Хаустов в , самуэльсон л сталин, нквд и репрессии 1936 1938...
-
Upload
stier-litz -
Category
Documents
-
view
261 -
download
3
description
Transcript of Хаустов в , самуэльсон л сталин, нквд и репрессии 1936 1938...
-
s
C t
-
. .
- ,
-
:
. (Jorg Baberowski), . (Lynn Viola), . (Andrea Graziosi),A. . , . ( 1 DEncausse),B. . ,
C. . , . . ,
. . ,
. (Robert Service), . (Lennart Samuelson), . . ,
. (Sheila Fitzpatrick), . .
-
,
193 -1938 .
I < , I- . . * *
20 10
-
94(47)(082.1) 63.3(2)615-4
26
., .
26 , 1936-1938 . / . , . . .:
( ); . . , 2010. 432 .: . ( ).
ISBN 978-5-8243-1069-6 . .
1930- .
,
,
.
,
XX .
94(47)(082.1) 63.3(2)615-4
ISBN 978-5-8243-1069-6 ., 2010 ,
2010
-
1937-1938 XX .
.
,
, ,
. . . ,
. . , ,
.
1930- , . . ,
. - ,
, .
. . XX 1956 , .
.
,
. ,
11. . , - , .
1960- 1980- , -
; . 1980-
: .
-
.
,
-
I 1920-1950-
5
-
. . ,
, .
, 1990- , ,
1936-1938 , ,
. ,
,
,
,
, ; .
,
1930- .
,
.
, , ,
.
, ,
,
,
1937-1938 .
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
, .
( ) -
6
-
( ).
( ), ( ), ( ).
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
- ,
,
,
, .
. -
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
- .
.
-
.
: . . , . . , . . -
. . .
.
,
: . , . , . , . -
, . , . .
. . ,
.
, , -
v I |> , - .
7
-
1930- 1936-1938 ., ,
1937 . , 1990- . , 1940- , ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
(Dwarza) . , . , . , . . 1 2
, Friedrich Beck & V. Godin3. : (Houtermans) (1903-1966). 1935 , (1896-1958). 1937 , 1940 .
.
, ,
,
( , , , , ,
,
1 DwarzaJ.-F. Deutungsnmstcr dcs Ornssen Terrors. Berlin, 2002.2 Stalinscher Terror. Eine rorschun^sbilanz, Dusseldorf 2002, S. 299-311.3 Friedrich Beck & V. Coffin ( pseud.), Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession.
New York 1951.
8
-
). , .
XX . , ,
1, 2 3.
,
.
, .
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
4. 1990 (' 5. , , , ,
1936-1938 , . . ,
,
.
, -
m;l / i 1937-1938 . ,
XX .
1 Paschner G. / /I m Teufelkreis des Terrors: Bolschewistische GewaJthcrrschaft unter I mm, Stalin, Chruschtschow. ( : ' , ). Boppard/Rhein 1964.
} Andies . Der Grosse Terror Von den Anfangen der russischen Revolution bis zum Tode Mitlins, ( ). Wien: 1967.
Conkwest R. The Great Terror: Stalins Purges in the 1930s, London 1968,2- . The ( Terror: A Reassessment, London 1988, 3 . Oxford KIM , . - I I . , 1991.
4 SU'dxwlev R. Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism* (London / 1). Mnhie
-
( ) , ,
.
.
- ,
, , , ,
.
, ,
,
.
(Pierre Brou ) ,
, 1920- , 1.
1937-1938 .
. . .
( ., 1995), 2, ,
,
.
-
.
1980- 1990- . ,
,
. . .
- ,
, ,
,
,
.
1 . Le Parti Bolchevique, Pans, 1963; . Les Procfcs de Moscou, Paris 1965; . Communistes contre Slalinc. Massacre (Pune g6nration. Paris, 2003.
2 High Treason. Essays on the History of the Red Army 1918-1938. Durham. 1985.
10
-
, , , . . *.
,
,
. . . 3. 2. -
.
.
,
.
, .
,
, ,
1930- .
.
- ,
.
, . ,
1930- ,
.
.
,
,
.
,
. 1936-1938 .
. 3. , 1936 1937 , . ,
.
.
1 . . . 2- . 1990; . . ., 1990.1 . . . . . 1-2. ., 1989; . 3.
. ., 1996; . ., 1997.
11
-
, , -
,
,
.
1936-1937 ,
. , ,
, .
. , , . .
, ,
, -
, ,
. , ,
,
1.
. ,
,
, . ,
. . , , ,
,
. ,
.
1990- .
,
23 1992 , ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
,
, .
1 . . . . .. 1991. . 93.
12
-
,
, . . .
,
. ,
|> ( )
, .
, ,
1936-1938 . . ,
,
( , , ). ,
, 1.
.
.
,
2. , 3.
. (1979). , 1980- .
( . . DC) , ( ), 1937 ( 1979 . (Ph.D.), 1985 .)4. ,
1 . . 1937-1938 . -I . . ., 2004. . 433.
2 .1 . . 1937: , . ., 1992; . . 30- ., 1996.
3 Les mecanismes de la Grande Terror de annes 1937-1938 au Turkmenistau//Cahiers de Monde russe. 1998 vol. 39, N 1-2. C. 197-208; The Peasons for the Great Terror: The to rign-Political Aspect//Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914-1945/Ed. By Pom 5., Romano A. Milan, 2000, C. 159-169; Party und NKVD: Power relations ships in the years of the Great Terror//McLougfilin B., McDermott K. (Ed) Stalins Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union. N. Y, 2003. C. 21 -3 3 .
4 Getty j . Arch. Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933-1938.
13
-
,
( ). , ,
1980- , ,
.
, ,
,
. 1. , ( . . ), ,
. ,
1936 1939 .
.
,
, 1990- 2.
,
. . ,
1936-1938 3.
. ,
,
4. , ,
1 Getty /. Arch, & Manning R. T. (red.). Stalinist Terror. New Perspectives, Cambridge 1993.
2 The Soviet Economy and the Launching of the Great Terror*, v Stalins Terror Revisited, red. Ilic ., London 2006, S. 11-38).
3 Getty J. Arch, Naumov O:. The Road to Terror The Self-Destruction of the Bolshevik Party*, New Haven 2000.
1 . . -37: . , 1994. . . , 1920- 50- . - . , 1996. . 1; 1920-1930- .; . . . 20-40- . ( - ) , 1997; . . : 1928 1941. , 1997; .. ., . - - , , . Kuio 1997; .
14
-
.
,
,
. , . . -
,
,
,
.
. .
.
,
.
.
. . , . . . . 1.
,
.
,
, .
1960- . ,
,
,
. .
-
,
.
. . , . . , . . 2.
3. - *
,
I 1937-1938 . ( . - . ., 1999. . 35-75); * 1*& |&8 . ., 1997.
*'6 . . 1937-1938. ., 1998; . . . ., 2005; //. . ... 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 5 3 . ., 2004.
, J : . . 1937 : . ., 2003.
15
-
,
1.
. ,
.
,
1920-1950- . .
.
, , .
, -
,
, .
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
1937-1938 . ,
.
,
1930- ,
.
- ,
,
.
, ,
1 . . 1937 : ? ., 2007: . , ., 2006).
16
-
. , , ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
1. ,
, ,
.
1937-1938 , , ,
.
, , , -
,
, ,
, 2. ,
,
3.
.
, ,
,
, , 4. , .
. , . .
XX . :
.
,
.
.
* . . . ., 2005. . 711 -712.* . .. . ., 2007. . 157.
3. . ., 2005.Hitler And Stalin. Parallel Lives. London 1991. . .
/ . , 2000. 2- . . 2
17
-
: ,
,
.
,
.
; , 1990- .
.
-
,
1940- 1.
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
. 2.
.
, 1938 ,
.
,
3. , .
.
.
1 RichardOivry,The Dictators. Hitlers Germany. Stalin's Russia. London. 2004, 4,5 14.
2 Tucker R. Stalin in Power. The revolution from above 1928-1941. New-YorkLondon, 1990.
1 . . . ., 1998 ( New York, 1939); A. (The Secret History of Stalins Crimes, New York 1956). . ., 1991.
18
-
. .
,
,
. .
,
1936-1937 , - , ,
, ,
. .
,
- -
.
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
, .
. 1. , , ,
.
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
1 . . . .. 2007.
19
-
,
,
1. , ,
1937-1938 , .
.
1990- . . (S. G. Wheatcroft), .
,
1970- . , ,
, 1932-33 . , , .
,
, 2.
. ,
. . ,
,
. ,
1930- ,
- ,
.
,
3.
X. 4.
1 ., : . . : (1918-1953). ., 2006.
2 Towards Explaining the Changing Levels of Stalinist Repression in the 1930s: Mass Killings* S. G. Wheatcroft (red.) Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History. London: Palgrave 2002. S. 112-146.
3 . H. . , , , . ., 2000; . . 1933-37 . ., 2003 .
4 Kuromiya . Stalin. Profiles in Power. Pearson Longman, 2005.
20
-
,
1. ,
.
, ,
,
, .
.
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,
,
2. ,
, 3. . 4, , 2000- :
. ( . McLoughlin) . ( . McDermott)
5.11 ,
-
.
-
,
1 Kuromiya . Freedom and Terror in the Donbass: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, IM7IK 1990s. Cambridge, 1998.
1 Kuromiya H. The Voices of the Dead. Stalins Great Terror in the 1930s, New Haven 7
I'arrl Chinsky, Micro-histoire de la Grande Terreur. La fabrique de culpabilit hiliiiinim*. Paris. 2005.
I'ritstland D . Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization: Ideas, Power and Terror in inh i win Russia. Oxford, 2007.
' McLaughlin B.. McDermott K. Rethinking Stalinist Terror. .: Stalins Terror: ! M i lJn!Uics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union. Basinstoke, 2006. S. 1-18: : ..........|K*rations of the NKVD, 1937-38. S. 118-152.
21
-
.
. ,
. , . , .
1938 *. . . 2. ,
, ,
3.
4, ,
, . ( . Ilic) . ( . Joyce) 1930- . ,
- ,
. 5.
, , .
. . 6. ,
,
, .
. . 2002 , .
, ,
1937-1938 , , .
,
,
1 Ezhovs scenario for the Great terror and the Falsified scenario of the third Moscow show trial, S. 34-56).
2 FirsovF. Unfried B. Dimitrov, the Komintern and Stalinist repression, 56-80, Foreign communists and the mechanism of Soviet cadre formation n the USSR. S. 175-198.
3 . : Chase W. Enemy at the Gates: The Comintern and the Stalinist Repression, 1934-1939, New Haven 2001; Dundovich E. Tra Esilio e castigo. II Komintern, il PCI e la repressioni degli antifascist italiani in URSS (1936-38). Roma, 1998.
1 Stalins Terror Revisited, Red. M. Ilic, London, 2006.5 Hedeler W. (red). Stalinscher Terror. Eine Forschungsbilanz, Diisseldorf: Basis Drue k,
2002 .6 . . ., 1995; . . : *
. ., 2001; . . . ., 2007; ., . * . .. 2007.
22
-
, 1937-1938 .
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
, . . ,
,
,
.
,
. ,
. .
1. ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
- 2. .
,
1 . . : . M.F 2001. J ., : . . . . ., 2005.
23
-
, 1. ,
. ,
,
.
- ,
.
, , -
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
1937-1938
, 1997 , 2. . ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
. (F. Bettanin)3.
1 BaberowskiJ. Der Rote Terror. Die Geschichte des Stalinismus. Munchen 2003; . . : . ., 2007.
2 ., ., .- ., ., , .- . . . . . ., 1999.
3 Bettanin F II lungo terrore: Politic;! e repressioni in URSS 1917-1953. Roma, 1999.
24
-
- - , 1930 1934, . -
,
,
. 1.
, 1937-1938 , .
. . ,
, 1937 2.
, . ,
, 00447 31 1937 . 1937-1938 , ,
,
.
00447 . . 3.
, .
,
.
,
,
1937-1938 , .
1 Repenscr la grande terreur//W erth N. La terreur et le d sarroi: Staline et son syst6me. Paris. 2007. S. 265-299.
1 litipatrik Sh. Stalins Peasants: Resistanse and Survival in the Russian Village after ( nlliTtivization. Oxford, 1994; . . - 30- : . ., 2001.; . . - \ , // - tni.iM . , 1999. . 230-254.
1 ., . - . Ms00447 . . -
MMMifi* *. . . ., 2003.
25
-
1.
:
1930- .
, ,
.
1937-1938 , , ,
.
1930- * ,
.
.
.
-
25 1936 ( - ). , 26
1936 ,
.
,
1930- 1. 1936 ,
.
1 . . .. 1935.
26
-
,
.
; , ,
.
. ,
, ,
, .
1937 .
. ,
,
. , ,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
. 1934 - .
,
. ,
, . X. ; , - 1. .
1934 , ( )
. . . ,
, , .
,
, ,
.
1 . . ., 1991. . 31
27
-
.
. 1934 ,
. . . ,
, , ,
, -
- ,
.
. ,
- - - - ,
,
1. .
1935 . , ,
,
2. , , - . . ,
-
,
1938 , - . .
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
1935 .
, , 1935
.
-
1 ( ). . 3. On. 1. . 668. . 14-16.
2 . . 2. . 273. . 196.
28
-
. 1936 -
- -
1. , ,
,
,
,
. ,
1936 - , ,
, ,
2. . 1938 .
,
:
3. ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
- ,
,
( ) .
4. 1939 ,
.
, ,
,
, . ,
,
* . . 3. . . 321. . 344.2 . . 227-228.1 . . XXI. ., 1972. . 599.* - (
). . 558. . . . 188. . 83.
29
-
. : ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, , .
1. .
-
,
,
.
,
.
,
1920 , - ,
1920- . -
.
,
.
.
1938
.
.
1935 . 1938 ,
.
: ,
2- , , 1935 . ,
, - , -
.
. ,
1935 , - -
1 . . 3. . 4. . 467. . 53.
30
-
,
,
,
.
-
,
1938 . , ,
,
1934 ,
- 1. , 1935 ,
: , .
. .
,
.
, -
, ,
- 2. ,
.
, .
.
.
, .
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
1935 , , ,
. , ,
1 ILA . . 3. On. I. . 229. . 144.2 . . 558. On. 11. . 188. . 74-76.
31
-
1.
-
, .
1936 ,
, .
, ,
2. 1937 ,
, ,
-
, ,
3. ,
, ,
, ,
.
. -
,
.
.
1934-1937 ,
, .
1934 , , , ,
. ,
, , ,
,
. ,
1934 3 .
1936 ,
.
1 . . 3. . 2. . 315. . 136.2 . . : . ., 1995. . 226.3 . . 558. On. 11. . 188. . 100.
32
-
, . 1937
.
.
.
,
.
.
1936 . ,
,
( ), ,
.
.
.
.
. 1934
.
. :
? ? ?1.
( ), . .
,
. , , , -
, 13 .
, . ,
.
1 . - - - . . . 1922 - 1936. . . . . ; . . . , . . , . . . ., 2003. . 506.
33
-
, ,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
, 1940
.
1934 ,
,
. 1934
,
.
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
, .
.
,
1.
. - ( )1937 , , , , ,
1 .: Kahn D. Hitlers spies: German intelligence in World War II, London 1978, ch. 24 The Greatist Mistake.
34
-
, ,
.
,
.
. ,
,
1936
. . .
1. ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
-
( ), , .
( . . ) IV ( . . ).
, .
. 1935 ,
, -
.
1930- : ,
,
, .
1939 , 1936-1938
-
,
,
. 1934 ( ), . , 1936 , , :
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
27 1935 : .
.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
1.
30- . , , ,
.
. 1935 , , .
.
,
,
.
; , .
,
,
. , 1935 -
,
1 . . 28650. . 1. . 193.
36
-
. . ,
, .
. -
, 1937 . . , , :
,
, , , 1. , 1935 ,
- . ,
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
. ,
. . ,
,
. . .
. .
0 , . ,
,
, , -
, .
1930- * .
,
. ,
, , -
1 - ( . , , ,
, -
.' .
.
,
, .
1 I [ . 23634 . . 195.
37
-
*
. , ,
,
,
.
.
-
.
,
; .
-
, ,
, , .
,
,
. ,
. - ,
, .
. 1935 , ,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
, ,
, , , .
38
-
,
, ,
. , 1935 :
1933 , , ,
,
1. .
,
1930- . . -
,
,
2. .
,
,
. ,
. 58-6 ( ). 1935
.
,
,
,
,
3. ,
. 1935
( ). . ,
( ) | , , .
' AI1 . . 3. . 58. . 246. . 164-165.1 Lvshuk L U. S. Intelligence. Perceptions of Soviet Power, 1921-1946. London, 2003.
P > 116, 11 . . 3. On. 4. . 9. . 132.
39
-
.
( ) . ,
. 1936 , ,
,
.
1. 1936
. ,
:
,
2.
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
.
, 10 1934 , - 5 1935 , 22