Genetics:

1909Johannsen(pure line theory)Nilsson-Ehle(polygene hypothesis)

1(qualitative character)ABO

(quantitative character)

12(threshold character)

21

F2

2F1F2F1

F1F2F1F1F2

31

23

F1F2

1909Johannsen(pure line theory)Nilsson-Ehle(polygene hypothesis)

1Johannsen1910

Johannsen123(genotype)(phenotype)

2Nilsson-EhleF1F23

F2

Nilsson-Ehle21331215136312P R1R1R2R2 r1r1r2r2 F1 R1r1R2r2 F2 1 4 6 4 1 4R 3R 2R 1R 0R

3P R1R1R2R2R3R3 r1r1r2r2r3r3 F1 R1r1R2r2R3r3 F2 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 6R 5R 4R 3R 2R 1R 0R

F2(1/2R+1/2r)2nF2(1/2R+1/2r)2n

22F2 (1/2R+1/2r)22 = 1/16 + 4/16 + 6/16 + 4/16 + 1/16 4R 3R 2R 1R 0R 3F2(1/2R+1/2r)23=1/16 + 6/16 + 15/16 + 20/16 + 15/16 + 6/16 + 1/16 6R 5R 4R 3R 2R 1R 0R

EmersonEast(1913)East(1915)Sax(1923)Nilsson-Ehle(polygene hypothesis)(minor gene)

(cumulative gene)(transgressive inheritance)

F1F2F2F2F3F2F2

311/4n(1/4)n

2 n=D2/[8(22-12)]nD12F122F26.63216.802F12.309F25.074n=4.675855

41(cumulative effect)AABB16.8 cmaabb6.6 cm4(16.8-6.6)/4=2.55 cm

P AABB aabb 16.8 cm 6.6 cmF1 AaBb 6.6+2.552=11.7 cm

2(product effect)AABB80 cmaabb20 cmF1AaBb 8020 =40 cmF1 =n F1/nF1= 40/20=1.414

P AABB aabb 80 cm 20 cmF1 AaBb 8020=40 cm

F21aabb2Aabb2aaBb1AAbb4AaBb1aaBB2AaBB2AABb1AABB14641F20123420*1.414020*1.414120*1.414220*1.414320*1.4144F2/cm2028.84056.680

1(mean)x

2(variance)S2V

3(standard deviation)S

xS

PGE P=G+EVPVGVE VP=VG+VE

1921Wright(heritability)1940Lush

1(broad-sense heritability)hB2 hB2 = VG/VP100% = VG/(VG+VE)100%

P1P2F10P1P2F1 VE=1/2(VP1+VP2) VE=1/3(VP1+VP2+VF1)F2VF2=VG+VE VG=VF2-VE=VF2-1/3(VP1+VP2+VF1) hB2=VG/VF2100%=[VF2-1/3(VP1+VP2+VF1)]/VF2100%

VP1=0.665VP2=3.561VF1= 2.309VF2=5.074 hB2=[VF2-1/3(VP1+VP2+VF1)]/VF2100%=57%

2VG3(additive genetic varianceVA) (dominant genetic varianceVD)(interactive genetic varianceVI)

VE VP=VG+VE=VA+VD+VI+VEVAVDVIVAVDVI

(narrow-sense heritability)VAhN2 hN2 = VA/VP100% = VA/(VA+VD+VI+VE)100%nF2 VF2=VG+VE=1/2VA+1/4VD+VE hB2=(VF2-VE)/VF2=(1/2VA+1/4VD)/(1/2VA+1/4VD+VE)

hN2VAVDF1(B1=F1P1B2=F1P2) 1/2(VB1+VB2)=1/4VA+1/4VD+VEF2VF2=1/2VA+1/4VD+VE 1/2VA= 2[VF2-1/2(VB1+VB2)] hN2=1/2VA/VF2100%=2[VF2-1/2(VB1+VB2)]/VF2100%

VP1=11.04VP2=10.32VF1= 5.24VF2=40.35VB1=17.35VB2=34.29 hB2=[VF2-1/3(VP1+VP2+VF1)]/VF2100%=78% hN2=2[VF2-1/2(VB1+VB2)]/VF2100%=72%

50%20%50%20%

0.300.370.030.150.550.050.100.100.860.450.180.80.60.50.70.30.5-0.80.60.9

/%/%/%+0.170.30.50.50.5-1.00.364-102.50.21-240.054442.810-153-915-3072-51285.45766060358055626575803752

140011(inbreeding)

(selfing)(self-fertilization)(full-sib)(half-sib)(first-cousin)(backcross)

30nr(1-1/2r)nF1 Aa 100% F2 1AA 2Aa 1aa 50% F3 4AA + 2AA + 4Aa + 2aa + 4aa 25% F4 16AA+8AA+4AA+8Aa+4aa+8aa+16aa 12.5%

2(coefficient of inbreeding, F)01

RXY=(1/2)L(FX)FX=RSDLXYRSDXsire(S)dam(D)X1/2

21(hybrid vigorheterosis)F1

19742197519851995199720002004

1981198519871988199319981000811720012004

(heterosis over mean of parents)F1 HMP=(F1-MP)/MP100%=[F1-(P1+P2)/2]/MP100%(heterosis over better parent)F1 HBP=(F1-BP)/BP100%(heterosis over control)F1 HCK=(F1-CK)/CK100%

2

3(dominance hypothesis)1910Bruce1917Jones

(overdominance hypothesis)1908ShallEast