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18:10 Q & A

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C0叩on50redby suntory Foundation, centerforlnteEratM Area Sれldies, Kyoto u"iver5ityCoopor.也dby centerfor soU廿least Aslan stud旧S Kyoto unlver5ity Kyoto career c011ege of Fore1印 Lヨn底Uヨee

Lan音U g' japanese

Tho spooch ヨnd remヨr1四 of Mr Hidヨyヨt wi11b邑 interpre也d如 aⅡdiences

tat1閲肌S1伽 d 011 Palm plaIn伽飢Ce獣Karm即畑n/Born印 ard lts

CⅢ玲例胤'0IT '倒 3伽側Nn何辻留乱

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The area f oil palm plantatlons has been expand伯g drastlca11y since the 恰te 1990'S

In Ma1日ysla, vvhere de elopme t of them h d been started a d lndonesla.1t has doubled

during the last decade and a half,日S a result reached 14 m111ion ha ln those two natlons.

he area ls more than one thlrd of 日11 ゛apan's land such expansion of ol palm

Plantations is crlticized ln m日ny cases, since lt acceler日tes the local deforest日tion and

then has negative lnfluences to tr日ditiona lifestyles of local people 日nd the biodlversi訂" of

the forests. Hovv should vve consider the C日Uses of phenomenon, eV日IU日te lt 日nd resolve

the problems whlch have been ral$ed by lt? They are the cha11enges not only of local

Peoples but lso of 日 10f s vvho is concemed by the phenomeno

In Ka11mantan/Borneo lsland as the location focused in our symposum,011 Palm

Plant日tlons h日Ve exP日nded so prominently that it a廿racted 日廿entlons as the 'Front恰r'. on

the one hand, HAYASHIDA Hldek and KATO Tsuyoshl have been executlng field research

In west Ka11mantan p ovlnce lndonesa as members of 仂e study Group of0がP日勿 Slnce

2010. on the other hand, Herman HIDAYAT has many tlmes been t0 10cations ln East

K日limantan provlnce of lndonesla and sabah and saravvak provlnce of M日layS日 to

invest殉ate the issues conceming forest conservatlon.1n thls symposiurn, vve vvould 11ke to

Profile the present condition of Kalimantan/Borneo as 'the Front旧r of Expanslon oil palm

P恰ntatlons' from our presentatlons about our rese日rcheS 川to lnfluences of that expanslon

On production system of ol palm in plantヨtion,10C日I communlty 日nd conserV日tion of

tropicalforests,日nd then to onsider vvh日t is clues to the ch日oenges mentioned above

Vvlth the audiences.

The eanings of Transfiguration of oil・palm production systemFrom a case of west Kalimantan province

In west Ka11mantan proV川Ce lndonesla ol palmplantatlon development vvas

恰Unched by a state-ovvned P恰ntatlon company ln the early 1980's ln 30 years snce

then the presen e of the st日te o、Nned company vvest K日lmantan a 日So been

decre日Sing result川g from more 日Ctlve development f plantatl n by p lvate plantatlon

C mpan旧S, as we11 as sumatera l$恰nd as the advanced 1日nd of the 011-palm plantatlon

HAYASHIDA Hideki

Associa也 Prof. of lnst壮Ute forthe Humanities & social sciences, Doshisha univ.

de eloprnent n lndonesia ln my ectu e, hovvever,1'd 11ke t0 怡ke ヨ Case of one of state

Ovvned plantatlons in vvest Kalirnantan because the dyn日m sm of the plantatlon and ocal

SmalholderS 日round t s very attractlve 日S a research materla11n recent years The

dynam恰m ha$ been occurred as the result of changes of 011-pam-and crude palm 011(CPO)

Productlon system, so ca11ed 'Nucleus Est日te and sma11holder NES, perusah日an lnl

尺akyat, PIR ln lndonesian) system

Firstly, OU仙ne the plR sy tem 日nd 11Ustrate lts lnstltutiona11Zatlon process secondly,

Introduce hovv the system has been tr日nsf!gured novv in the C日Se of a state ovvned

Plant臼tlon l sanggau Regeny west Ka11man怡n ln the end,1 argue vvhat h

transflguratlon of the plR system means to relatlonship betW舶n two categories of

economic unlts, that is P1日ntatlon cornpanies and sm日l holders,日nd to the sustainab111ty of

O pa m-and palm oilindustries.1n paけIcular,1 Would 11ke to consider the meanings of the

transfiguration, introduclng appearances of the sm日lholders vvorklng there vvhose

motⅣ日tlon is not so far d1什erent from that of the Japanese, although they cultlvate 01

Palm vvhlch ls mpossible to be cultlV日ted ln Japan, and produce cpo vvhlch lS 日ISO

mposslble to be produced n Japan

What cha四es Has cash・crop・centered Economy Br0四ht About?:Experiences of a Local community in west K飾mantan

KATO TsuyoshiEmeritus prof. of Kyoto univ., visiting prof. of Research lnst吐U也 for Hum日nity and Nature

Ngabang is approximately 280 km from pont旧nak, the provlncial C日Pit日1 0f vvest

Ka11m日nt日n, and C日n be reached from there ln about five hours by car The 日rea vvas

malnly lnhab1也d by a sub ethnlc group of the Dayak. Rlvers 、Nere the prlm日ry means of

tr日nsp0けatlon there before the 1980s people ln Ngabang used to live by sh'ft g

Cultlvation of rlce and c011ecting forest productS 伯g., ra廿an and gaharu or ncense

Vvoods),the former for subsl$tence and the la廿er sold to chinese merch日nts. Beglnn g ln

the eary part of he 20 century, rubber plantatlon began o pread in Ka11mantan, and

the sma11-holder cultlvatlon of rubber tree vvas eventU日11y lncorpor日ted lnto Dayak

economlC 11fe.川Ce then sh1什lng cultlV臼tlon of rlce and rubber cultlvation became two

Pnmary sources of their live11hood 吐 means that D日y日k peope ln Ngabang have abou

10o ye日「s of experience cultlvatlng ヨ market orlented crop. s ce the 恰te 旧 0, the

govemment staded a nevv P恰ntation scheme vvhlch ln orpo ates sma11-holde s ln nevvy

estab11Shed plantatlons by opening 恰rge tracts of land ln varlous parts of ndoneS日 The

Scheme trled 如 encourage sm日11-holders to be organlzed lnto agrlcultural cooperatlves, a

Completely nevv experience to most of them and cultivate a nevv ommerclal crop u der

the uldance of national plant日tion comP日nles. The scheme vvaS 川troduced to Ngabang

between 1982-88 and oil palms 、Nere planted ln a large scale 川 nevvly le日red forests

For aboutten ye日r the scheme vV日S ot successfu but slnce the early 200OS, 11 Palm

Cut1日tlon began to catch on 日mong loC臼I people 臼S the prlce of P日lm 011 reglstered more

Or less cont川Uous riseS 日nd they could see the lncre日Sed vveath 日 ong loC日 as we11 a

mgrant sma11holder . Nowaday$ one cannot 怡lk aboutthe economy f Ngabang without

menti0則ng o palms vvhat changes h日S the deveopment of ash c op centered eco omy

brought aboutto a local ommunlty? 1 Vvan to e amine thi questi n th gh a case

tudy of N9日b日ng

Development versus conseⅣation: R剖iew on oil palm plantationin the H舶rt of Kalimanねn/Borneo

Herman HIDAYAT

Senior Researcher of The Reseヨrch cente『for sociew and cU1加re,1ndonesian lnst赴Ute of science

The oil P日lm meg日一project vV日S 恰Unched in lndonesi日 in June 2005 Unde「也e b日nner

Of "bringing pro$perity, security and environmental pr0也Ction to the Kヨ1imantan border

area vvh日t so-ca11ed 'Kasaba'(K日lim日ntan, sar日Vvak and sabah). This project derives in

Apri12005, while happened a high level meeting 、Alas held in Beijing between president

Susilo B日mbang Yudhoyono and president Hi dintau. This visit resulted in an agreement in

Vvhich they referred that the china Development Bank 、Alould provde captal to chlnese

Cornpanies and cooperated vvith lndonesian businessmen such 日S slnarmas and Adh日

Graha to fadlitate their investments in lndonesia, especla11y for expandlng palm 011

Pl ntation The eaning f Developmentfrom government per pective s relating to the

expansl n of plantatlon areaS 日 d to get a lucrative business, foregn exch nge eamings

from expod commod1力es ( PO),1nvite investors, b creatlon and cash lnflovv lncrease in

rura1日reas, besdes,日nd 日 huge 怡X revenues from estate plantatlon

n con mst, vve rnean by conserva力on perspectⅣe on three anges: V 11hood of local

PeoP恰, rotectlon on envlronme t vvhch is so aled biodiversity malntain 'n na lonal park

Such as Kayan Mentarang and Blh n Karlhun and sources of ca巾 n slnk 日nd hydr0109y

for vvater supply to river and lakes The concept of the He日d of 80m印(HOB)日rea ls

deslgned to promote 'biodlversity' conservatlon through be杜er rnanagement of exlstlng

and lnklng protected areas, exP日 dng pr0也Cted 日rBas and sustaln日ble forest

management NGos such as vvalhi, Frend of Eadh and wwF expressed concern about

the possible imP日Ct of the border palm 011 Project on the qua11ty of 'water supply'日nd

r sk 0什10od ng and soil erosion in the lovvands of Kal mantan and Malaysa.1n thls ecture,

11n roduce and argue how local peoples,日C日demlcs and NGOS 怡ke actlon from the

'conservation-side , 1n splte the government encourage the projects of 'Development-

Side , because of a lucrative buslnes$