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Palakov D., Senior Assistant, PhDr, Technical University (Koice, Slovakia), Rohov ., Senior Assistant, Mgr,
PhD, Technical University (Koice, Slovakia), Stepaniuk N., PhD, Associate Professor Rivne Regional Institute of
Postgraduate Pedagogical Education (Rivne, Ukraine)
THE POVERTY IN SLOVAKIA IN COMPARISON TO OTHER SELECTED EU COUNTRIES
In recent years, more and more effort to identify, measure, analyze and poverty alleviation was developed. There is a
multitude of definitions (eg. Ringer, Townsend, World Bank, Council of Europe), and the resulting approaches to poverty,
which often promote the formation of measurement of problems of poverty and seeking ways to address it. With certainty
we can say that the poverty is seen as a multidimensional phenomenon, which is related not only to the lack of income but
also social exclusion and perceived deprivation [1,2].
In this paper we examine poverty in the EU through cluster analysis, where we are based on measurements made by
Eurostat poverty through statistical surveys on income and living conditions of EU SILC. For joining, we used Wards
method, which is based on optimizing the homogeneity of clusters. Minimizes the increase of total intra-group sum of
squares of objects from the average cluster (centroid) [3]. In comparison we transferred a period of three years - 2006,
2009 and 2012, in order to reveal the impact of debt and financial crisis on poverty [4]. The year 2006 was considered the
year when the EU worked steadily, and that preceded the outbreak of the subprime crisis in the United States, which
subsequently developed into the financial and debt crisis. In 2009, we observed clear signs of crisis in the EU. 2012 was the
last year for which data were available all the values of the variables, and in which it was possible to monitor whether there
are any changes after the crisis.
The variables we obtained from Eurostat databases, which are harmonized indicators, and thus for the same
methodology for each country. This will allow, in contrast to the data obtained from different sources to work with
undistorted data. Indicators were input variables for the cluster analysis, based on which we divided the country into
different clusters. The number of clusters may be in the range from 1 to p, but in practical terms is as the number of clusters
is greater than 1 and less than the number of objects [3]. The authors focused on the changes that have occurred in different
clusters, with emphasis on the position of Slovakia and the various clusters, we incurred using the map portraying the EU.
These clusters were compared using average values for each characteristic method of comparison. Based on the
comparison, we then deduced and evaluated which of the clusters is doing in terms of poverty levels better, and which in
turn worse [5, 6].
First cluster can be characterized as the most numerous. Its permanent members were Sweden, Norway, Finland,
Denmark, Austria, Slovenia, Luxembourg and Cyprus. In 2009, these members joined Czech, has experienced positive
developments in all variables except the proportion of the poor, where housing costs make up more than 40% of disposable
income. Was the most positive in the Czech Republic decline in material deprivation and low labour intensity. In 2012, the
first cluster, adding Poland, Slovakia and Estonia again. The main reason for the connection of Slovakia and Poland can be
considered both improvements in developing material deprivation and the proportion of people with low education, as well
as deterioration in material deprivation, long-term unemployment rates and low labour intensity in the majority of the
permanent members.
Most significantly, this diversity manifested in 2012, when joined to the cluster Poland, Slovakia and Estonia. These
states in terms of living standards have not caught up country in northern Europe, where the standard of living is higher. If
we compare the monitored indicators individually, and between these two groups of countries are major differences,
especially in the case of disposable income, but in the assessment of all indicators simultaneously, these differences
diminished.
The result of the cluster analysis was the creation of five major clusters, consisting of the countries that have been
studied in terms of indicators of poverty and social exclusion of the most similar. We can say that the spatial distribution of
poverty in the EU is uneven. Especially in the last accession countries have experienced higher rates of poverty.
Composition of clusters in different years partly changed, but the most significant change occurred in 2012, just due to the
crisis. The crisis is most visible in the increased number of long-term unemployed population and low labour intensity, as a
result of the slump in world trade, uncertainty in financial markets, which led to the global recession. Subsequently, there
was a decline in disposable income and population increase of the population at risk of poverty and social exclusion.
Slovakia between 2006 and 2009 incorporated the countries with higher risk of poverty and social exclusion. They were
mainly former Soviet Union states, while the last EU accession countries, which have been most similar to Slovakia. In
2012 moved to countries with higher living standards and a better situation on poverty, but can not be argued that poverty
and living conditions in Slovakia are good.
The main long-term problem and Slovakia is the high number of residents who are unable to find a place in the labour
market more than a year. Not only long-term unemployment, but also short-term, and especially youth unemployment is
high in Slovakia. The reason is both mismatches in the labour market and educational attainment residents, and also lack
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practical skills of graduates. Neither the social assistance system, which should improve the lives of the most vulnerable
groups, is not set up properly and so often leads to even greater deepening poverty[4].
The EU has in 2010 aimed at reducing the number of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion by at least 20
million by 2020 Her plans, however, largely halted by the outbreak of the crisis, which resulted in the deterioration of the
situation on poverty. Overall, in 2012 the EU at risk of poverty or social exclusion 124,5 million inhabitants. The trend in
development is still growing and it is questionable whether it managed to achieve the intention of the EU made in 2020 in
the case that Europe recovers from the crisis, boost economic development and increase employment, this could lead to a
decline in poverty, whether it is about 20 million, however, is not very certain [7].
Hard to say whether it is possible to eliminate poverty permanently. It would require a very large amount of effort and
strategic actions. The probability that poverty will be present in some form still leads us to the fact that we focus on finding
measures to alleviate it, and ensure better living conditions for the most vulnerable groups are children and young people,
the unemployed and the Roma minority
1. Dambazovi R. 2007. Chudoba na Slovensku. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenskho v Bratislave, 2007. 232 s. ISBN 978-80-223-2428-1. 2. Ringer S. 2005. The Problem of poverty Some Recommendations on Definition an Measurement. In Sociologick asopis
[online]. 2005, ro. 41. . 1, 125-139 s. [cit. 2013-04-04]. Dostupn na internete: . 3. elinsk T. 2014. Determinants of Monetary Poverty in the European Union.
[online]. Ekonomick fakulta Technickej Univerzity, Koice, [cit. 2014-02-06]. Dostupn na internete: . 4. Ivankov L. 2013. Budcnos merania chudoby. In Paradigmy
budcich zmien v 21. Storo. Bratislava : Ekonomick stav SAV, 2013. 215-223 s. ISBN 978-80-7144-213-7. 5. Helmeczyov M.
2014. Meranie chudoby na Slovensku v porovnan s vybranmi krajinami E. Koice : EkF TUKE. Diplomov prca, 2014. 87 s.
6. Eurostat: Income and living conditions. [online]. [cit. 2013-10-13]. Dostupn na internete: http://epp.
eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/income_social_inclusion_living_conditions/data/database. 7. European Commission: Portfolio of
indicators for the monitoring of the European Strategy for Social Protection an Social Inclusion 2009 updat. [online]. [cit.2013-10-10].
Dostupn na internete: http://ec.europa.eu/social/ BlobServlet?docId= 3882&langId=en.
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