*[ ], , .(16) . , >7)1: , . 1: .2: . . 2: /[] , 7)(16) 2 2 , , 2 . , , , ,, , , 2 . 12 83. .(Shal1)5-2. / / , , . , . , , , , , , ., .a. (17) , . . . 1: .1: ? 2: .2: . 3:[ ]/ . . , (77)(18) : /[ ], , .* , (MON)(19) 84 : !? .: . , , . . /[ ] .* , ()(20) : , , . , , . , . : /[ ] !!" *,, , " /[ ] !! , ( )(21)A: []/* * !?B: , .( )(38) . . : , ?: ? ,[]/* * (?) . , (77)(39) 1: , ? 1: .[ ]/* * PP .*,92 2: , ? 2:[ ]/* * .*,(77)(40) . . , , . : . , , ?! . : . [ ]/* * *, .(Shall)(41) . 1: , . . 1: , .2: , . . 2: ,[ ]/* * ? .*,[ , .( ) , , . , 10). , 10) (1997), , , , 12 93./ , , . / . / , , .2 , . , , . , , , + . , , , , wh , , , . , + . , / . , , , . , , , . / , , 11)12).() . 11) , . , , . , 94 6. ,12 , . ,12 , , , . , / , / , / , / . , . , , /, , . , / , , , ./ , , .() : , . : , . 12) (1996, , , , . A : . B : . C : , , . / , . , , , , , , , . 12 95 . , , , . / , , , , , . ,12 , . ,12 , . , ,12 , ,12 , . , , , . .[] . , , ,, , , , . , . . , , , . = No.679MON=MONSTER No.679= No.682= No.682' = ' No.68496 = No.684 = No.19677=77 52-5Shall=Shallwe ? 52-212 97 1992 1988 . 10:1-10.1975 1973 63:1-26.1981 58-5:102-118.1996 13 . 1998 98:61-72.2000 . 1973 1978 1973 2:19-52.1977"Japanese rereflexive `zibun'as a subjective expression" 12:31-51. 1976 () 1982 1 1991 1997 () 98 1992 1996 1991 1963 Clancy, Patricia M. 1980 Referential choice in English and Japanese narrative discourse. In: Wallace L. Chafe (ed.) The pear stories. 3: 127-202. Chafe, Wallace L. 1972 Discourse structure and human knowledge. Lan-guage comprehension and the acquisition of knowledge: 41-69. New York: Halsted Press. 19 7 4 Language and consciousness. Language 50-1: 111-133. Kameyama, Megumi 1985 Discourse understanding and world knowledge. Journal of Information Processing. 15-3: 377-385. Walker, Marilyn, Masayo lida and Sharon Cote 1994 Japanese discourse and the process of centering. Computational Linguistics. 20-2: 193-233. Hinds, John and Wako Hinds 1979 Participant identification in Japanese narrative discourse. In: G. Bedell, E. Kobayashi and M. Muraki (eds.) Explorations in linguistics: papers in honor of kazuko inoue, 201-212. Tokyo: Kaitakusha. 12 99 Subject Verbalization in Japanese Discourse Masumi KAI (Okayama University) The aim of this paper is to explore the verbalization pattern of subject, especially that of personal pronoun subject, in Japanese dis-course. Wallace Chafe (1972, 1974) remarks that the concepts of speaker and hearer are `given' and are pronounced with weaker stress and lower pitch. However, the Japanese equivalents of `I' and `you' are not always omitted. In this paper, we shall argue that there are four types of subject in the light of its semantical function, and that this semantical function controls the verbalization vs. non-verbalization of the subject. The four types of subject are: 1) Topic of absolute contrast (Tac) / Nominative of complete exclusion (Nce), 2) Topic of relative contrast (Trc) / Nominative of partial exclusion (Npe), 3) Topic of logical uniqueness (Tlu) / Nominative of logical uniqueness (Nlu), 4) Topic of absolute uniqueness (Tau) / Nominative of absolute uniqueness (Nau). In the case Tac/Nce, the subject has to be verbalized. On the other hand, for the case Tau/Nau, the subject is normally not verbalized. Trc/Npe are divided into two types according to their predictability. When the subject is predictable through the factors below, it is omitta- ble. When it is not, it must be verbalized. The factors which make a subject predictable are 'Speaker-Hearer Predicates (SHP)', `Shared Information' and `Repetition or Substitution'. SHP indicate certain types of predicates which demand the first person or the second person subject. `Shared Information' is the information shared between a speaker and a hearer. The third factor `Repetition or Substitution' means repetition or substitution of something which has been uttered previously in the discourse. If any one of these factors are present in the predicate or in the context, the hearer can predict the subject, and100 it can hence be omitted. But in the case that none of these factors are present in the predicate or in the context, the subject must be verbal- ized. Tlu/Nlu are uniquely identifiable by shared knowledge between speaker and hearer or from context, and these subjects are omittable.( 199993)