دهريتاراشترا

دهرتراشتر

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Dhartarashthra

Buddhist - Lord of the Gandharvas in the east. One of the 4 Lokopalas. Also

identified as Dhartarashthra, Dhritarashtra, Dhritarashtra, Dhritarastra,

Dhritarastra, Dhrtarastra or Dhrtarastra.

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Hindu - A guardian spirit of the east.

http://www.mythologydictionary.com/dhartarashthra-mythology.html

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धृतराष्ट्र

1 Sanskrit

1.1 Proper noun

धृतराष्ट्र (dhṛtarāṣṭra) m

1. Person (a king) in the Indian sacred text Bhagavad-gītā.

2. A snake, one of the two main characters inMahabharatas sarpasattra

1.2 References

• Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page519

1

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2 2 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

2 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

2.1 Text• धृतराष्ट्र Source: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0?oldid=15556855 Contributors: SemperBlotto, Meco, CodeCat, IvanŠtambuk and MglovesfunBot

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Dhritarashtra

This article is about the figure in the Hindu epic Mahāb-hārata. For the figure in Buddhist mythology, seeDhṛtarāṣṭra.

In the Mahabharata, Dhritarashtra (Sanskrit:

The blind king Dhrtarastra listens as the visionary narrator San-jaya relates the events of the battle between the Kaurava and thePandava clans

धृतराष्ट्र, dhṛtarāshtra) is the King of Hastinapur at thetime of the Kurukshetra War, the epic’s climactic event.He was born the son of Vichitravirya’s first wife Ambika,and was fathered by Ved Vyas. He was blind frombirth,[1] and became father to a hundred and one sons (andone daughter) by his wife Gandhari (Gāndhārī). Thesechildren, including the eldest son Duryodhana, cameto be known as the Kauravas. Dhritarashtra was half-brother of Pandu and Vidura, and was uncle to the fivePandavas, with whom his sons fought the KurukshetraWar. Throughout his reign as King of Hastinapur, Dhri-tarashtra was torn between the principles of dharma andhis love for his son Duryodhana, and often ended up en-dorsing his son’s actions merely out of fatherly love. ThusDhritarashtra essentially presided over the fall of Hasti-napur’s kingdom. All of his sons perished in the war,with the exception of Yuyutsu, his son with Gandhari’slady-in-waiting Sughada, who fought on the Pandava side.Dhritarashtra appears inMahābhārata sections that havebeen circulated as separate scriptures, most notably the

Bhagavad Gita, whose dialogue was narrated to him.Versions of the story generally portray Dhritarashtraacross a spectrum. On one end he is being a good kingwhose only flaw is his blind love for his son, while theother end him being a cruel and adharmic king who, whilesaying that he only supports Duryodhana because he istoo weak to reject him, actually desires for his line tohave power at the expense of the Pandavas. Dhritarashtrais also portrayed as a hypocrite who says that he wants hisnephews to win, but at heart, wants his children to win.

1 Biography in Mahābhārata

1.1 Birth

After Vichitravirya’s death, his mother Satyavati sent forher first born, Ved Vyas. According to his mother’swishes, he visited both the wives of Vichitravirya to grantthem a son with his yogic powers. When Vyasa visitedAmbika, she saw his dreadful and forbidding appearancewith burning eyes. In her frightened state, she closed hereyes and dared not open them. Hence her son, Dhri-tarashtra, was born blind.

1.2 Training to Adulthood

He and his brother Pandu (the son of Vichitravirya’ssecond wife Ambalika), along with their half-brotherVidura, learned and studied under Bhishma and variousgurus. He was a strong warrior, unlike Pandu who wasan expert in archery and Vidura who mastered the art ofpolitics. When Satyavati asked for a demonstration, Dhri-tarashtra was able to defeat 10 soldiers at the same time.When time came for a crown prince to be chosen, no onewanted to address the elephant in the room of a blind per-son leading the military. It was Vidura, in training to be-come the next prime minister, who brought up this issueto the relief of Hastinapur’s council of Brahmins. Panduwas put forward as the obvious choice as king. Panduprotested, not wanting to disrespect his older brother’sbloodright to the crown. Knowing in his heart that Vidurahad a point, and under pressure from everyone, Dhri-tarashtra gave Pandu his blessing to be king. So, Panduassumed the throne, and undertook a military campaignwhere he subjugated large parts of India.Bhishma arrangedDhristarashtra’s marriage to Gandhari.Her father, King Subala of Ghandar, was reluctant to pair

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2 1 BIOGRAPHY IN MAHĀBHĀRATA

his daughter to a blind man. However, he recognizedDhritarashtra pedigree, and Gandhar’s status as Hasti-napur’s vassal, and consented to the match. Famously,Gandhari bound her own eyes with a cloth, determinedto see the world as her husband saw it, with darkness.After being cursed by Rishi Kindama to what would ba-sically be a life of celibacy (or death), Pandu abdicatedthe throne, leaving for the forest with his wives Kunti andMadri. Dhritarashtra then became the king of Hastina-pur. When Dhritarashtra heard of Pandu’s death, he wassad, yet happy, as it meant that his crown was secure.

1.3 Reign as king

At the birth of his first son Duryodhana, Dhritarash-tra was advised by Vidura, Bhishma, and the city el-ders to abandon the child due to bad omens during thebirth. However Dhritarashtra’s filial love stopped him.Dhritarashtra was advised by his elders to be fair to thePandavas, who were returning from the forest with theirmother, Kunti after the deaths of Pandu and Madri.During Gandhari's pregnancy complications, Dhritarash-tra, fearing that he will never have an heir, had a sonYuyutsu, born to Sughada; Gandhari’s lady-in-waiting.In some versions, Yuyutsu was older than Duryodhana,in others, they were the exact age, and in even others,Yuyutsu was unspecifically younger than Duryodhana.There is the implication that Dhritarashtra was hoping tohave a child before his brother had a child.

1.4 The succession crisis

Since Pandu had been cursed with celibacy-or-death, noone thought he would have any children. However, thanksto a power granted to Kunti, he was able to have five chil-dren born of the gods. So, when the Pandavas returned toHastinapur, there was the real crisis of succession. Dury-odhana was focused on making sure that he would be thenext heir for the kingdom. The king himself wanted hisson to be his heir but he was also forced to consider theeldest Pandava, Yudhisthira, who was older than Duryo-dhana.Against his will, he named Yudhisthira as his heir whichleft Duryodhana frustrated. Then, Duryodhana plannedto burn Pandavas and Kunti alive while they were on aFestival at “Varnavathi”. But with the early warningsand help from Vidura, the Pandavas and Kunti survivedby faking their death in the fire and lived in exile dis-guised as Brahmins. After Arjuna won Draupadi andthe Pandavas’ marriage to her, the Pandavas came backto Hastinapur. Attempting to defuse the tension, whichDhritarashtra and the others could no longer minimize,Bhishma suggested the partition of Hastinapur. Agreeingwith the proposal, Dhritarashtra gave Yudhisthira half theKuru Kingdom, albeit the lands which were arid, untilled

and scantily populated, known as Khandavaprastha. Hepurposely kept the better half of the kingdom for him-self so that his son may one day rule his half of the king-dom. But with the help of Krishna and their respec-tive “Pitru Devas”, the Pandavas remade the land, top-ping the reconstruction with a beautiful city, renamingthe city Indraprastha. Consequently, Yudhishthira didthe Rajasuya Yagna, claiming emperorship of India. Hereceived acknowledgements from Panchal, Dwarka andMadra by marriage and diplomacy, and from kingdomslikeMagadha&Chedi throughmilitary force. With tradealso prosperous and the people elated, Indraprastha wasthe jewel of Bharat.Along with some other incidents, Duryodhana’s jealousyand anger were stirred, and he conspired with his uncleShakuni to destroy the five Pandava brothers.

1.5 The dice game

Draupadi disrobed in Dhritarashtra’s assembly. Dhritarashtraseated in the centre.

Dhritarashtra was one of the many men presentwhen Yudhisthira lost the dice game against Shakuni,Duryodhana, Dushasana and Karna. With each throw,Yudhisthira lost everything, gambling away his kingdom,his wealth, his brothers, and finally, his wife. Dhritarash-tra (along with the other Kuru elders, save for Vidura) wassilent when Dushasana tried to disrobe Draupadi in frontof the court. Finally, when Draupadi was about to cursethe Kuru line, Gandhari stepped in and implored her hus-band to pacify Draupadi. At last, the blind monarch’sconscience was stirred, in part fearing the wrath of thePandavas, Panchal, and Draupadi against his sons. Hegranted Drauapdi boons through which they regained allthat they had lost in the dice game.However, Duryodhana, enraged at his father, threatenedto commit suicide if his father did not force the Pan-davas to play another game. Shakuni challenged Yud-histhira one more time, and Yudhisthira once more lost(in some versions, Dhritarashtra ordered Yudhishthirato play; Yudhishthira must obey his elder father’s com-mand). This time, he, his brothers and his wife were

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1.7 Later years and death 3

forced to spend thirteen years in exile in the forest be-fore they could reclaim their kingdom. Dhritarashtra waswarned by many that the Pandavas would not forget theirhumiliation. He was constantly asked to remember thathis responsibilities as a king must be placed before hisaffection as a father.

1.6 Battle of Kurukshetra

Dhrutarastra Lament

Sanjaya, Dhritarashtra’s charioteer, who was blessed bySage Vyasa with the ability to see the past, narrated im-portant events of the Kurukshetra war, a war fought be-tween the Kauravas (the sons of Dhritarashtra) and thePandavas, to the blind king. Dhritarashtra’s sorrow in-creased with every passing day as an ever increasing num-ber of his sons were slain by Bhima. He frequentlybemoaned his ineffectiveness in preventing Duryodhanafrom going to war. Sanjaya often consoled the bereavedking but reminded him every time that dharma was onthe Pandava side and a war against Krishna could not behumanly won regardless of the strength of the opposingforce.

1.6.1 Crushing of Bhima’s Metal Statue

At the end of the great battle, Dhritarashtra was over-come with grief and rage at the loss of his hundred sons.When the blind king met the Pandavas who had come toseek his blessing prior to ascending the throne, he em-braced all of them. When it was Bhima's turn, Krishnaknew that the king was blind and possessed the strength

The blind Dhritarashtra attacks the statue of Bhima

of a hundred thousand elephants from the boon grantedby Vyasa. He instructed Bhima in sign language to moveaside and push an iron figure of Bhima into Dhritarash-tra’s embrace. When Dhritarashtra thought that the manwhom he is embracing was Bhima, who had killed sev-eral of his hundred sons including his loved Dhuryod-hana, his anger rose to such a pitch that the metal statuewas crushed into powder. Thus, Bhima was saved by Kr-ishna. When Dhritarashtra composed himself he gave thePandavas his blessing.

1.7 Later years and death

Yudhisthira was crowned king of both Indraprastha andHastinapura. The war had killed many great warriors andsoldiers on each side. Yudhisthira once again showedhis kindness when he decided that the king of the cityof Hastinapura should be Dhristarashtra. He offered theblind king complete respect and deference as an elder,despite his misdeeds and the evil of his dead sons.After many years as the ruler of Hastinapura, Dhris-tarashtra along with Gandhari, Kunti and Vidura left fortheir final journey into the forest. They died in a forestfire in the Himalayas.The first stanza of the Bhagavad Gita is a question

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4 4 REFERENCES

Kunti leading Dhritarashtra and Gandhari as she goes to the for-est in exile

from Dhritarashtra to Sanjaya asking him to recount theKurukshetra war. The name is written Dhṛtarāṣṭra inIAST transliteration.

1.8 Story of Dhritarastra’s blindness

After the Mahabharata war was over, Dhritarastra upsetover death of his hundred sons, asked Sri Krishna the rea-son for his blindness despite the fact that he was a kindand just king. Sri Krishna asked him to meditate and af-ter meditating he realized that it was the law of Karmathat was in action. Dhritarashtra in his earlier reincarna-tion was a tyrant king, who one day while walking on thelake side saw a swan bird surrounded by hundred cygnets.He ordered to remove the swan bird’s eyes and kill all thehundred cygnets just for his passing fancy. Therefore, inthis birth he was born blind and all his sons were killed inthe war.

2 Roles in Bhagavad Gita andSanatsujatiya

Dhṛtarāṣṭra appears in two subsections of theMahābhārata which are often treated as stand-alonetexts, and were both commented upon by Adi Shankara.He appears in the opening chapter of the Bhagavad Gītā,which takes place immediately before the start of the

Kurukshetra War. The Gita’s dialogue between Arjunaand Krishna is recounted as narrated to Dhṛtarāṣṭra bySanjaya.Dhṛtarāṣṭra is also a central figure in the Sanatsujatiya, inwhich Dhṛtarāṣṭra asks many questions to Sanatsujata, adivine sage. Sanatsujata has been invoked through med-itation by Vidura, Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s half-brother and coun-selor.

3 Dhritarashtra in later arts• Dhritarashtra is a character in Bhāsa's Sanskrit playUrubhanga.

• In the 1988 TV series titledMahabharat, directed byB. R. Chopra, Dhritarashtra was portrayed by GirjaShankar.

• In the 1989 mini series, titled The Mahābhārata, di-rected by Peter Brook, Dhritarashtra was portrayedby Polish actor Ryszard Cieslak.

• In the 2013’s Mahabharat; the blind king was por-trayed by Anup Singh Thakur.

4 References[1] “Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide”, by Roshen Dalal, p.

230, publisher = Penguin Books India

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5.1 Text• Dhritarashtra Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhritarashtra?oldid=658077617 Contributors: DopefishJustin, Charles Matthews,Imc, OldakQuill, Svarma, Rosarino, CanisRufus, Alren, Qaddosh, Dangerous-Boy, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Wikirao, Boccobrock, FlaBot,Bgwhite, Saurabhb, Musicpvm, Rohitbd, Welsh, Tachs, Super Rad!, Pratheepps, SmackBot, Pa7, SundarBot, Nikhil Patil, Drkfire-cloud61, Rigadoun, Cydebot, Corpx, DBaba, Hugo.arg, Ilion2, Vnori2, Presearch, JaGa, Abecedare, Skier Dude, Dramamur, Idioma-bot,Redtigerxyz, TXiKiBoT, BotKung, Matrix tans, Donrub, MF-Warburg, Fadesga, Ashishag, DragonBot, Addbot, LaaknorBot, Lightbot,Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, , Kaleidoscopic pleasure, Orso della campagna, Erik9bot, Rohitrrrrr, FrescoBot, Bbravi, RedBot, Mir-acle Pen, EmausBot, John of Reading, Raghavan2010, Reigen, ClueBot NG, MerlIwBot, MKar, Parik92, Aisteco, Gundu1000, Mdann52,Sridhar Babu Peram, SantoshBot, Napoleon 100, Jamesmcmahon0, Iztwoz, Tentinator, Ilamurugan, Harrysrana, Bladesmulti, Puritashi,FrB.TG, Pinkfloyd11, MythoEditor, SkateTier, Blitzspark, Tamil 120 and Anonymous: 51

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SanskritProper nounReferences

Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license

Biography in Mah�bh�rata Birth Training to AdulthoodReign as king The succession crisis The dice game Battle of Kurukshetra Crushing of Bhimaˇs Metal Statue

Later years and death Story of Dhritarastraˇs blindness

Roles in Bhagavad Gita and Sanatsujatiya Dhritarashtra in later arts References Text and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license