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自我介紹孫 國 洋 ( Didier Sun )苗 栗 人東海大學 統計學系走跳、喇滴賽、吃早餐

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CHAPTER 4

ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

任課老師：任維廉 老師報 告 人：孫國洋

日 期： Nov.22.2012

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OUTLINE

1. Organizational Ecosystems2. Resource Dependence3. Collaborative Networks4. Population Ecology5. Institutionalism6. Design Essentials7. Discussion

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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS

Organizational Ecosystems The systems formed by the interaction of a

community of organizations and their environment.

Interorganizational Relationships Defined as the relatively enduring resource

transactions, flows, and linkages that occur among two or more organizations.

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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS

Is competition dead ? Organizations are involved in complex networks, the

number of corporate alliances are increasing.

Traditional competition no longer exists.

Companies find that they must co-evolve with others in the ecosystem.

In an organizational ecosystem, conflict and cooperation exist at the same time.

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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS

Interorganizational Framework From top-down management to horizontal

management. Relationships among organizations can be

characterized by whether the organizations are similar or dissimilar, and whether the relationships are competitive or cooperative.

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1.ORGANIZATIONAL ECOSYSTEMS

Resource Dependence

Institutionalism

Collaborative Networks

Population Ecology

SimilarDissimilar

Competitive

Cooperative

ORGANIZATIONS TYPE

Organ

izations

Relation

ship

s

Framework for Interorganizational Relationships

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2.RESOURCE DEPENDENCE Minimize the dependence on other

organizations for important resources. Influence the environment to make resources

available. Develop strategies to reduce dependence on

the environment, and learn how to use their power differences.

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2.RESOURCE DEPENDENCEStrategies

Supply Chain Relationships

Power Implications

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2.RESOURCE DEPENDENCE

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3.COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS Companies join together to become more

competitive and to share scarce resources.

Why Collaboration? A major avenue for entering global

markets. Involved in each other’s product design

and production, and invest for the long term.

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4.POPULATION ECOLOGYOrganization Form and Niche

Form is an organization’s specific technology, structure, products, goals and personnel.

Each organization attempts to find a niche.

Process of Ecological Change

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4.POPULATION ECOLOGY Strategies for Survival

Competitive struggle for resources – struggle for existence

The breadth of the generalist’s domain serves to protect it somewhat from environmental changes

A company that provides a narrow range of goods or services or that serves a narrower market is a specialist

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5.INSTITUTIONALISM Institutional Perspective

Manage survival Balance expectations of environment

Institutional Environment Norms and values of stakeholders Adopt structures and processes to please outsiders

Legitimacy An organization’s actions are desirable, proper and

appropriate

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5.INSTITUTIONALISMTechnical dimension

Work technology and operating requirements which is governed by norms of rationality and efficiency

Institutional structure Organization most visible to the outside

public which is governed by expectations from the external environment

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5.INSTITUTIONALISM Emergence of common structure and approach among

like organizations. Mimetic Forces

The pressure to copy or model other organizations Coercive Forces

Pressures for organization to adopt structures, techniques or behaviors similar to other organizations.

Normative Forces Pressure to adopt standards and techniques of

professional community.

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6.DESIGN ESSENTIALS Four perspectives have been developed to

explain relationships among organizations. The 2. collaborative-network perspective is an

emerging alternative to 1. resource dependence. The 3. population-ecology perspective explains

why organizational diversity continuously increases with the appearance of new organizations filling niches left open by established companies.

The 4. institutional perspective argues that inter organizational relationships are shaped as much by a company’s need for legitimacy as by the need for providing products and services.

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7.DISCUSSION 四個觀點通用於所有關係？

如何選擇結盟對象與結盟企業？