1

生物专业英语生物专业英语BIOLOGICAL ENGLISHBIOLOGICAL ENGLISH

生物专业英语生物专业英语BIOLOGICAL ENGLISHBIOLOGICAL ENGLISH

生命科学学院 张小乐生命科学学院 张小乐

2

一、教学目的及要求（一）教学目的（ Purpose ）1.  To gain sufficient fundamental understanding of lif

e science, and to be able to communicate in English

the principles that underlie the properties and functio

n of living material;

理解生物学的基础知识和基本理论，学习用英语交流生物学的基本原理和现象；

3

2.  To gain knowledge and skills of English relevant

to careers either in biological sciences or in careers

that utilize the informational content of, or are impa

cted by, research in biology;

掌握与生命科学相关的英语知识和技能，为以后的学习和工作服务；3.  To be able to use this information to analyze, ev

aluate and report new progress in research.

能够用英语来分析、评价和写作研究报告。

4

专业英语教学的主要目的是培养学生科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能力。其教学的重点即阅读 与写作。

5

（二）教学要求（ Requirement ）

1.  Covers the fields of General Biology, Biochemistry

and Molecular & Cell Biology;

课程内容涵盖普通生物学、生物化学、细胞生物学以及分子生物学等内容；

2.  Focuses on being familiar with biological terms in t

he above areas;

注重加强学生在以上领域对生物学词汇的熟悉；

6

3.  Introduces common scientific terms;

介绍普通科技英语词汇；

4.  Gives a brief look at the composition of scientific

papers;

介绍科技论文写作的基本规律；

5.  Offers the opportunity to practice literature search

ing and writing scientific paper.

练习科技文献检索和科技论文写作。

7

二、专业英语的特点• （一）专业英语词汇特点：• 专业英语词汇的特点表现在：• (1) 技术词汇多• (2) 二次技术词汇多• (3) 特用词多• (4) 功能词如：介词，连词，短语，代词多• 专业词汇的构词法中以派生词最多，合成词其次，

有一定量的转换词。

8

• Photosynthesis ( 光合作用 )• microtubule ( 微管 ) • microfilament ( 微丝 )• Electrophoresis ( 电泳 )• DNA （ deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖

核酸） • CoA （ Coenzyme A ）• UV （ Ultra-violet ）• AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syn

drome)

9

生物学专业词汇（词根）

1 、表示数量的词根2 、表示颜色的词根3 、表示方位和程度的词根4 、表示摄食的词根5 、表示动物不同器官和组织的词根

10

1. 表示数量的词素1 ） haplo, mono, uni 单，一，独 haploid 单倍体；

monoxide 一氧化物；monoatomic 单原子的；

2 ） bi, di, dipl, twi, du 二，双，两，偶 bicolor 双色；

dichromatic 双色的；diplobacillus 双杆菌；dikaryon 双核体； twin 孪生；dual 双重的；

11

3 ） tri 三，丙 triangle 三角；

triacylglycerol 三酰甘油；tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环；

4 ） quadri, quadru, quart, tetr, tetra 四 quadrilateral 四边的；

quadrivalent 四价的；quadruped 四足动物；tetrode 四极管；tetracycline 四环素；

12

5 ） pent, penta, quique 五 pentose 戊糖；

pentagon 五角形；pentane 戊烷；quintuple 五倍的；pentomer 五邻粒；

6 ） hex, hexa, 六hexose 已糖；hexapod 六足动物；hexapoda 昆虫纲；hexamer 六聚体；

13

7 ） hepta, sept(i) 七

heptane 庚烷；heptose 庚糖；heptoglobin 七珠蛋白；

8 ） oct 八octpus 章鱼；

octagon 八角形；octane 辛烷；octase 辛糖；

14

9 ） enne, nona 九 nonapeptide 九肽；

enneahedron 九面体；

10 ） deca, deka 十 decapod 十足目动物；

decahedron 十面体；decagram 十克；

15

11 ） hecto 百 hectometer 百米；

hectoliter 百升；hectowatt 百瓦；

12 ） kilo 千

kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿；kilobase 千碱基；kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特；

16

13 ） deci 十分之一，分 decimeter 分米；

decigram 十分之一克；14 ） centi 百分之一

15 ） milli 千分之一，毫

millimole 毫摩（尔）；milliliter 毫升；

centipoise 百分之一泊 ( 粘度单位 )

17

16 ） micro 百万分之一，微，微小，微量 microgram 微克；

microogranism 微生物；microecology 微生态学；micropipet 微量移液器；

17 ） nano 十亿分之一，毫微，纳 nanosecond 十亿分之一秒；

nanometer 纳米；

18

18 ） demi, hemi, semi 半 demibariel 半桶；

hemicerebrum 大脑半球；semiopaque 半透明；semi-allele 半等位基因；semi-conductor 半导体；

19 ） holo 全，整体，完全 holoenzyme 全酶；

holoprotein 全蛋白；holocrine 全（质分）泌；

19

20 ） mega 巨大，兆，百万megaspore 大孢子；

megabasse 兆碱基；megakaryocyte 巨核细胞；megavolt 兆伏；megalopolitan 特大城市；

21 ） macro 大，巨大，多macrophage 巨噬细胞；

macrogamete 大配子；macroelement 常量元素；macromolecular 大分子；

20

polyacrylate 聚丙烯酸酯；polymerase 聚合酶；multichain 多链的；multinucleate 多核的；multicistronic mRNA 多顺反子 mRNA ；multicopy 多拷贝；

22 ） poly, multi, mult 多，复合

21

2. 表示颜色的词素1 ） chrom 颜色

chromophore 生色团；chromosome 染色体； chromatography 色谱法；

2 ） melan, melano, nigr 黑melanoma 黑素瘤；melanin 黑色素；melanophore 黑色素细胞；

22

3 ） xantho, flavo, fla, flavi, lute 黄

xanthophyl 叶黄素；xanthous 黄色的，黄色人种；xathine 黄嘌呤；flavin(e) 黄素；flavone 黄酮； lutein 黄体素，叶黄素；flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)

黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸；

23

4 ） erythro, rub, rubrm, ruf 红erythrocyte 红细胞；erythromycin 红霉素；erythropoitin(EPO) 促红细胞生成素；

5 ） chloro, chlor 绿，氯chlorophyll 叶绿素； chlor

ide 氯化物； chloramp

henicol 氯霉素；

24

6 ） cyan, cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲； cya

nobacteria 蓝细菌； cyanide

氰化物；

7 ） aur, glid, chrys 金色aureomycin 金霉素；chrysose 金藻淀粉；chrysanthemum 菊花；glid stone 金沙石；glid 镀金；

25

leucine 亮氨酸；leukaemia=leucosis 白血病；bleaching powder 漂白粉；albomycin 白霉素；

8 ） leu, leuco, leuk, leuko, blan, alb 无色，白色

26

3. 表示方位和程度的词素

1 ） endo, ento 内，在内

endocrine 内分泌；endocytosis 胞吞作用；endogamy 近亲繁殖；endolysin 内溶素；entoderm 内胚层；

27

2 ） ec, ect, exc, extra 外，外面，表面

ectoblast 外胚层；ectoparasite 外寄生生物；extract 抽取，浸出；

3 ） meso 中，中间

mesosphere 中圈，中层；mesoplast 中胚层质；

28

4 ） intra, intro, inter 在内，向内intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用； intracellular （细）胞内的；Interurban 城市之间

5 ） centri, centro, medi, mid 中心，中央，中间centrifuge 离心；

centriole 中心粒；centrosome 中心体； centrogeng 着丝基因；

29

6 ） epi, peri 上，外，旁

epidermal growth factor(EGF) 表皮生长因子；epibranchial 上鳃的；perilune 近月点；

7 ） sub, suc, suf, sug 下，低，小

suborder 亚目；submucosa 粘膜下层；subclone 亚克隆；subcellular 亚细胞；subsection 小节，分部；

30

8 ） super, supra 上，高，超 superconductor 超导体；

superfluid 超流体；superoxide 超氧化物；supramolecular 超分子的；

9 ） hyper 超过，过多

hypersensitive 过敏的；hyperelastic 超弹性的；hypertension 高血压；hyperploid 超倍体；

31

10 ） hypo 下，低，次hypoglycaemia 低血糖；hypotension 低血压；hypophysis 脑下垂体；

11 ） iso 等，相同，同

iso-osmotic 等渗的；isopod 等足目动物；isotope 同位素；

32

12 ） oligo ， olig 少，低，寡，狭 oligohaline 狭盐性；

oligogene 寡基因；oligomer 寡聚体；oligophagous 寡食性；oligarchy 寡头政治；

13 ） eury 多，宽，广

eurythermal 广温的；euryhaline 广盐性；eurytopic species 广幅种；

33

14 ） ultr 超ultra-acoustics 超声学；

ultra-structure 超微结构；ultroviolet 紫外线；

15 ） infra 下，低，远

infralittoral 远岸的；infrahuman 类人生物；infrared 红外线的；infrastructure 基础结构，基本结构；

34

4. 表示摄食的词素1 ）– vore 食……动物， -vorous 食……动物的 algivore 食藻动物；

carnivore 食肉动物；herbivore 食草动物；omnivore 杂食动物；

2 ） -phage吃（食）食……生物（体） -phagous吃（食）……的phage 噬菌体；

phagocyte 吞噬细胞；zoophage 食肉动物；saprophage 腐食者；

35

5. 表示动物不同器官和组织的词素 1 ） cephal, capit, cran 头，头颅2 ） cyte 细胞3 ） carn, my, mya, myo 肉，肌肉4 ） haem, haemat, hem, aem, sangul 血5 ） soma, corp 体，身体

6 ） some, plast 体，颗粒

36

7 ） hepa, hepat 肝

heparin 肝素；hepatopancreas 肝胰腺；hepatocyte 肝细胞；hepatoma 肝癌；

8 ） ren, nephr 肾 adrnal 肾上腺的；

nephridia 肾管；nephron 肾单位；

37

9 ） card, cord 心

cardiotoxin 心脏毒素；cardiovascular center 心血管中枢；electrocardiogram 心电图；concord 一致，和谐；

10 ） ophthalm, ocell, ocul 眼

ophthalmology 眼科学；ophthalmia 眼炎；ophthalmologist 眼科专家；

38

11 ） branchi 鳃

filibranch 丝鳃；lamellibrnch 瓣鳃；sencondary branchium 次生鳃；

12 ） brac, brachi 腕，手臂brachiolaria 短腕幼虫；

brachionectin 臂粘连蛋白；bracelet 手镯；

39

13 ） dent, odont 牙齿 dentin 牙质；

odontphora 齿舌；odontoblast 成牙质细胞；

14 ） plum 羽 plumatus 羽状的；

plumule 绒毛；plumage （鸟的）羽毛；

follicle 滤泡；foiling 叶形；foliage 叶子；foliose 多叶的；

15 ） foli, foil 叶

40

主要体现科技英语的特点（语言精练，逻辑性强，描述客观，其中语言精练是其风格，描述客观是其本质）。

• Because most plants are able to undergo photosynthesis, they do not depend on other organisms for energy.

（二）专业英语语法特点：

41

• （ 1 ）长句多（可使句意表达严谨）• Biology is such a broad field, covering t

he minute chemical reactions inside our cells, to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change.

42

英语长句的分析

造成长句的原因

1 、修饰语过多

2 、并列成分多

3 、语言结构层次多

43

分析方法

6 、 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。

1 、 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构。

2 、 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

3 、 分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等。若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。

4 、 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。

5 、 注意插入语等其他成分。

44

例 1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。

45

例 2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.

譬如，对于一个四口之家来说，舒舒服服地在家中看电视，就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

46

长句的翻译方法1 、 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。

47

例 1. Even when we turn off the beside lam

p and are fast asleep ， electricity is

working for us ， driving our refrigera

tors ， heating our water ， or keepin

g our rooms air-conditioned.

即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我们工作：帮我们开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。

48

例 2. But now it is realized that supplies of

some of them are limited, and it is eve

n possible to give a reasonable estima

te of their “expectation of life”, the tim

e it will take to exhaust all known sour

ces and reserves of these materials.

可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

49

2 、 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同 , 甚至完全相反 , 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。

50

例 1. Aluminum remained unknown until the

nineteenth century, because nowhere in

nature is it found free, owing to its alwa

ys being combined with other elements,

most commonly with oxygen, for which i

t has a strong affinity.铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是跟氧

结合；因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力，由于这个原因，在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以，铝直到 19世纪才被人发现。

51

例 2. It therefore becomes more and more

important that, if students are not to

waste their opportunities, there will

have to be much more detailed infor

mation about courses and more advi

ce.因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们 ( 上大学 ) 的

机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

52

3 、 分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述 , 为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语。

53

例 1. The number of the young people in t

he United States who can`t read is in

credible about one in four.

大约有 1/4 的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。

54

例 2. Television, it is often said, keeps one i

nformed about current events, allow o

ne to follow the latest developments in

science and politics, and offers an end

less series of programmes which are

both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和

政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

55

4 、 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。

尤其是在一些情况下，一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们的仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。

56

例 1. People were afraid to leave their house

s, for although the police had been ord

ered to stand by in case of emergency,

they were just as confused and helples

s as anybody else.

尽管警察已接到命令 , 要作好准备以应付紧急情况 , 但人们不敢出门 , 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

57

例 2. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s H

ouse, in which the heroine, Nora, leave

s home because she resents her husba

nd`s treating her like a child, the writer

Lu Xun warned that Nora would need

money to support herself; she must ha

ve economic rights to survive.

易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走，因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示，从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己，她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。

58

（ 2 ）被动语态使用频繁（描述客观）；

• It has been found experimentally that the ratio of the amounts of adenine(腺嘌呤） to thymine （胸腺嘧啶） , and the ratio of guanine （鸟嘌呤） to cytosine （胞嘧啶） , are always very close to unity for deoxyribose nucleic acid （ DNA ）

59

• （ 3 ）名词性词组多；分词使用频繁；介词短语多（可使语言精练）；

• Gene therapy involves the repair or correction of the machinery 。

• 基因治疗包括遗传系统的修复或纠正• （ 4 ）专业术语多；缩略词多；合成词多；插图，表格，公式，数字所占比例大。

60

三、生物学专业英语的内容(1) 掌握构词法（派生，转换，合成），扩大

词汇量。(2) 阅读英文原始文献资料，扩大知识面，掌

握生物学专业英语的语言规律，提高阅读，写作，翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语的能力。

(3)巩固英语基础知识，提高应用英语的能力（大学英语教学大纲要求大学生修完大学英语基础课程后必须学习专业英语。）

61

四、生物学专业英语的学习方法 （ 1 ） 识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围 （ 2 ） 巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技

英语的语言特点 （ 3 ） 针对应用文体加强翻译、写作

练习

62

五、生物学专业英语参考资料• <<科技英语语法新编 >>新时代出版社 1• BA （ Biological Abstracts ）； Science

(USA) ； Nature (GB.)• 英汉生物学词典（第三版）• 英汉大学生物学词汇• 金山词霸• On-Line Biology Book http://www.emc.

maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

63

Scope of field in Biology

• Biology ： The science of living organisms, concerned with the study of embryology( 胚胎学 ), anatomy( 解剖学 ), physiology, cytology, morphology, taxonomy, genetics, evolution, and ecology . 生物学

64

• Biochemistry ： The study of the chemical substances that occur in living organisms, the processes by which these substances enter into or are formed in the organisms and react with each other and environment, and the methods by which the substances and processes are identified ，characterized,and measured （ Chemical processes associated with living things. ）生物化学

65

• Anatomy ： The branch of morphology concerned with the gross (总的 ) and microscopic structure of animal, especially humans. 解剖学

• Immunology ： The division of biological science concerned with the native or acquired resistance of higher animal forms and humans to infection with microorganisms.免疫学

66

• Biophysics ： The hybrid science involving the methods and ideas of physics and chemistry to study and explain the structures of living organisms and the mechanics of living processes. 生物物理学

67

• Cytology ： The branch of biological science that deals with the structure, behavior, growth, and reproduction of cells and the function and chemistry of cells and cell component. 细胞学

68

• Ecology ： The study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment. 生态学

• Embryology ： The study of the development of the organisms and the zygote(受精卵 ), or fertilized egg.胚胎学

69

• Evolution ： The processes of biological and organic change in organisms by which descendants （后代） come to differ from their ancestors, and a history of the sequence of such change. 生物进化

70

• Genetics ： The science concerned with biological inheritance(遗传 ), that is, with the causes of the resemblances and differences among related individuals.遗传学

• Histology ： The study of their structure and chemical composition of animal tissues as related to their function. 组织学

71

• Molecular biology ： The branch of biology which attempts to interpret ( 解释 ) biological events in term of the molecules in the cell. 分子生物学

• Taxonomy ： The science of animal and plant classification. 分类学

72

• Physiology ： The branch of biological science concerned with the basic activities that occur in cells and tissues of living organisms and involving physical and chemical studies of these organisms. 生理学

73

• Microbiology ： The science and study of microorganisms, especially bacteria and rickettsiae （源自哈瓦德 · 泰勒 立克次，美国病理学家 , 1871-1910年） and of antibiotic substances.

• Virology ： The science that deals with the study of viruses.病毒学

• Mycology ： A branch of biological science concerned with the study of fungi.真菌学

74

• Botany ： The branch of biological science that focuses on the study of plants and plant life, including algae; deals with taxonomy, morphology, physiology, and other aspects.植物学

75

• Paleontology ： The study of life in the geologic past as record by fossil remains.古生物学

• Paleobotany ： The study of fossil plants and vegetation of the geologic past.古植物学

76

• Zoology ： The science that deals with the taxonomy, behavior, and morphology of animal life. 动物学

• Vertebrate zoology ： A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy, behavior, and morphology of vertebrate animals. 脊椎动物学

• Invertebrate zoology ： A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy, behavior, and morphology of invertebrate animals.无脊椎动物学

77

Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts

• 1.Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory• 细胞质：动力工厂• Most of the properties we associate with life are prope

rties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.

• 生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

78

• 2.The Nucleus: Information Central 细胞核：信息中心• The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and ho

uses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.

• 真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质 存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA 和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。

79

• 3.Organelles: Specialized Work Units （细胞器：特殊的功能单位）

• All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds

of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialize

d function in the cell. Organelles described in this sec

tion include ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, th

e Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, a

nd the plastids of plant cells.

• 所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。

80

• The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA, "reading" the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.

• 核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。

81

• The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins.

• The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides.

• 内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的核膜。

82

• SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell.

• Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently transferred to particular areas in or outside the cell.

• 光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。

83

• Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous organelle, the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.

• 运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。

84

• Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites for sugars and other molecules.

• Vacuoles in animal cells carry out phagocytosis (the intake of particulate matter) and pinocytosis (vacuolar drinking).

• 细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。最典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。

85

• A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes, which contain digestive enzymes (packaged in lysosomes in the Golgi complex) that can break down most biological macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.

• 溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。消化食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。

86

• Mitochondria are the sites of energy-yielding chemical reactions in all cells. In addition, plant cells contain plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located. Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.

• 线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。另外，植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产 ATP酶。线粒体自我复制，并且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。

87

• There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts-organelles that contain the chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks of membranes called grana, which are embedded in a matrix called the stroma.

• 质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。

88

4.The Cytoskeleton 4. 细胞骨架 All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a latt

icework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. A large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile protein actin. They are involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and animal cells.

所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。

89

• A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction of muscle cells. Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of microtubules, which are composed of the globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding （脚手架） that provides a stable cell shape. Cytoskeletal intermediate filaments appear to provide tensile strength ( 张力 ) to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as myosin, dynein, and kinesin (驱动蛋白 ) interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to generate forces that cause movements.

• 第二类蛋白是肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。

90

• 5.Cellular Movements （细胞运动） • Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to ce

lls, its microtubules and filaments and their associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping (爬行 ) or gliding. Such movements require a solid substrate to which the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry (几何 ) of the surface. Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis ， the ability to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing chemical.

• 尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。

91

• Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled (驱动 ) by whiplike cilia or flagella. Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure: nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell surface where a basal bodyis located. Movement is based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.

• 某些真核细胞能在液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是由另两个微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞表面的基体处生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。

92

• Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins attached to organelles push against microfilaments arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major cytoplasmic movements. During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled from tubutin ( 微管蛋白 ) subunits near organelles called centrioles move to the chromosomes.

• 大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完成。在细胞分裂期间，中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。

93

长句翻译作业• This method of using “controls” can be applied to

a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?” 　

• 这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况，也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案，从“铁生锈，是否必须有一定的湿度才行 ?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高 ?”

94

• 2. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle (盛大景象 ) and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama(戏剧 ), the great achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure(卑微的 ), who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.

95

• 我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣； 其后，这种爱好变得成熟起来，我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性，对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣； 对历史的爱好，最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的，无论是伟大与平凡，所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。

96

• 3. If parents were prepared for this adolescent ( 青春期的 ) reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting (愤恨 ) and resisting it.

• 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备，而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长，正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志，他们就不会感到如此伤心，所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

97

• 4. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.

• 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型，再往下学似乎就越来越难了，这其中的原因，也许教师比学生更容易理解。

98

• 5. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse （祸根）which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty （贫穷） .

• 对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动，因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

99

6. Such is a human nature in the West that a

great many people are often willing to sacri

fice higher pay for the privilege of becomin

g white collar workers( 白领工人 ).

• 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。

100

• 7. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention （更不必说）political discussions and the latest exciting football match.

• 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开，就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧，以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。

101

• 8. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast ( 大量的 ) is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

• 虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式，但是行星的数目如此之多，以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

102

• 9. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals (时间间隔 ) if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.

• 对于现代书籍，特别是教科书来说，要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话，那么就应该每隔较短的时间，将书中的内容重新修改。

103

• 10. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs(市郊 ), but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.

• 到目前为止，经历了 18 和 19 两个世纪，这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊，而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。