英 国 文 学英 国 文 学English LiteratureEnglish Literature

主讲 教师：田祥斌主讲 教师：田祥斌

English LiteratureEnglish Literature

In the 18th CenturyIn the 18th Century

Lecture VI. English Lecture VI. English Literature In the 18th Literature In the 18th

CenturyCentury I.I.Historical BackgroundHistorical Background II. English Literature in this PeriodII. English Literature in this Period 1. Enlightenment (movement) 1. Enlightenment (movement) 2. Neo-Classicism 2. Neo-Classicism 3. The Beginning of Modern 3. The Beginning of Modern

Novels Novels 4.Sentimentalism(literary 4.Sentimentalism(literary

current)current) 5. Pre-Romanticism5. Pre-Romanticism 6. Drama in the 18th century6. Drama in the 18th century

I. English Literature in the I. English Literature in the 18th Century18th Century

Historical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundI.1 Period of a comparatively peaceful I.1 Period of a comparatively peaceful development in Englanddevelopment in England

I.2 Two hostile parties: Whigs and ToriesI.2 Two hostile parties: Whigs and Tories I.3 Talented writers : servants of the two I.3 Talented writers : servants of the two

partiesparties 1.4 Development of social life1.4 Development of social life I.5 A public movement: The Enlightenment I.5 A public movement: The Enlightenment

II. A General View of the LiteratureII. A General View of the Literature

II.1.1 Enlightenment II.1.1 Enlightenment (( 启蒙运动启蒙运动 ))

--The Enlightening was a progressive --The Enlightening was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.

They thought the chief means for bettering They thought the chief means for bettering the society was “enlightenment” or the society was “enlightenment” or “education” for the people. The English “education” for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They were different from those of thinkers. They were different from those of France, for they appeared not before but France, for they appeared not before but after the bourgeois revolution. They set no after the bourgeois revolution. They set no revolutionary aim before them, and what revolutionary aim before them, and what they strove for was to carry the revolution they strove for was to carry the revolution through to an end.through to an end.

In their works, the writers criticized In their works, the writers criticized different aspects of contemporary England, different aspects of contemporary England, discussed social problems, and even discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private life. touched upon morality and private life. They intended to reform the social life They intended to reform the social life according to a more reasonable principle, according to a more reasonable principle, though this principle could never go beyond though this principle could never go beyond the limit of bourgeois interests.the limit of bourgeois interests.

Oxford Dictionary: The Enlightenment is the period in the 18th century in Europe when some thinkers and writers believed that reason and science, not religion, would advance human progress.

Longman Dictionary: The Enlightenment is the period in the 18th century in Europe, when certain thinkers taught that science and the use of reason would improve the human condition.

-- The problem of man comes to the fore in literature. The enlighteners refuse to accept the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment. --- During the second greatest intellectual movement since Renaissance, the Enlighteners attacked the church power and the feudal system. The enlighteners believed in the power of reason, and that is why the 18th century in Europe has been called "the age of reason."

启蒙运动是十八世纪全欧性的资产阶级反封建反教会的思想文化运动，是文艺复兴运动在新的历史条件下的继续和发展。 始于英国，形成于法国，影响全欧。因为这场运动强调用理性启发人们的头脑，使人们摆脱蒙昧状态，因此有“启蒙”之名。 启蒙主义者攻击的主要目标是宗教迷信和专制制度。 以自然神论和无神论来批判和否定神权统治；以“自然法则”为依据，提出“自由，平等”的口号，否定专制制度和贵族特权。

II.1.2 Characteristics of the II.1.2 Characteristics of the literatureliterature

1) The main literary stream of the 18th century: 1) The main literary stream of the 18th century: realismrealism

2) The main characters: common people2) The main characters: common people 3) The main literary form: prose 3) The main literary form: prose 4) The writing style: satire4) The writing style: satire 5) Most of the English writers were enlighteners. 5) Most of the English writers were enlighteners.

The representatives of the Enlightenment were The representatives of the Enlightenment were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.and Alexander Pope, the poet.

II.1.3 Three stages of the literature in the II.1.3 Three stages of the literature in the period.period.

18th century can be divided into three 18th century can be divided into three periods: periods: neo-classicism neo-classicism (( 新古典主义新古典主义 ),), realistic novels, and sentimentalism realistic novels, and sentimentalism (or (or pre-romanticismpre-romanticism).).

II.1.4 Important writers and worksII.1.4 Important writers and works

A. Important novelists: A. Important novelists: 1. Oliver Goldsmith 1. Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774) (1728-1774) 奥利弗奥利弗 ·· 哥尔斯密哥尔斯密 (sentimentalist and enlightener, realistic novelist)(sentimentalist and enlightener, realistic novelist)

The Vicar of Wakefield ---The Vicar of Wakefield ---novel (1766) novel (1766) 《《威克菲尔德牧师传威克菲尔德牧师传 》 》

22..Laurence SterneLaurence Sterne(1713-1768)(1713-1768) 罗伦斯罗伦斯 · · 斯特恩斯特恩(representative of sentimentalism, realistic (representative of sentimentalism, realistic novelist)novelist)

Tristram Shandy Tristram Shandy (1760-7)(1760-7) 《《项迪传项迪传》》 A Sentimental Journey A Sentimental Journey (1768)(1768) 《《感伤旅行感伤旅行》》 3. Samuel Richardson3. Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)(1689-1761) 撒 缪 尔撒 缪 尔 ·· 理 查理 查

生 生 (representative of sentimentalism)(representative of sentimentalism) Pamela Pamela （（ 17401740 ））《《帕美拉帕美拉》》 Clarissa Harlowe Clarissa Harlowe (1747-8)(1747-8) 《《克莱丽莎克莱丽莎 ·· 哈娄哈娄》》

4. Daniel Defoe4. Daniel Defoe(1660-1731) (1660-1731) 丹尼尔丹尼尔 ·· 笛福笛福 famous enlightener and realistic novelistfamous enlightener and realistic novelist

Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe (1719) (1719) 《《鲁宾逊漂流记鲁宾逊漂流记》》

5. Jonathan Swift 5. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) (1667-1745) 江奈生江奈生 ·· 斯威夫特斯威夫特 famous enlightener and realistic novelistfamous enlightener and realistic novelist Gulliver‘s Travels Gulliver‘s Travels (1726) (1726) 《《格利佛游记格利佛游记》》

6. Henry Fielding6. Henry Fielding (1704-1754) (1704-1754) 亨利亨利 ·· 菲尔丁菲尔丁 famous enlightener and realistic novelistfamous enlightener and realistic novelist Tom Jones Tom Jones (1749)(1749) 《《汤姆汤姆 ·· 琼斯琼斯》》

B. Important PoetsB. Important Poets 1. Alexander Pope1. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)(1688-1744) 亚历山大亚历山大 ·· 蒲柏蒲柏 ---- the representative of the neo-classical school.the representative of the neo-classical school.

Essay on CriticismEssay on Criticism (1711)(1711) 《《批评论批评论》》 2. Thomas Grey 2. Thomas Grey (1716-1771) (1716-1771) 托马斯托马斯 ·· 格雷格雷 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《《墓园挽歌墓园挽歌》》 17501750 --a model of sentimentalist poetry--a model of sentimentalist poetry

3. William Blake 3. William Blake (1757-1827) romantic poet (1757-1827) romantic poet 威廉威廉 ·· 布雷克布雷克 The Songs of Innocence The Songs of Innocence (1789)(1789) 《《天真之歌天真之歌》》 The Songs of ExperienceThe Songs of Experience (1794) (1794) 《《经验之歌经验之歌》》

4. Robert Burns4. Robert Burns (1759-1796) romantic (1759-1796) romantic Scottish poet. Scottish poet. 罗伯特罗伯特 ·· 彭斯 彭斯

Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect （（ 17861786

C. Important dramatistC. Important dramatist Richard Brinsley SheridanRichard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) (1751-1816) 理查德理查德 ·· 谢立丹 谢立丹 The School for ScandalThe School for Scandal 《《造谣学校造谣学校 》 》 __Comedy__Comedy

The RivalsThe Rivals 《《情敌情敌》》

II.2. Neo-Classicism in English II.2. Neo-Classicism in English LiteratureLiterature

II.2.1 IntroductionII.2.1 Introduction In early 18th century, writers of the In early 18th century, writers of the

neoclassical school were Addison, Steele neoclassical school were Addison, Steele and Pope. In the middle of the century, and Pope. In the middle of the century, Samuel Johnson became the leader of the Samuel Johnson became the leader of the classical school in English poetry and prose.classical school in English poetry and prose.

They observed the three kinds of unity -- They observed the three kinds of unity -- the unity of time, place and action. the unity of time, place and action.

Neoclassicism Neoclassicism 新古典主义新古典主义 -- -- In the field of literature, the Enlightenment In the field of literature, the Enlightenment

Movement brought about a revival of interest in Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc.) and writers (Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc.) and those of the contemporary French ones. They those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.to humanity.

--Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and --Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature. rules for almost every genre of literature. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, flexible. Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic and each class didactic, satiric or dramatic and each class should be guided by its own principles. should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets. The three unity of time, space and Couplets. The three unity of time, space and action should be strictly observed.action should be strictly observed.

II.2.2 Major Writers of the Neo-Classical II.2.2 Major Writers of the Neo-Classical SchoolSchool

1) Joseph Addison 1) Joseph Addison (1672-1719) (1672-1719) 约瑟夫约瑟夫 ·· 艾迪生艾迪生 ____essayistessayist The CampaignThe Campaign 《《远征远征》》—— poempoem

CatoCato 《《加图加图》》—— playplay

2) Richard Steele2) Richard Steele (1672-1729)(1672-1729) 里查德里查德 ·· 斯梯尔 斯梯尔 —— essayistessayist

“ “SpectatorSpectator” ” 《《观众观众》》或译或译《《旁观者旁观者》》 “ “The Tatler” The Tatler” 《《闲话报闲话报》》

Steel and Addison's contribution to Steel and Addison's contribution to English literature:English literature:

(1) Their writings shape a new code of (1) Their writings shape a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.

(2) They give a true picture of the social life (2) They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.of England in the 18th century.

(3) The English essay had completely (3) The English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Their established itself as a literary genre. Their essays and stories gave an impetus to the essays and stories gave an impetus to the development of the 18th century.development of the 18th century.

3) Alexander Pope3) Alexander Pope (1688-1744) (1688-1744) 亚历山大亚历山大 .. 蒲柏蒲柏 “ “Essay on CriticismEssay on Criticism” ” (1711)(1711) 《《批评论批评论》》 He was the most important English poet in He was the most important English poet in

the first half of the 18th century.the first half of the 18th century. His lines of poem are smooth, balanced and His lines of poem are smooth, balanced and

concise. concise. "I corrected because it was as pleasant to "I corrected because it was as pleasant to

me correct as to write." me correct as to write." Pope also translated the Pope also translated the IliadIliad and the and the

OdysseyOdyssey of Homer. of Homer.

4) Samuel Johnson4) Samuel Johnson (1709-1784) (1709-1784) 塞缪尔塞缪尔 .. 约翰生 约翰生 A. His life and positionA. His life and position a. His father was a bookseller.a. His father was a bookseller. b. physical deformityb. physical deformity c. studied in Oxford without finishing his c. studied in Oxford without finishing his

courses because of povertycourses because of poverty d. reading in his father’s shopd. reading in his father’s shop e. Buried in poets’ corner in Westminster e. Buried in poets’ corner in Westminster

AbbeyAbbey f. He is a lexicographer, critic, and poet.f. He is a lexicographer, critic, and poet.

B. His works:B. His works: A Dictionary of the English LanguageA Dictionary of the English Language （（ 17551755 ）） Lives of the PoetsLives of the Poets 《《诗人传诗人传 ——》——》 essayessay

Vanity of Human WishesVanity of Human Wishes 《《人类欲望的虚人类欲望的虚幻幻》》 ----- poem----- poem

RasselasRasselas 《《拉塞勒斯拉塞勒斯》》 ----novel----novel

II.II.3 The Beginning of Modern Novel3 The Beginning of Modern Novel

Beginning of the Modern NovelsBeginning of the Modern Novels

--The first modern novel has generally been --The first modern novel has generally been ascribed to a series of picaresque novels, most ascribed to a series of picaresque novels, most famously famously Don Quixote Don Quixote (1605) by Miguel de (1605) by Miguel de Cervantes.Cervantes.

-- Later candidates to the title "modern novel" -- Later candidates to the title "modern novel" include include PamelaPamela (1740) by Richardson, Jacques the (1740) by Richardson, Jacques the Fatalist (1796) by Denis Diderot, and so on. Fatalist (1796) by Denis Diderot, and so on. Because of the attention given in these novels to Because of the attention given in these novels to the psychological development of the main the psychological development of the main characters, these novels are also called the first characters, these novels are also called the first psychological novels.psychological novels.

Daniel Daniel Defoe Defoe (1660-(1660-1731) 1731) 

1.1. Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (1660 - 1731) (1660 - 1731) 丹尼尔丹尼尔 .. 笛福笛福

1) His life1) His life:: the son of a London butcherthe son of a London butcher a little schoolinga little schooling supporter of "the Glorious Revolution"supporter of "the Glorious Revolution" arrested and put in prisonarrested and put in prison

developed a particular faculty of creative developed a particular faculty of creative imagination.imagination.

Four facts: (See textbook, p188-9) Four facts: (See textbook, p188-9) (1) Defoe had variety of occupations.(1) Defoe had variety of occupations. (2)He was radical non-conformist in (2)He was radical non-conformist in

religion.religion. (3) Defoe knew prison life.(3) Defoe knew prison life. (4) He was great in at least two (4) He was great in at least two

occupations: journalism, authorship.occupations: journalism, authorship.

2) His position2) His position He is the discoverer of the modern novel He is the discoverer of the modern novel

and has been called "Father of English and and has been called "Father of English and European Novels".European Novels".

He is theHe is the first important novelist in English first important novelist in English literature literature

His His Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe was one of the was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. forerunners of the English realistic novel.

3) His main works3) His main works Robinson Crusoe(1719) Captain Singleton (1720) 《《辛格顿船长辛格顿船长》》 ---a novel of adventure---a novel of adventure Moll Flanders (1722) 《《莫尔莫尔 .. 弗兰德斯弗兰德斯》》 written written

in the form of autobiographyin the form of autobiography Colonel Jacque (1722) A Journal of the Plague Year (17221722)) 《《大疫年日大疫年日

记记》》 In it he described the Great Plague of London.In it he described the Great Plague of London.

Hymn to the PilloryHymn to the Pillory 《《枷刑颂枷刑颂》》 ------ a poem a poem

4) His masterpiece4) His masterpiece Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe (1719) (1719) 《《鲁宾逊漂流记鲁宾逊漂流记》》 a. Brief Introductiona. Brief Introduction GenreGenre: novel: novel AuthorAuthor: Daniel Defoe : Daniel Defoe TypeType: romance of adventure: romance of adventure TimeTime: 1651-1705: 1651-1705 PlacePlace: on a desert island off the coast of : on a desert island off the coast of

South America South America

First publishedFirst published: 1719: 1719 Main charactersMain characters: : Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe: Robinson Crusoe: a sailor, a : Robinson Crusoe: a sailor, a

merchant, a plantation owner, a 28 year isolation merchant, a plantation owner, a 28 year isolation on a desert island, and a slave traderon a desert island, and a slave trader ， ， narrator;narrator;

Friday:Friday: one savage, Crusoe's faithful servant, one savage, Crusoe's faithful servant, Friday becomes Crusoe’s servant after Crusoe Friday becomes Crusoe’s servant after Crusoe saves his life when Friday is about to be eaten by saves his life when Friday is about to be eaten by other cannibals. other cannibals.

b. Plot (see the textbook)b. Plot (see the textbook) c. Imagec. Image the image of a true empire-builder, a the image of a true empire-builder, a

colonizer and a foreign trader.colonizer and a foreign trader. the courage and will to face hardships the courage and will to face hardships The author praises labor and man's efforts The author praises labor and man's efforts

to conquer nature, but at the same time to conquer nature, but at the same time beautifies and defends the policy of beautifies and defends the policy of colonialism of British government. colonialism of British government.

A. A Brief Analysis of A. A Brief Analysis of Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe (1)  Story(1)  Story It isIt is about Alexander Selkirk who once stayed about Alexander Selkirk who once stayed

alone on the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez alone on the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez for 5 yearsfor 5 years

(2) Different levels of meaning (2) Different levels of meaning (a)    Adventurous story(a)    Adventurous story (b)    Moral tale (b)    Moral tale (c)    Commercial account (c)    Commercial account (d)    Puritan fable. (d)    Puritan fable. (e)    Myth of modern civilization. (e)    Myth of modern civilization.

(3) Theme: (3) Theme:

(a) It celebrates the strength of human rational (a) It celebrates the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment. will to conquer the natural environment.

(b) Robinson is the very prototype of the (b) Robinson is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. His empire builder, the pioneer colonist. His success was due tosuccess was due to the sturdy qualities in his the sturdy qualities in his character, to his own unaided efforts, to his character, to his own unaided efforts, to his courage and patience, to his practical skill, courage and patience, to his practical skill, and to his intelligent persistence.and to his intelligent persistence.

BB. Features of his Novels . Features of his Novels

(1) Picaresque tradition (1) Picaresque tradition

(2)Autobiographical form and first person (2)Autobiographical form and first person narrationnarration

(3) Journalistic style with great detail and (3) Journalistic style with great detail and specific time and spacespecific time and space

(4) Language(4) Language

Diction: Diction: plain, smooth, easy, direct, and plain, smooth, easy, direct, and colloquial but never coarsecolloquial but never coarse

Syntax: Syntax: long, rambling sentences without long, rambling sentences without strong pauses to give his style an urgent, strong pauses to give his style an urgent, immediate, breathless quality, but the units of immediate, breathless quality, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.impression of simple lucidity.

C. Defoe is remarkable for his novels. C. Defoe is remarkable for his novels. 1) The central idea of his novels is that man is 1) The central idea of his novels is that man is

good and noble by nature but may succumb to an good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of various crimes it clear that society is the source of various crimes and vices.and vices.

2)2)  Defoe's intention is that the readers should Defoe's intention is that the readers should regard his novels as real stories. For that reason, regard his novels as real stories. For that reason, he avoids all art, all fine writing, so that the reader he avoids all art, all fine writing, so that the reader should concentrate only on a series of plausible should concentrate only on a series of plausible events. Everything in the novel gives the events. Everything in the novel gives the impression of reality.impression of reality.

3) Individualism3) Individualism Wealth-pursuing and wealth-accumulationWealth-pursuing and wealth-accumulation Seeking personal profitSeeking personal profit4) Economic motivation4) Economic motivation To leave home with the purpose of To leave home with the purpose of

changing one’s fatechanging one’s fate To seek profit is the only purpose in life; To seek profit is the only purpose in life;

love has no place in a business man’s life.love has no place in a business man’s life.

Character analysisCharacter analysis 1. 1. Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe -- perseverance -- perseverance -- resourcefulness -- resourcefulness -- independence -- independence -- business instincts and his survival instincts -- business instincts and his survival instincts -- an ordinary sensible man -- an ordinary sensible man His flawsHis flaws: : -- incapable of deep feelings. -- incapable of deep feelings. -- generous to people, but very little tender or -- generous to people, but very little tender or

sincere affection sincere affection

-- indifference to his wife -- indifference to his wife -- interested in possessions, power, and -- interested in possessions, power, and

prestige prestige -- fascinating character of successes, -- fascinating character of successes,

failures, and contradictions of modern man failures, and contradictions of modern man

2. Friday 2. Friday -- Non-white character -- Non-white character -- political symbol of racial injustice -- political symbol of racial injustice -- most vibrant character and much more -- most vibrant character and much more

charming and colorful than his mastercharming and colorful than his master -- emotional directness -- emotional directness

2. Jonathan Swift2. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) (1667-1745) 江奈生江奈生 .. 斯威夫特斯威夫特

A.A.His life: His life: Swift was born in Dublin. His parents were Swift was born in Dublin. His parents were

Englishmen. Before he was born, his father Englishmen. Before he was born, his father died.died.

He studied in Dublin UniversityHe studied in Dublin University the private secretary to Sir William Templethe private secretary to Sir William Temple regarded him as one of his slavesregarded him as one of his slaves

The Battle of the BooksThe Battle of the Books,, which is a satirical dialogue which is a satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modern on the comparative merits of ancient and modern writers,writers,

and and A Tale of a TubA Tale of a Tub, which is a prose satire and a , which is a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religionof the Christian religion

independence and freedomindependence and freedom He wrote his masterpiece He wrote his masterpiece Gulliver's Travels.Gulliver's Travels. His life was unhappy and miserable. He died of a His life was unhappy and miserable. He died of a

brain disease in 1745.brain disease in 1745.

B. B. Swift's position and his literary features 1) one of the greatest writers of satiric prose 2) one of the greatest masters of English prose:

His language is simpleHis language is simple ，， clear, and vigorous. clear, and vigorous. And hisAnd his concrete diction, uncomplicated syntax, concrete diction, uncomplicated syntax, economy and conciseness of languageeconomy and conciseness of language mark all mark all his writings. He says: "Proper words in proper his writings. He says: "Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style.”places makes the true definition of a style.”

3) writing in the capacity of a fictitious character 4) one of the realist writers 5) democratic ideas: Swift expresses democratic Swift expresses democratic

ideas in his works. This influences on later writers ideas in his works. This influences on later writers strongly.strongly.

CC. His works. His works

Gulliver's Travels Gulliver's Travels (1726)(1726) 《《格利佛游记格利佛游记》》

1. 1. IntroductionIntroduction: It is in four books. : It is in four books. Part One: LilliputPart One: Lilliput Part Two: BrobdingnagPart Two: Brobdingnag Part Three: floating island called Laputa Part Three: floating island called Laputa

satire on philosopherssatire on philosophers Part Four: Houyhnhnms--horses--reasonPart Four: Houyhnhnms--horses--reason Yahoos-- his own countrymenYahoos-- his own countrymen

A Tale of a TubA Tale of a Tub 《《一个木桶的故事一个木桶的故事》》 17041704.. It attacked religious ideas, and annoyed a It attacked religious ideas, and annoyed a

large number of readers.large number of readers. The Battle of BooksThe Battle of Books 《《书的战争书的战争 —》—》 17041704. . It is mainly an attack on pedantry in the It is mainly an attack on pedantry in the

literary world of the time. The reader is told the literary world of the time. The reader is told the story of the Bee and the Spider. The two insects story of the Bee and the Spider. The two insects quarrel. The Bee represents ancient author. The quarrel. The Bee represents ancient author. The Spider is like modern authors. Spider is like modern authors.

A Modest ProposalA Modest Proposal 《《温和的建议温和的建议》》 __ pamphlets, __ pamphlets, 17291729

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift

D. The Theme of D. The Theme of Gulliver's TravelsGulliver's Travels The novel criticizes and satires the reality of The novel criticizes and satires the reality of

society. It is a satire on the eighteenth-society. It is a satire on the eighteenth-century English society, touching upon the century English society, touching upon the political, religious, legal, military, political, religious, legal, military, scientific, philosophical about almost every scientific, philosophical about almost every aspect of the society. Gulliver's Travels is a aspect of the society. Gulliver's Travels is a book simple enough for a child, and yet book simple enough for a child, and yet complex enough for an adult. To adult complex enough for an adult. To adult readers, it is more than a travel story.readers, it is more than a travel story.

Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift E. Swift’s SatireE. Swift’s Satire Swift is a master satirist, and his irony is Swift is a master satirist, and his irony is

deadly. But his satire is masked by an deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his “Modest Proposal”.“Modest Proposal”.

3.3. Henry FieldingHenry Fielding (1704-1754) (1704-1754) 亨利亨利 ·· 菲尔丁菲尔丁

1) His Life1) His Life --Henry Fielding came from an --Henry Fielding came from an

aristocratic family and was well educated.aristocratic family and was well educated. -- studied in Eton School; University of -- studied in Eton School; University of

Leyden in Holland. Leyden in Holland. -- a versatile man: a novelist, dramatist, an -- a versatile man: a novelist, dramatist, an

essayist, a political pamphleteer, efficient essayist, a political pamphleteer, efficient magistrate and a political economist.magistrate and a political economist.

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

-- Most of his dramatic works were satiric -- Most of his dramatic works were satiric comedies. Fielding mercilessly exposed the comedies. Fielding mercilessly exposed the corruption, hypocrisy and cruelty of the officials. corruption, hypocrisy and cruelty of the officials.

-- Then he studied law and was made a judge in -- Then he studied law and was made a judge in 1748. 1748.

-- Fielding began a novel, “-- Fielding began a novel, “Joseph AndrewsJoseph Andrews” ” (1742), as a kind of satire on (1742), as a kind of satire on Pamela.Pamela. His novel His novel Joseph AndrewsJoseph Andrews begins as a parody of begins as a parody of PamelaPamela..

-- Joseph, Parson Adams, a simple, funny, and -- Joseph, Parson Adams, a simple, funny, and good-hearted priest.good-hearted priest.

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

-- Samuel Richardson did not forgive him -- Samuel Richardson did not forgive him all his life.all his life.

-- Parody: a mocking imitation of the style -- Parody: a mocking imitation of the style of a literary work or works, often for of a literary work or works, often for humorous or satirical purpose, ridiculing humorous or satirical purpose, ridiculing the stylistic habits of an author or school by the stylistic habits of an author or school by exaggerated mimicry.exaggerated mimicry.

-- Parody: Imitating something in such a -- Parody: Imitating something in such a way as to make the original thing seem way as to make the original thing seem ridiculous ridiculous ((诙谐模仿）诙谐模仿） ..

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

22 ） ） His position in English LiteratureHis position in English Literature （ 1) Fielding is the founder of English realistic

novels. （ 2) He has been rightly called the "father of the

English novel" As the founder of the English realistic novel, As the founder of the English realistic novel,

he set up the theory of realism in literary creation.he set up the theory of realism in literary creation. 3 ） His main works Tom Jones (1749) Joseph Andrews (1742) The History of Jonathan Wild the Great (1743) Amelia (1752, his most somber novel)his most somber novel)

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

4) Brief introduction to his major novels 4) Brief introduction to his major novels (1) (1) Joseph AndrewsJoseph Andrews --Written in imitation of the manner of --Written in imitation of the manner of

CervantesCervantes --A burlesque of the false sentimentality and --A burlesque of the false sentimentality and

conventional virtues of Richardson's conventional virtues of Richardson's PamelaPamela..

-- The subject is “seeming and being”-- The subject is “seeming and being”-- Joseph, brother of Pamela -- Joseph, brother of Pamela -- Lady Booby, aunt of Pamela's husband-- Lady Booby, aunt of Pamela's husband

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

(2)(2) Tom Jones Tom Jones or or The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, Tom JonesTom Jones appeared in 18 books appeared in 18 books

A) Questions and exercisesA) Questions and exercises a. Explain why Fielding calls his novel a. Explain why Fielding calls his novel Tom Tom

JonesJones, a “comic epic in prose”, a “comic epic in prose” b. What do you think of the novelist's intrusion as b. What do you think of the novelist's intrusion as

a technique of novel-writing? a technique of novel-writing?

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

B) plotB) plot C) CharactersC) Characters Tom Jones Tom Jones -- a foundling -- a foundling -- a handsome, upright, kind-hearted young -- a handsome, upright, kind-hearted young

man with minor shortcoming. He is frank man with minor shortcoming. He is frank and open, kind, generous, and, though and open, kind, generous, and, though quick-tempered, is devoid of malice.quick-tempered, is devoid of malice.

--“good nature" and "goodness of heart".--“good nature" and "goodness of heart". AllworthyAllworthy: a rich landlord: a rich landlord

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

SophiaSophia -- daughter of an neighboring landlord -- daughter of an neighboring landlord

Squire Western Squire Western -- a tender, but courageous young woman -- a tender, but courageous young woman -- her father's "little darling”-- her father's "little darling” -- "her father's word was a law”-- "her father's word was a law” Blifil Blifil -- son of Allworthy's sister-- son of Allworthy's sister -- an embodiment of vice-- an embodiment of vice -- a symbol of hypocrisy-- a symbol of hypocrisy

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

D. ThemeD. Theme

-- A study of human nature -- A study of human nature

The bad, wicked man, like Blifil, has no The bad, wicked man, like Blifil, has no

hope of redemption. hope of redemption.

The fundamentally good person like Tom, The fundamentally good person like Tom,

can be morally flawed, unwise or indiscreet, can be morally flawed, unwise or indiscreet,

but still an admirable human being.but still an admirable human being.

Henry FieldingHenry Fielding

Analysis of TomAnalysis of Tom

-- -- honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and

brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of

animal spirits, is Everyman.animal spirits, is Everyman.

-- Being expelled from "Paradise Hall", he must -- Being expelled from "Paradise Hall", he must

through hard experience gain the knowledge of through hard experience gain the knowledge of

himself which will enable him to be united with himself which will enable him to be united with

the girl, Sophia, whose very name signifies the girl, Sophia, whose very name signifies

Wisdom.Wisdom.

5) Features of Fielding's Novels5) Features of Fielding's Novels

(1) tell the story directly by the author(1) tell the story directly by the author (2) Satire abounds everywhere in his works(2) Satire abounds everywhere in his works (3) Fielding believed in the educational (3) Fielding believed in the educational

function of the novel. The novel is not only function of the novel. The novel is not only to amuse, but also to instruct. to amuse, but also to instruct.

(4) Fielding is a master of style, prose style. (4) Fielding is a master of style, prose style. (5) The exact observation and study of real (5) The exact observation and study of real life was the basis of Fielding's work. life was the basis of Fielding's work.

66 ）） key pointskey points:: (1) Concerned with human nature, not (1) Concerned with human nature, not

moral virtuemoral virtue (2) Country life vs. city life(2) Country life vs. city life (3) Man was not born perfect, should learn (3) Man was not born perfect, should learn

from experience to be perfect.from experience to be perfect. (4) Novel as a mock-epic poem (both (4) Novel as a mock-epic poem (both

theory and practice)theory and practice)

II.4. Sentimentalism II.4. Sentimentalism （感伤主（感伤主义）义） (literary current)(literary current)

Sentimentalism:Sentimentalism: -- -- Sentimentalism is a literary tradition followed Sentimentalism is a literary tradition followed

by some poets and novelists of the 18by some poets and novelists of the 18 thth century. In century. In indulged in emotion and sentiment, which were indulged in emotion and sentiment, which were used as a sort of relief for the grief and heart-aches used as a sort of relief for the grief and heart-aches felt toward the world's wrongs, and as a kind of felt toward the world's wrongs, and as a kind of mild protest against the social injustice. The mild protest against the social injustice. The writers who followed this tradition criticized the writers who followed this tradition criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeoissocial injustices brought about by the bourgeois

revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They yearned for the return of the patriarchal times. yearned for the return of the patriarchal times. They thought the bourgeois society was founded They thought the bourgeois society was founded on the principle of reason, so they began to react on the principle of reason, so they began to react against anything rational and to advocate that against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reasonsentiment should take the place of reason. .

-- -- Sentimentalism is named after Sterne'sSentimentalism is named after Sterne's A A Sentimental Journey Through France and Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy. It Italy. It is partly inspired by the emotional power of is partly inspired by the emotional power of Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740).(1740).

--The representatives of sentimentalism--The representatives of sentimentalism are are Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson and Thomas Gray.Richardson and Thomas Gray.

Or: Sentimentalism is an emphasis on Or: Sentimentalism is an emphasis on feeling, often expressed as excessive feeling, often expressed as excessive emotionalism in literature. emotionalism in literature.

1. Oliver Goldsmith1. Oliver Goldsmith (1728 - 1774)(1728 - 1774) 奥利弗奥利弗 .. 哥尔斯密哥尔斯密

He is the outstanding representative of the He is the outstanding representative of the sentimentalist school. His masterpiece is sentimentalist school. His masterpiece is

The Vicar of Wakefield---The Vicar of Wakefield---novel (1766) novel (1766) 《《威克菲尔德牧师传威克菲尔德牧师传》》 Type:Type: sentimental legend sentimental legend TimeTime:18th century:18th century PlacePlace: countryside in England: countryside in England It is the story of good and virtuous family It is the story of good and virtuous family

which has great misfortunes; but all comeswhich has great misfortunes; but all comes

right in the end. The story is told by Dr. right in the end. The story is told by Dr. Primrose, the vicar, kindly and charitable Primrose, the vicar, kindly and charitable with wife and five lovely children.with wife and five lovely children.

His novel appeals to human sentiment as a His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social means of achieving happiness and social justice.justice.

2. Laurence Sterne2. Laurence Sterne (1713-1768) (1713-1768)罗伦斯罗伦斯 ·· 斯特恩斯特恩

(1(1 ）） His life and positionHis life and position --Sterne was born in Ireland. He was educated --Sterne was born in Ireland. He was educated

in Cambridge University. And became an in Cambridge University. And became an author at the age of 46. author at the age of 46.

--He is the most outstanding figure of English --He is the most outstanding figure of English sentimentalist school.sentimentalist school.

(2(2 ）） His novels: His novels: Tristram Shandy Tristram Shandy (1760-7)(1760-7)

----Tristram Shandy Tristram Shandy is Sterne's is Sterne's masterpiece and made him famous. masterpiece and made him famous.

-- It is a strange, plotless novel.-- It is a strange, plotless novel. ““A Sentimental JourneyA Sentimental Journey” (1768)” (1768) Sentimentalism is named after this work.Sentimentalism is named after this work.

3. Samuel Richardson3. Samuel Richardson (1689 -1761) (1689 -1761)

撒缪尔撒缪尔 ·· 理查生理查生 A. His positionA. His position He is one of the representatives of the

sentimental school. B. His main worksB. His main works Pamela Pamela ((1740)1740) 《《帕美拉帕美拉》》 or Virtue Rewardedor Virtue Rewarded 《《美德受到奖赏美德受到奖赏》》 ---- a real novel written in the form of lettersa real novel written in the form of letters

Samuel Richardson

PamelaPamela-- -- A conflict between a lusty gentleman’s A conflict between a lusty gentleman’s seduction and a virtuous servant woman’s seduction and a virtuous servant woman’s resistance resistance -- Lusty man admires the holy purity of a -- Lusty man admires the holy purity of a woman.woman.-- A conflict between two sexes-- A conflict between two sexes-- Victory for the moral principle-- Victory for the moral principle-- Re-education of the gentleman-- Re-education of the gentleman-- A reformed rake makes the best-- A reformed rake makes the best husband.husband.

Samuel Richardson

C. C. PamelaPamela was a new novel in was a new novel in three ways: three ways: (1) (1) PamelaPamela pictured the life and love of ordinary pictured the life and love of ordinary

people. people. (2) It's intention was not only entertainment but (2) It's intention was not only entertainment but

also moral instruction.also moral instruction. (3) It described not only sayings and doings of (3) It described not only sayings and doings of

the characters but also their secret thoughts and the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings.feelings.

Samuel Richardson

D. Three firsts:D. Three firsts: (1)(1)  It is the first English novel in the It is the first English novel in the

modern sense.modern sense. (2) It is the first English psycho-analytical (2) It is the first English psycho-analytical

novel.novel. (3) It is the first epistolary novel.(3) It is the first epistolary novel.

Samuel Richardson

Features of Richardson's NovelsFeatures of Richardson's Novels (1) Richardson is the first novelist of (1) Richardson is the first novelist of

sentimentalist tradition. His novels have a moral sentimentalist tradition. His novels have a moral purpose. purpose.

(2) He is an outstanding novelist because he had (2) He is an outstanding novelist because he had much sympathy for women. He also exposed the much sympathy for women. He also exposed the moral hypocrisy of the society of his day.moral hypocrisy of the society of his day.

(3)(3)  All of his novels are written in the form of All of his novels are written in the form of letters. He was the master of writing epistolary letters. He was the master of writing epistolary novels.novels.

Clarissa HarloweClarissa Harlowe (1747-1748)(1747-1748) 《《克莱丽莎克莱丽莎 .. 哈哈娄娄》》

This novel is regarded as his best. It is This novel is regarded as his best. It is another epistolary novel. The novel another epistolary novel. The novel consisting eight volumes tells us a consisting eight volumes tells us a tragedy of a young lady.tragedy of a young lady.

4. Thomas Gray4. Thomas Gray (1716-1771) (1716-1771) 托马斯托马斯 ·· 格雷格雷

(1) His life and position:(1) His life and position: -- Thomas Gray was educated first in Eton. -- Thomas Gray was educated first in Eton.

In 1734, he went to Cambridge University. In 1734, he went to Cambridge University. In 1768 he was made professor of History In 1768 he was made professor of History and Modern languages at Cambridge.and Modern languages at Cambridge.

-- the leader of the sentimental poetry of the -- the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day. day.

(2) His masterpiece(2) His masterpiece:: Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardElegy Written in a Country Churchyard

《《墓园挽歌墓园挽歌》》 1750 1750

(3) Features:(3) Features: -- a model of sentimentalist poetry.-- a model of sentimentalist poetry. -- His poems are characterized by an -- His poems are characterized by an

exquisite sense of form. His style is exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated and allusive.sophisticated and allusive.

II.5 Pre-Romanticism in II.5 Pre-Romanticism in English PoetryEnglish Poetry

1. William Blake1. William Blake (1757-1827) —poet (1757-1827) —poet 威廉威廉 ·· 布雷克布雷克 (1) His life and his position (1) His life and his position --Blake was the son of a London tradesman. --Blake was the son of a London tradesman.

--He was a strange and imaginative child. --He was a strange and imaginative child. --He never went to school but learned to --He never went to school but learned to

read and write at home. Blake is famous for read and write at home. Blake is famous for his short lyrics. His poetry strikes us with his short lyrics. His poetry strikes us with its childish vision and simplicity.its childish vision and simplicity.

((2) His works:2) His works: The Songs of InnocenceThe Songs of Innocence 《《天真之歌天真之歌》》 (1789)(1789)

The Songs of ExperienceThe Songs of Experience (Including “Tyger” (Including “Tyger” and “London”) (1794) and “London”) (1794)

Poetical SketchesPoetical Sketches 《《素描诗集素描诗集》》

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution 《《法国革命法国革命》》 American American 《《美国美国》》 MiltonMilton 《《弥尔顿弥尔顿》》

The Chimney-SweeperThe Chimney-Sweeper A. Brief introductionA. Brief introduction This is from This is from The Songs of ExperienceThe Songs of Experience. The . The

short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney-sweeper as he describes his life of chimney-sweeper as he describes his life of misery and its relation to "God and His misery and its relation to "God and His Priest and King". Priest and King".

The language of the poem is concise, fluent, The language of the poem is concise, fluent, plain and with deep implication.plain and with deep implication.

2. Robert Burns2. Robert Burns (1759-1796) (1759-1796) Scottish poet Scottish poet

(1) Burn's Life(1) Burn's Life -- He was born at Scotland, in a poor Scottish -- He was born at Scotland, in a poor Scottish

peasant's family in the winter of 1759 the eldest of peasant's family in the winter of 1759 the eldest of seven sons. seven sons.

-- In 1786, he printed "-- In 1786, he printed "Poems, Chiefly in the Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish DialectScottish Dialect" and got $20" and got $20

(2) His position(2) His position: He is the national poet of : He is the national poet of Scotland, a poet of the peasants. He is called a Scotland, a poet of the peasants. He is called a poet of the people.poet of the people.

(3) His poems(3) His poems Chiefly in the Scottish DialectChiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《《苏格兰方言苏格兰方言

集集》》 The Tree of LibertyThe Tree of Liberty 《《自由树自由树》》 Scots Wha HaeScots Wha Hae 《《苏格兰人苏格兰人》》 The Two DogsThe Two Dogs 《《两只狗两只狗》》 Holy Willie's PrayerHoly Willie's Prayer 《《威利长老的祈祷威利长老的祈祷》》 My Heart's in the HighlandsMy Heart's in the Highlands 《《我的心呀在高原我的心呀在高原》》 John Anderson, My JoJohn Anderson, My Jo 《《约翰约翰 ..安徒生安徒生》》 A Man's Man for a ThatA Man's Man for a That 《《不管那些不管那些》》 A Red, Red RoseA Red, Red Rose

(4) Characteristics of his poems(4) Characteristics of his poems -- Robert Burns is so-called Scottish "heaven--- Robert Burns is so-called Scottish "heaven-

taught plowboy". His poem is well-marked taught plowboy". His poem is well-marked rhythm.rhythm.

-- Another characteristic is human emotions. -- Another characteristic is human emotions. Most of Burn's poems are lyrics, old Scottish Most of Burn's poems are lyrics, old Scottish songs and ballads.songs and ballads.

-- He also wrote political lyrics on Scottish -- He also wrote political lyrics on Scottish struggle for independence and on the themes of struggle for independence and on the themes of liberty, equality and fraternity. liberty, equality and fraternity.

-- He collected more than 300 popular ballads.-- He collected more than 300 popular ballads.

II.6 II.6 English Drama in the 18 English Drama in the 18thth Century Century

Richard Brinsley SheridanRichard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) (1751-1816) 理查德理查德 .. 谢立丹 谢立丹 The School for ScandalThe School for Scandal 《《造谣学校造谣学校 》 》

---Comedy---Comedy The RivalsThe Rivals 《《情敌情敌》》