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http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86

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1130 - 1163 -- . . .

1210 -- : .

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1530 -- " " The Little Medicinal Book for all Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities of the Teeth " . .

1575 -- Ambrose Pare " " .

. . . 1844 . .

1884 . .

. . . 1895 .

In 1848, Waldo Hanchett patented the dental chair . .

5000

,1873 . 5000 , , . , , , , . , () : , . () , . 1900 ( ) ( ) , . , , , 1892 , , , . . , , .

DR. PIERRIE FAUCHARD [1723] "The Surgeon Dentist" A Treatise on Teeth

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DR.JOHN HUNTER [1728 - 1793]

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DR.G.V.BLACK [1908] ,

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DR.GEORGE M HOLLENBACK [1930] , ,

__________________________________________________ ______________DR.MICHAEL BUONOCORE [1955]

__________________________________________________ ______________DR.WALDON I FERRIER ,

__________________________________________________ _______________DR.CLIFFORD M STURDEVANT 1975, Art and Science of Operative Dentistry

__________________________________________________ ______________DR.HARALD O HEYMANN [Esthetic dentistry]

__________________________________________________ ______________DR.JOHN McLEAN ,

__________________________________________________ ______________DR.GRAHAM J MOUNT

__________________________________________________ ______________DR.THEODORE M ROBERSONCo-editor of the book Art and Science of Operative Dentistry

__________________________________________________ ______________DR.MILES R MARKLEYDirect filling gold

History

Oral disease has been a problem for humans from the beginning of history. Skulls of Cro-Magnon peoples, who inhabited the earth 25,000 years ago, show evidence of tooth decay. The earliest recorded reference to oral disease is from an ancient (5000 BC) Sumerian text that describes "tooth worms" as a cause of dental decay. There is historical evidence that the Chinese used acupuncture around 2700 BC to treat pain associated with tooth decay.

TOOTH EXTRACTION THROUGH THE AGESWay Back When

Skip the medieval practices of draining blood from patients to cure a variety of illnessessome cultures cut right to the quick and simply pulled teeth.

Back in 2001 a group of archeologist studying the remains of two men found in what is now Pakistan discovered evidence of dentistry cerca 3300 BC. In fact, the ancient Egyptians noted different methods of dental treatments in their papyrus (the beginnings of modern medical insurance paperwork, mind you, which has plagued us since).

The Egyptians were well ahead of the game. After they invented math the builders of the pyramids set their sites on perfecting dental surgery and prosthetics. They, in turn, passed along the knowledge to the Greeks and Romans. They, in turn, conquered countries in between baths and orgies and sort of fell off the page of history in due time.

The Middle Ages

Hasten forth to the somewhat less progressive world of the Dark Ages. The Medieval Model of Thank You Sir May I Have Another (since resurrected in Animal House (1978) and unprogressive work places worldwide). Prior dentistry evolutions toward prosthetics and selective surgery seem to have fallen by the wayside as the profession on the whole was turned back over to trained barbers and general physicians who practiced surgery.

Not that it was all that bad. And they made a very interesting discovery as they turned to more rudimentary (and painful) practicesdental extractions could be used to treat a variety of illnesses.Simply put, extracting a bad tooth not only alleviated the source of pain, but very often cured the variety of ailments associated with chronic tooth problems. Occasionally this all went a bit too far i.e. if thy pox afflict thee, pull a tooth, but more often then not pulling an offending tooth resolved associated incidental ailments. Remember, there were no antibiotics on the market and the ability to cure the source of the infection by removing it constituted a big step forward.

Towards Modern Dentistry

And thus the roots of modern dentistry emerged, evolving over the next couple of centuries. In fact, the tools of modern date back several centuries. The most significant emerged in the 14th-Century with the invention of the dental pelican (which, not surprisingly, resembled the beak of a pelican). The instrument became a staple of dentists everywhere well into the 18th-CenturyPaul Revere had one and became the scourge of local children for pulling teeth.

In time, the Pelican was replaced by the dental keya whole new evolution. The Key remained popular well into the 20th-Century until replaced by the more modern forceps. Modeled after a door key, the dental key was used by first inserting the instrument horizontally into the mouth, then its claw would be tightened over a tooth. The instrument was rotated to loosen the tooth. Unfortunately, this often resulted in the tooth breaking, causing jaw fractures and soft tissue damage.

By the end of the 19th-Century, the introduction of forceps rendered the tooth key mostly obsolete. However, a modern version of the dental key, the Dimppel Extractor, briefly revitalized its use in the 20th-Century.

The Really Modern World

Having a tooth pulled is a bit of a rite of passage. For a variety of reasons it is highly likely that you will have one or more teeth pulled during your lifetime.

Todays extractor has a wealth of tools and anesthetics to choose from in order to make your trip to the dentist as quick and painless as possible. In fact, youll wait longer to see the dentist than you will spend having your teeth pulled!

As dental extractions can vary tremendously in difficulty, depending on the patient and the tooth, a wide variety of instruments exist to address specific situations.

Routine extractions may be done by a dentist or oral surgeon, and are performed on teeth that are visible in the mouth, usually under local anaesthetic. First the Dentist will take x-rays and a history and have you prepared for the procedure.

Before the work commences the nerves must be deadened so you wont feel anything as the tooth is extracted. The dentist will administer a shot or shots of novacaine (really lidocaine). The discomfort you might feel as the local is given is from the liquid being injected into the soft tissuenot the needle.

The roots of your teeth rest in your jawbone. A ligament connects the tooth to the bone. In a routine extraction the tooth is luxated using an elevator, and subsequently using foreceps rocks the tooth back and forth until it is loosened from the alveolar bone and easily extracted from the socket

www.videodentist.com/history.htmlTwo New Dental Office Displays

Two new displays of historical dental offices have been arranged and displayed by Dr. Samuel Wexler of Richmond, Illinois.

LAKE GENEVA, WISCONSIN.

The Historical Society of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin has just opened a new city museum which includes a 1920 dental office. The equipment belonged to a local dentist who graduated from Marquette Dental School in 1918. The equipment consists of a 1915 Ritter Model A dental unit with an intact spinning selfcleaning cuspidor. The force of the water caused the inner bowl to spin and by centrifugal force throw the contents out and under the outer bowl. There is also a 1920 Ritters electric chair, one of the first Ritter made. Both pieces are in the original mahogany wood grained finish. Also displayed are a beautiful 1918 American cabinet; a wall mounted Bosworth cluster light; a 1900 SS White foot engine plus a 1920 Fischer X-ray unit. The equipment makes a beautiful display and adds a taste of dental history to the museum.

Fig. I - 1920 Ritter Operatory at Lake Geneva, WI.

MESA, ARIZONA.

Mesa is a fast growing community just east of Phoenix. The A.T. Still School of Osteopathic Medicine of Kirksville, MO has decided to open the state's first dental school. Since Dr. Wexler's son is a dentist in Tucson, Arizona, Dr. Wexler offered a turn of the century dental office to the school to promote dental history. The offer was accepted and the finished result was appreciated by students and facult)7~ This is Dr. Wexler's eighth display. The display consists of a 1887 Case Harvard high-low chair, all mechanical in going up and down; a SS White Bracket table and arm (1870); a 1912 Rhein light; a 1911 SS White electric engine, a 1902 #53 American dental cabinet; a 1920 Ritter X-ray; 1900 SS White foot engine, and several other items that will give the viewer an idea of what a turn of the century dental office looked like.

Fig. 2 Turn of the century (1900) dental office at Mesa, AZ .

Fig. 3 1920 Ritter X-ray ;.-ch.'..- and 1902 #53 American Dental Cabinet.

Fig. 4 - 18' 70 SS White brack et arm plus bracket box. SS White die set and vulcanizeer on windows ledge

http://www.fauchard.org/publications/history/history.htm