欣欣向榮 植物的生長與發育 - life.nthu.edu.twlife.nthu.edu.tw/~bioclass/files/971108...
Transcript of 欣欣向榮 植物的生長與發育 - life.nthu.edu.twlife.nthu.edu.tw/~bioclass/files/971108...
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欣欣向榮-植物的生長與發育
Plant Growth and Development
清華大學生命科學系
林彩雲
November 17, 2007
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草本
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木本
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Araucaria_heterophylla_01.jpg
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木本
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Genome Sizes (haploid)
Base pairs Genes NotesPhi-X 174 5,386 10 virus of E. coli
Human mitochondrion 16,569 37
E. coli 4,639,221 4,377 4,290 of these genes encode proteins; the rest RNAs
Arabidopsis thaliana 115,409,949 25,498
Humans 3.3 x 109 ~25,000
Rice 4.3 x 108 ~60,000
Psilotum nudum 2.5 x 1011
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Photosynthesis
RespirationTranspiration
光合作用
呼吸作用蒸散作用
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PhotosynthesisCarbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight = Sugar + Oxygen
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy => C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Photosynthetic organismsLeaves from higher plants flanked by colonies of photosynthetic purple bacteria (left) and cyanobacteria (right)
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Photosynthesis 光合作用
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg
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Photosynthesis
光合作用
Electron transfer in the Photosynthetic Membrane from Robert Carpentier's web site
http://www.uqtr.ca/labcarpentier/eng/home_frames.htm
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固定CO2
再生RuBP 還原反應
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis
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Increasing CO2 levelsThe light reactions of photosynthesis stop when the sun goes down
However, CO2 fixation can continue as long as ATP and NADPH is available
In cacti and other succulents CO2 uptake by the plant occurs primarily at night
PhotosynthesisCarbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight = Sugar + Oxygen
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C4 and C3 photosynthesis and CAM
In hot and dry conditions, plants will close their stomata to prevent loss of water.
These conditions will cause an increase of photorespiration by the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenaseand decrease in carbon fixation.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/HatchSlackpathway.png
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RespirationC6H12O6 + 6 O2 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
GlycolysisTCA cycleElectron transport chain
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/CellRespiration.svg
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Glycolysis, breakdown glucose to pyruvic acid in cytosol
Oxidation of pyruvic acid to CO2 and H2O in mitochondria
NADH dehydrogenase
succinatedehydrogenase
cytochrome c reductase(cytochrome b-c1 complex)
cytochrome c oxidase
ATP synthase
Outer membrane
Intermembranespace
Inner membrane Cristae
Matrix
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NADH dehydrogenase
succinatedehydrogenase
cytochrome c reductase(cytochrome b-c1 complex)
cytochromec oxidase
ATP synthase
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Comparison of respiration and photosynthesis
Respiration PhotosynthesisEnergy Released Stored
Reactants Glucose CO2 and H2O
Products CO2 and H2O Glucose
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Comparison of respiration and photosynthesis
Respiration PhotosynthesisSource Glucose Light
Types NAD NADP
Carriers of energy rich electrons
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Comparison of respiration and photosynthesis
Products of electron transport
Respiration Photosynthesis
ATP ATP + NADPH
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Comparison of respiration and photosynthesis
ATP synthesis
Respiration PhotosynthesisETC Yes YesPump proton Yes YesProton gradient Yes YesATP synthase Yes Yes
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Evaporation
Condensation Precipitation
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TranspirationTransporting minerals from the soil throughout the plant
Cooling the plant through evaporation
Moving sugars and plant chemicals
Maintaining turgor pressure
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Eduard Strasburger′s On construction and function of the conduits in plants, 1891.
Woody stems with their lower end immersed in concentrated solutions of copper sulfate or picric acid and severed by a cut made below the surface of the liquid, will readily suck the solution up.
Immediately upon contact, the poisonous fluid kills all living cells in its way, but the copper or the acid arrive in the transpiring leaves and kill them as well. The uptake of the solution and the loss of water from the dead leaves may continue for several weeks, and new solutions of a different color may be lifted in a dead stem.
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Science 23 September 2005:Vol. 309. no. 5743, p. 1993DOI: 10.1126/science.309.5743.1993
How does a garden grow?
Transpiration
From water absorption through a plant's roots to water vapor lost through its leaves, Tracy Sterling of New Mexico State University and animator Matt Byrnes created a friendly, interactive activity with a playful design.
The animation teaches plant biology basics and offers numerous interactive features, such as changes to environmental conditions that can impact the speed of water movement.
Transpiration: Water Movement Through Plants
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A balancing act
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Environmental Factors Affecting Growth
Light
Temperature
Water
Humidity
Nutrition
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Temperature effects
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Nutrition effects
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Plants in communitiesPlant or landscape ecologySuccessionAvailable light and moisture Competitive weeds thrive AllelopathyRelationships between plants and pollinators, animals, birds, pests, predators
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black walnuts
Plants guard their “personal space" with poisons
Allelopathy
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Plant hormones and growth regulators
Auxin
Gibberellin (GA)
Cytokinin
Ethylene
Abscisic acid (ABA)
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Auxin caused responsesBending toward a light source (phototropism) Downward root growth in response to gravity (geotropism) Promotion of apical dominanceFlower formation Fruit set and growth Formation of adventitious roots
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IAAII.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Redtip9845.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Plastids_types.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg
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GibberellinsStimulate cell division and stem elongation
Break seed dormancy
Speed germination
Promote flowering and sex expression
Promote enzyme induction
Enhance leaf and fruit senescence
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Gibberellic_acid.svg
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CytokininsStimulate cell division
Affect shoot and root morphogenesis
Involved in chloroplast maturation
Affect cell enlargement and auxiliary bud release
Cytokinins also are used to delay aging and death (senescence)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Zeatin.png
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EthyleneInduces ripening
Causes leaves to droop (epinasty) and drop (abscission)
Promotes senescence
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Ethene_structural.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Yang-cycle.png
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Abscisic acid (ABA) A general plant-growth inhibitor
Induces dormancy and prevents seeds from germinating
Causes abscission of leaves, fruits, and flowers
Causes stomata to close
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Abscisic_acid_structure.png
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Phytochrome
Pr Pfr Response666 nm
730 nm
Dark reversionDegradation
Regulate the time of flowering based on the photoperiodismand to set circadian rhythms.
Regulates the germination of seeds, elongation of seedlings, the size, shape and number of leaves, the synthesis of chlorophyll, and the straightening of the epicotyl or hypocotylhook of dicot seedlings.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Flower_poster_2.jpg
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Critical Terms Used to Describe Circadian Rhythms
(A) Sleep movements of Phaseoluscoccineus. Position of the primary leaves of a seedling at night (left) and during the day (right).
(B) Circadian rhythm of leaf movements of P. coccineusentrained to light/dark cycles and monitored in continuous light. The peaks of the curve represent the night time leaf position.
http://www.plantcell.org/content/vol18/issue4/images/large/pc040980F01_LW.jpeghttp://www.plantcell.org/content/vol18/issue4/images/large/pc040980F02_HT.jpeg
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horizontal above-ground stems (stolons) of the strawberry
leavesornamental plant Bryophyllum
of the common
Grafting
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Flowering: conversion of apical meristem into a floral meristem
TemperatureMany annual plants and biennial plants have their time of flowering delayed unless they have undergone a preceding period of wintertime cold (vernalization)
The buds of many species of woody angiosperms found in temperate climates, also need a preceding period of cold weather before they develop into flowers
PhotoperiodPhotoperiod is detected in the leaves
Leaves produce a chemical signal that is transmitted to the apical meristems to start their conversion into floral meristems.
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Structure of the Flower
The ABC Model of Flower Development
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A for the sepals
A, B and E for the petals
B, C and E for the stamens
C and E for the carpels
C, D and E for the ovules
Except for the A function, which is carried out at least partially by members of the APETALA2 transcription factor family, all regulatory functions are performed by the MADS-box family of transcription factors.
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Rationale for stimulating beveragesflavor, feeling of alertness
Caffeine is chemically related to purine bases in DNA
Desirable effects: stimulation of central nervous system, faster heartbeat, constriction of blood vessels, increased respiration rate, suppression of appetite, diuresis
Undesirable effects: headaches on withdrawal, infertility, birth defects, insomnia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Caffeine.svg
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Tea (Camellia sinensis)Processing: Green tea: leaves are steamed, rolled to break cells and release aroma, dried
Black tea: leaves are withered, rolled, fermented(non-alcoholic), dried
Aroma and flavor from essential oils, additional taste from tannins; stimulating effect from caffeine and theophylline
Caffeine levels vary with the type of tea, black most, oolong intermediate, green tea least; also length of brewing will determine the amount of caffeine in a cup of tea
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Stimulating effect from theobromine, chemically related to caffeine
Theobroma cacao
http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cacao-02-l.jpghttp://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/c/cacao-02a-l.jpg
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