أسس علوم غذائية نظري

אא

אאאאאא

אאא المؤسسة العامة للتعليم الفني والتدريب المهني

אאאא

١٢٢١٢٢

אאאאאאאא

١٥٤١٥٤

א ١٥٤ אאאא

،،אא،אW

א אאא א א א אא

،אאאאאאאאאא אאאא

אאאאאא؛אאאK

אאאאאאא א ،א אא

א א א ، א א א א א،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אא،אK

א א ? א ? ? א אא?אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،א،אאאא

אאאאאK ، א אאא

אK

אאאא

א ١٥٤ אאאא

אאאאא،

אא… אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאK אאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

א ١٥٤ אאאא

אא אאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאW

١ JאאאאK ٢ JאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאאK ٤ JאאאאK

א

אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK

אאאאW אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

א ١٥٤ אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאW ١ Jאאאאא،

אא،אאK ٢ Jאאאאאא

אKKKK ٣ Jאאאאאא

אKKKKKKKK

אאאא אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא،א

אאKאW ١ JאאאאאאK ٢ JאאאאאאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאK ٤ JאאאאאK ٥ JאאאאאK

אא

אא

א

١

א ١٥٤ אא אאאא א

-١ -

אאWא

אאW אאאא

אאW ١ Jאאא

٢ Jאא ٣ Jאאאאאא ٤ Jאאאאא

אאאW אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

א

אאW אא

אאW אא٨٥٪


-٢ -

אאאאK

אאא٤٠٪FEא٢٠٪אKאא٦٠٪אאאא

אאK אFH2OE

אאאW

א

١ Jאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK ٢ JאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאK

٣ Jאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK ٤ Jאאאאאא

O

H H


-٣ -

אא אא١ J٥}١אאא

אW ١ Jאא

אאאאאאאא،אאאK

٢ Jאא אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK ٣ Jאא

אאאאא،אאאK ٤ Jאאא

אאאאאאא ٥ Jאא

אאאאאאאK

א אאW

١ JאאאאאאאK

٢ Jאאאא٩٥٪אא٥}٠٪א١٥٪אא

٦٣٪אאא٩٥K٪ ٣ Jאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא٦٠٪،٤٢٪،١٠٧٪

אK


-٤ -

אאא

אאאאאKאאא،א،אא،אאאאK

אאאאאאאאFאEאאאאאא

אאאאFאKE

אאאא

אא

א

א

٢

א ١٥٤ אא אאאא אא

-٥ -

אאWאא

אאW אאאאאאאאאאא

אאW ١ JאאאFאא،אא،אאE

٢ Jאאאאא

٣ Jאאאאאא

٤ Jאאאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

אאW


-٦ -

אאאאאאא،

אאאאאא٢W١K אא

אאאאאW Wאא

אאאFWCnH2nOnEאאW

١ Jא אאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאאאKאאאF١E

٢ Jא

אאאאאאאKאא٧٠٪אא

אאאFאאאאKEאאאא،אKאא

אF١E ٣ Jא

אאאאאאאKאאאאFאE،

אאKאאאF١E


-٧ -

F١Eאאא


-٨ -

Wאא אFEאאא

KאאאאאW

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11 + H2O

אאW

١ Jא אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאFאEאאא،אKאא

אF٢E ٢ Jא

א،אאאKאאאאF

אאאאEאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאKאאאאKאאאF٢E

٣ Jא אKא

אאאאאKאאאF٢E


-٩ -

F٢Eאאא


-١٠-

Wאא אאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאW ١ Jא

אא،אאאאאKאFאאאEאאא

KאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאK אאאאKא

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אאאאאF٦}١–αEאKאאF٣E

٢ Jא אאאאא

אאאאאאKאא٨ J١٠

אKאאאאאKאאF٤E


-١١-

F٣EאאF،E


-١٢-

٣ Jא אאאאאF١ J٤،βE

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא،אאאKאאF٤E

F٤Eאאא


-١٣-

٤ Jא אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאFאאאאאאאאאE،אאאאא

אאאאאK אאא

GאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

Gאא،אאK Gאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK Gאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

GאאאאאאאFאאEאאא

K אאא

אאאאאא،אאW

GאאאאאאאאאאאאK

Gא


-١٤-

אאאא אאאאW

١ J אאאאאאא٤

אKאאאאאאאאFCO2EKאאאא

א،אאאאאאK ٢ Jא

אאאאאאאFאEאאא

אKאאאאאK

٣ Jאא אאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאK

٤ Jאא אאאאאא

אאאאאאK ٥ J

אאאאאאKאאאK

אאאאאK


-١٥-

אאא אאאאאאאא

FאEאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאW א אאאאאאK

א אאאא

אאאK אא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאK


אאא אאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאא

K אאא،אא

אאאאא٤٣٪K


-١٦-

אא אאאFאEא

אאאKאא٤אאאא١אאאא١٨٠אא

א٥}٠٪אאK אאאאאאאאא

א Gא

א،٣٠٠אאKאאא

אאאאK Gא

אאאאאא١٨٠אאאK

Gא אFC6H8(OH)6E،אאא

אאKאאאאK

Gא אאאא٣٠

KאאאK

- ١٧-

אא

אא

א

٣


- ١٧-

אאWא

אאW אאאאאאאא

אאW ١ Jאאא

٢ Jאאא ٣ Jאאאא ٤ Jאאאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אא

אאW א٨٥٪


- ١٨-

אאאאאאKאאא١א٩אאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאאא

אאK אאאאאאא

W ١ JF١٠٪EאאאאאאK ٢ JאאF٢ J١٠٪EאאK ٣ JאאF٢٪EאאאאK

אא

אאאאW ١ Jא

אFOHEאאאF١E

٢ Jאא

אאאFCH3EאאאFCOOHKEאF٤ J٦EF٨ J١٢EF١٢KEא

אאW

CH3-(CH2)n-COOH n אא


- ١٩-

F١Eאא


- ٢٠-

אאW Jאאא

אאאאFC18EאFC16KEאאא

F٢E Jאאא

אאאFאאאEאאאא

אKאאאF٢E

F٢Eאאאאאא


- ٢١-

אאאאאKא

אאKאאאF٣E

אאאאאאא

א אאW

١ Jאא אאW

Jאאא אאא٩٠٪אאא

Jא אאא

אאאאאאאאK

F٣Eא


- ٢٢-

٢ Jאאא Jאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא١ J٢٪א

אאK אFאאאאאEא

אאאאאאאאFא٤אKE

F٤Eא


- ٢٣-

אאאFאאאאEאאאאאא

Jאא אאאאא

אאא Jאא

אאאאK ٣ Jאא

אאאאאאאאאK

א

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٣٠ J٣٥٪אאK ٢ Jאאאא אא،،، JאK

אאאאאאK

٣ Jא אאאא

אK ٤ Jאא

אאאאאאאאאאאK


- ٢٤-

٥ Jאא אאאאא

א،אאא

אאא אאא

אאאאאKאאאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK

אK

אא אאאאאFאE،אא

אאאאאאאKאאאFאאאאEאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאF

EאאKאאאאאאאK


- ٢٥-

אאאאא

אא

אא

א

٤

א ١٥٤ אאא אאאא א

-٢٦-

אאאWא


אאW ١ Jאאא

٢ Jאאא ٣ Jאאאא ٤ Jאאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

אאW


-٢٧-

،אאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאא١٦א٪א

אKאא٢٠٪אא٥٠٪אK

אא

אאאאאאא

F١E

אF١Eאאא


-٢٨-

٢٢אאאאאFREאאFRE

אRא FCH3-S-CH2-CH2KE א،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאF٢E

F٢Eאאא


-٢٩-

א אאאאאאK

Wאאאא Jאא

אאאאאW ١ JאWאאאאאK ٢ JאWאאאאאאא

אאאK ٣ JאWאאאא،א

אאאאK Jאא

אW ١ JאאWאאאאRNA&DNAא

אאK ٢ JאאWאאאאא

אאK ٣ JאאWאאאאא

אK –

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

Wאאא אאאאאאאאא

אW


-٣٠-

١ Jאא אאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

K אאאאאW

אאאWאאאאאא،אאFW،،

،،،،،،אאKE

אאאW١١١٢אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،א،،،،،،،،

،K ٢ Jאא

אאאאאKאאאאא

אאאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאK


-٣١-

א ١ Jא

אאאאאא،אאא،אא

אאK ٢ Jאא

אאאאאKאאאאK

٣ Jאאאא אאאאאא

אאאאK ٤ JאPHא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

K ٥ Jא

אאאאאאאאאK

١אא٤אאK

א אאאאK

אאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאKאאא


-٣٢-

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאW

-אאאאאK -אאאאאאא

אאאאK -אאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאאK


אא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא


אאאא

אא

אא

٥


-٣٣-

אאWאא

אאW אאאאאא

אאW ١ Jאאאאאא

٢ Jאאאאאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

אאW


-٣٤-

אאאא،

א٤א٪אKא،אאאK

אא

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אאא٥אאאאא١}٠אאאאאאא

אK

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אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

Wאאא א

אאאאא٢٪אאKאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאא

א٧٥٠אKאאאאFEאאא

אאאאאאאK


-٣٥-

א אאאאא

١٪אאאKאא

אאאאאFאEאאאאKאאאאFATPEא

אאאאאאאאDNARNAאא،Kאאאא

אאאאK

א אאאאאאאKאאא

٢٦٠אאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאKאאאאאאא


א אאאא

אאאאאא١٤٠אאKאאאאאאK


-٣٦-

אאKאאאאאאאאK

א

אאאאאאאKאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאKאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאK

א אאאאאאאא١٤٠אאאאאKא

אאאאאאאKאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאK

א

א٢٠א J٣٥אאאאאKאאא

אFאאE،אאאאKא

אאאאאאK


-٣٧-

Wאאא א

אאאאאKאאאא٤אא٧٠٪א٢٠٪

אאFאאE٥٪אאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאFאאאEKא

אאאאאאאאאK

א א١٠٠א J١٥٠،א٣٥٪אא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאK

א אאאאאא،אא

א٢אKאאאאאKאאאא،

אאאאKאאאאKFEא

אFEאK


-٣٨-

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

א

אאאאאKאאאF٥ J٥٠E،٧٥٪אאKא

אאאאאאאאאאKאא

FEאאאאK

אא אאאאW

١ JאאאאK ٢ JאאאK ٣ Jאא،א

،אא١٢،אאK ٤ Jאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאK

٥ JאאאאאאאאK،אא،א

א،א،אK ٦ JאאאK ٧ Jאאאאא

אאאK

- ٣٩-

אא

אא

א

٦


- ٣٩-

אאWא

אאW אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאW ١ Jאאאאאאא

٢ Jאאאאאאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

אאW


- ٤٠-

אאאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאFEF١٢E،אאFEאאאK

א אאאאאK

Wאאאא

אאאFEFEFEFKEאW

–אK JאאאK –אאאאאאאאK –אאאאא

אאאאאK Jאאאאא

אאK

FE FEאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא


- ٤١-

אאאאאא،WאאK

אאאW

١ J אאא אאאאאאא

אFאאEאאאאאאאK ٢ J א

FEאאאאאאאK

٣ J אא אאאFא

אאEאאאא،K ٤ J אא

FEאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאFאאEאאאאK

אאFE

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

،אאאאאאK


- ٤٢-

FE FEאאאא

אאאאאK

FE FEאאאא

אאאאKFE،אאא

אאאאאK

אאFE אאאאאאאW

- אאK - אאK - אאK אאאאא -

אאאאאK - אאאאK

FE אאאאKאא



- ٤٣-

FE ١ J אאאא،אא

FEFEאאאאK ٢ Jאא

אאאאאאאאאK ٣ Jאאא

אאאאאאK ٤ J

אאאאאאאאאFEאאK

אאאא

אאאאאK

FE אאאאאאאא

FאאאEאאא،אאאא،אאK

FE

אאאKאאאאאאאאא

אK


- ٤٤-

אאאא אאאא

אאFאEאאK

Wאאאא אאאאאFEFEא

אFB1E،אFB2E،אFB6E،אFB12E،א،،אא،،א،אאK

א ١ JאK ٢ JאאK ٣ JאאאK ٤ JאאאאאK ٥ JאאK

FE

אאאאאאאאK

FE

١ Jאא אאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאK


- ٤٥-

٢ JאW FEאאאאא

אאאאK

٣ J אאאאאאא

אאאאFEFEאאא،א

אF١EK

F١Eאא


- ٤٦-

٤ Jאא

אאאא،אאאאאאא

אאK ٥ Jא

אאאאאא١،אאK

אאאא

אא٤٥אאאאא٢٠٠٠א،א

אW - אאFE

אK - אF١٢KE Kאאאאאאא -- אאאאK

FEא אFB1E

אאאאKאאאאאאאF٢EK

אא

אאאאFאאKEאאאאאא،א


- ٤٧-

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK

אFB2E אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאF٣EK

F٢Eאא


- ٤٨-

אא Jאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK JאאאאאאאK JאK Jאאאאא

אאאאאK

F٣Eאא


- ٤٩-

א אF٣EאאאKאא

אאאאאאK אא

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאF

אאE،אאאאא،אאאאאK

FB12E אאאKאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאFאאKE

אא ١ JF١٢E،אאאא

،אאאFאאאאאKE ٢ Jאאאאאא

אאK

אFאE אאאאאאאא

אאK אא

אאאאאאאאא،F١٢EK

אאא،אאאאאאאK

אא

אא

א

٧


-٥٠-

אאWא

אאW אאאאאאא

אאW ١ Jאא

٢ JאאאאFאאא،אE

٣ Jאאאאאאאאא

٤ JאאאאF،א،E ٥ Jאאאאא

א

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW Jאאא

אאW


-٥١-

א אW

١ Jא אאאאאאאאK

אאאK ٢ Jא

אאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאK ٣ Jא

אאאKאא،אאK

אאא

אאאאW ١ JאאאאK ٢ JאאאאאאאאאK ٣ JאאאאאF،،Eא

،אאאא،אאאאאאאFאEאאאK

٤ JאאאאאאאאאאאK

א אאא

אאאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאאא


-٥٢-

אאאאאאאאאKאFאאE

אאאאאK

אא אאאאW

Wא ١ Jאאא


אאאW Jא

אאאאא،KאאאאאאK

אאאW Gאא(Clostridium botulinum)אאא

אאאאאאאאאK

Gא(Staphylococcus aureus)אאאFאאEאאאKאאא

אאאאK Gא(Lactic acid bacteria)אאא

אאאK אאאאאאאאW

FLactobacillus bulgaricus & Streptococcus thermophilusEאא،FLeuconostoc mesentroidsEאאאK


-٥٣-

Jא אאW

FSaccharomyces pasteurianusEאאאאאK

FMycoderma cuccmerinaEאאאאאאK אאאאאא

FSaccharomyces cervisiaeEאאK Jא

אאאW FAspergillus nigerEאאאאאא

אK FRhizopus nigricansEאאאK

אאאאאFPenicellium

roquefortiEאK ٢ Jא

אאאאאאאא،אא،אא

אאאא،אאK אאאW

Jאאא אאאאאאא

K Jאאאאא



-٥٤-

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אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

אאW


- ١٠٠-

אאא אאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא،

אאא،אא،אא،אאא،א،،אאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

١ JאאאאK

٢ JאאאאK ٣ Jאאאאאאאא

אאאK ٤ JאK

אאא

אאאאאאאאאאאFE200 E297EאF،،Eא

F،،EאאאFאEאFאEF،EאאאF،Eא

F،،EאF،،EאאאאKא

אאאאאאFEאאאאK


- ١٠١-

אאאאאאא

١Eא אFC6H5COOHEאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאא١٠אpHא٣אאKאאאFאא

EאKאאאאאאאאאאאF١٠٠–

١٠٠٠אKE ٢Eא

אFCH3CH2COOHEאאאאKאאאא


אאאKאאאאאאאאאK

٣Eא אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK

٤EאאאNitrite And Nitrate NitriteאNitrateאאאא

אאאKאאאאא


- ١٠٢-

אאא،אאאאאאK


٤٠٠٠אpH٩٥}٦FStaphylococcus auresEאpH٨}٥٤٠٠אpH

٠٥}٥٨٠אKאאאאאא٨٠–١٦٠אLאKאאא


אאאK ٥Eאאא

אאאאאאאאאא،אFEאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK Gאאאאאאאא Jאא

אK JאK JאאאאK JאK


KKאFStreptococcus lactisEאאFא٢–٣אKEאא


- ١٠٣-

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאF

אאאאאEKאאאאFThiobendazoleE

אאאK ٦Eא

אאא،אאאאאKאא

אאאאאFאאאאEאאאא

אאאK אא٢٠٠٠אא

אאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאFAcceptable Daily Intake ADIE אאאאאא

אאאאאאאKK אאאאאא

אא،א،אאאאאאK

אא،אאא١٠٠FEFADIEאאKאא

אאאאW ١ Jאאאאא

אאאאאK


- ١٠٤-

٢ JאאאאאאFSynergistic effectEאאאאK

٣ J،אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאK ٤ JאאאאאאאK

אF١EADIאאא

١אא אאא אא LאL

א ٠–٥ א

א ٠–٢٥ NitrateFאEאא ٠–٥

٧ א

אא

אא

א

١٣


-١٠٥-

אאWא

אאW אאאאאאאאאא

אאW ١ Jאאאאא

٢ Jאאאאאאאאא

٣ Jאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

אאW


-١٠٦-

Wאאא


אאאאאאK W ١ JאאWאאKא

אאאאK ٢ JאWאאאא

אאאא٥٠K٪ ٣ JWאאאאאאאא

٤٠٪אאאKאאאא

אאא

١ Jאאאאא אאאאאאא


אאאKאאאאK

٢ Jאאא אאאK

אאאאKאאאאאא٥٥ J٦٠Kאא

אאאאא


-١٠٧-

אאאאאאאאאK


אאאאאאK ٣ Jא

אאF٢٠Eאאאאאאאאאאא

KאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאFא،אאאEאאאאKאאא

אאאFאאאאאאאEאאאאא

٤٥ J٥٠K٪אאאאאא،אא

אKאאאאאאאא٥٠F٪א

אאאאE،אאאFאאאEאאאאא

אאאאאאאK אא

אאאאאא٤٥–٥٠٪אאאFKEKKאא

J٤٠א–١٨א٨٥١–٣K


-١٠٨-

Wאאא

אאאא١٩٣L١٩٨٠אאW GאWאא

אאאאא،K

GאWאאאאאאKאK

GאW،אאאאאאאא

אK

אא אאאאאאאאאא

אFאאEאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאא٥}٦٨K٪

אאאאא ١ Jאא

אאאאאאאKאאאא،אאאKאאאא


אאK


-١٠٩-

٢ Jא אאאFאE،אF

אKEאאאאאאאאאאאKא٤٥א

٥٥אאאאאאאK

٣ Jא אאאאאא

אKאאאאW JאאFאאE

אאאאFאאאKE JאאאאאFאKE JpHאאK

אא١}٠–٢}٠٪،אאאאאאK

٤ Jא אאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאK

א١٥٠٥١٥٠١٥٠אאאF١٥٠Eא

،אאאא٨٠א٨٠אF٨٠Eאאא١٥٠א

٨٠אאK


-١١٠-

٥ Jא אאאאאאאא

אאאFEאאKאאאאאאK

٦ Jא אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאא

אאK ٧ Jאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא٥}٦٨F٪Eאא

FאE١}٠K٪אאא،אאא،א،אK

אאאאאK Wא

אאאאאאאאא،אא

אאK אאW

١ JאאאאאK ٢ JK ٣ JאאאאאאאK ٤ Jא٣٪א٥٪א١K٪ ٥ JpH٩}٣٥}٤K ٦ JאאFאE١}٠K٪


-١١١-

אא ١ Jא

אאאאW JאאאאK Jאאאאאא Jאאאאא٥}٥–٧٪ Jאc٢٠١٠٠אK Jאא٣٣}٠–٥٥}٠٪pHא٢}٤K

٢ Jא אאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٣ Jא א،אאאאאK

٤ Jאאאאא אאאאאאאאאאKאאאW

JאאWאאאאאFאאאEא

אW JאאאאאK JcאאאאאאאK

אאFאאאEאא

אK


-١١٢-

JאאWאאאא١٥٠–١٩٥אאאא

אא١٥٠אאא،אאאא١٧٥

אא،W Jאאאאאא

אאאK JאאK Jאאאאאאא

אK ٥ Jא

אאאאK ٦ Jא

אאאא،אFDouble concentrateEאאאא٢٨–٣٠٪אFTriple concentrateE

אאאא٣٦ J٤٠٪،אאאKאאאא

٧٠אאאאאאאאאcFאאאאאKE

٧ JאW JאW

אא٩٢אאאFLEאאא،

אאK


-١١٣-

JאאW

אא–٢٠אא אאא א אאא א

אK

אאאאאא

אא

אא

א

١٤

א ١٥٤ אאא אאאא אאא

-١١٤-

אאאWאאא

אאW אאא

אאW ١ Jאאאאאאאא

٢ Jאאאאאא


٤ Jאאאאאאאאאאא

٥ Jאאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

Wאא


-١١٥-

אאאאאאא

אאKאאאW GאFfermentationE

אאFEאאאFא،אאE،אF،E

אK GאFWputrifactionE

אאאFאEאK אאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאW ١ Jאאאאאא،

K ٢ Jאאא

אאאאאאאאK ٣ Jאאאאא

אK אאאאא

،אא،אאאא،אאא،אK

WאאFאE

אאאאאאאאאאFאEאא

אK אאאאאאאא

אא


-١١٦-

אאאאKאאאא٤אF٪٤א١٠٠אKE

אאאאאאא،אאאאא،א

אאK ١Eא Jאא

אאאאאאאFSaccharomycesEFS.moleiEא

אאאאW

C6H12O6 + yeat 2 CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 FאFEFEE

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אKאאאא٢٥–٢٩אאאא

א٤٠K Jאא

אאאאאאאאאFAcetobacter EאאאאFA.acetiKE

אאאW

CH3CH2OH + O2 + Acetobacter CH3COOH + H2O FFEFEאFEאFEE


-١١٧-

אאאא،אאאF٦א–١٠E٪،אאF٢٧אE،אאאF

אאאKE אאאאאאKא

אאאאאא٥٠–٥٥א١٠٠٨٪٤٪אאאא

K

٢Eא Jאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאאאאF٦٠–٧٠٪אE

אא١٥٪،אאאאאאאFEאאאK

Jאא אאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאK

Jא ١ Jאא

אאאאאאFאEKKKאאKאאאא

אאא١٠א٪אאK١٢–١٤٪،אאאF

אEאאKאאאאאאאאFאא

F(NH4)2HPO4E١}٠ J٣}٠LKEאFpHE٤ J٨}٤


-١١٨-

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאK

אא٢٣–٢٩אאאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאאאאFאאאאE،א


אאא١K٪

٢ Jאא W

Jאא אאאאא٢٠٠

אאאא٥٠–٦٠٪אאK٢٥٪אא

אאFאאאאאKEא٢–٣

אFאאאEאאאאאK

Jאא

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אאאאKאWאאאאאאאאא

אא


-١١٩-

،אאאאאא،אאאאא

K אאאאKאא

אאאאאFאEאאאאKאאאאא

אאFאאEאאאאKא

אאאאFאEאK אאK

Jאא


Jא

אא٦٠–٦٥אאאאK

Jא אאא

אK

JאW אאאאאF

אאאאEאאאאאKאאא

אK


-١٢٠-

Jא ١Eאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאK

אאאאK ٢Eאאא

אFאEאאאאאאKאאFVinegar EelE

אאאFאאEאאאK

אאאאאאK ٣Eאא

אאאאאאאLactobacillusLeuconostoc

אאFאEK

WאאFאE אאאאFE،

אאאאKאאא

KאאאאאאאאK אאאאאא


אאK


-١٢١-

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאK

אאאאאאא ،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאW ١Eא

אאאאW JאאאאK Jאאא،אא

אאK JאאאאK Jא JאאאאאאK

٢Eא אאאאW

JאK JאאאK Jאאאאא

אאאאאאK אא١٪אאאK

٣Eאא אאאאאאאא

W


-١٢٢-

JאאאאאאK JאאאאאK JאK JאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאK ٤Eא

אאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאא

١ JאאאK ٢ Jאאאאא

אK ٣ Jא

אאאW JאאW

אאKאאאא٦א–٧٪אאאא،א

FאKEאאFאEאK

אא١٠٪אK

אא١١–١٢٪א١٥–١٦K٪

Jאא ١٠٪אאאKא

١٠٪١١–١٢٪אKא١٥–١٦K٪


-١٢٣-

אאאאאאKאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאK

٤ Jא אאאא١٦٪אא

אאאFאEאאK אאאא

אא٦א٪א٢–٣٪אאאאK٧٠–٧٥K

א

١Eא אאאאאאאאאא

אאK ٢Eאא

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٣Eא אאא

אאKאאFאאEאאK


-١٢٤-

٤Eאא אאאאא

אאאK ٥EאW

אאאאאאKאאאאAerobacter

אאאאאKאאאאאא٦٪אאאאא

אאK

אאאאאאאאאK

אא

אא

א

١٥

א ١٥٤ אאאאאא א

-١٢٥-

אאWא

אאW אאאאאאאK

אאW ١ Jאאא

٢ Jאאאאאא

٣ Jאאא

٤ Jאאאאאא

٥ Jאאא

אאאW

אא٩٠٪

אאאאW

אאW אאא

אאW


-١٢٦-

אאאאאא،

א٣٨אאKאאאא،אאאא

אFE،אאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאאFאאאאאאאאאא

EאאאאאKאא

אאאKא--אFא

אאאאאאאאKE

אא

אאאFאאEאאאאאאאאא

אאאאFDNAE–-אאKאאאאא

אאאKאFDNAEאאאFDNAE،אא

אKאאאאא،אא،

אאאאא،אאאK


-١٢٧-

אא ١ Jא،אאאא ٢ Jאאאא ٣ JאאאFאאאאאEאאאאאK ٤ JאאאK

א

١ JאאאאאאאKאאא٥

אאK ٢ Jאאאאאא

،אאK

אאא אאאאאאF60CoE

אF137Cs EאאאאאK

אא אאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאKאא١٠אאאFE

K אW ١ JאFאE

Fא٢}٠אEאאאאK


-١٢٨-

٢ Jאאא אאאF١ J٢אE

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאFאאא،אאE

אא Jאא١ J٢א

٣ Jאאאאא אאאאא

١ J٥אאאאFאאE

٤ Jאאאא ٥ J١٠אאאא

אא٥אאאאא،אאK

٥ Jא אאאאאא

אאאאKא٥٠אאאא

١ J٢K ١אאאא


-١٢٩-

F١Eאאאא

א אא FkGyE

אא א

٧ א J١٠ אאא Jא Jא Jא

אא

٥}٢ J١٠ אא–א Jא

Jאאא Jא

אא

٢ J٥ אאאא

א Jא

١}٠ J٢ א Jאא Jא

אא J Jא

א ١}٠ J٢ א Jא Jא

Jאא J

אא

אאאאאאאאאאא١٩٩٧אאFאE

אאאאאאאאאFאא١٠אאאאא

אאKEאאאאאאאאא٣٠K

א ١٥٤ אאאא אא

-١٣٠-

אא אאא

• ،אK١٩٩٢KאFאאKEK • א،Kאאא،א

–אאא JאK • ،K١٣٩٩KאאאKאWא J

אK • ،،،K١٩٩٠Kא

אא JאKאWאאKK • ،،FWאאKE

١٩٩٠KאFאאKEאWאאאאK • א،K١٤١٠KאאאאאאKWאאK • אא،אK١٤٠٤Kא JKאW

א JאK • א،א،K١٩٨٨KאאאאKאWאא

אK • ،K١٤١٨KאKאWאK • ،אK٢٠٠٠KאאKWאא

אK • ،K١٩٩٩KאFאKEWאאK • ،K١٩٩٧KאאאKאWאאא

אK • א،،אא،KאאאKWאא

אK • א،،א،K١٩٨٥KאKאKאא

אאאK

א ١٥٤ אאאא אא

-١٣١-

• ،K١٤٢١אאאKאWאאאאאאאFאאא JאאKE

• ،אFKאאKE١٩٨٧KאאאFאא،אא،אEאWאאאאK

אאא

Desrosier, N & Desrosier, J. (1977). The Technology of Food Preservation (4th ed). AVI Publishing Company, INC. Westport, Connecticut.USA. Potter, N. (1967). Food Science (second printing). AVI Publishing Company, INC. Westport, Connecticut.USA. Fellows, P. 2000. Food Processing Technology (principles and practice). 2nd edition. CRC: USA. Brennan, J., Butters, J., Cowell, N. and Lilley, A. 1990. Food Engineering Operations. (3rd edition). Elsevier Applied Science: London. Aberle, E., Forrest, J., Gerrard, D. and Mills, E. 2001. Meat Science (4th edition). Kendal/Hunt Publishing Company: Iowa(USA) Sams, A. 2001. Poultry Meat Processing. CRC: USA.

א ١٥٤ אאאא א

-١٣٢-

א

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١ אאWאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ٥ אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K١٧ אאאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٢٦

אאWאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٣٣ אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٣٩ אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٥٠ אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٥٨

אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٧١ אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٨٠

אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٩٥ אאWאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K٩٩ אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١٠٥ אאאWאאא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١١٤

אאWא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١٢٥ אא K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ١٣٠

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