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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO
-
IPO HIOOYO
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO
E O T P O NA 2004
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T :
T M, H
ISBN 960-8317-29-0
E EOTPON
A 14, A 105 52
T.: 210.32.36.852
Fax: 210.32.10.472
E-mail: [email protected]
E : X
- Layout : nirvana grafix
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
E I HPOOPIKHO M von Neumann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13O M B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33K O (Cyborg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
E II ENEPEIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 H E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99O Dyson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
E III IATHMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139I K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161K Laser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223K A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
E IV H EAIA TOY EPYPOY ANHTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
E V TA OPIA TH YIKH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
-
H O , O O OO - , H , . , , , , 1600, Giordano Bruno , , .
A - , A, , , - , , - . - *, , ,
* I K.
-
- , , - .
H A-, , Ber-trand Russell, , - . H - , - , , -, . H - E-, , - , I . E - , - K , , - H B . A - , E, - . , , , , , .
E - , -,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO10
-
, - George Or-well.
O , - , , . , , - . , , , , -, , , , .
, , - N. Kondratiev*, , . O , - , , H , .
O P N.S. Kardashev, - , - . , I, . , II, -. , III, -
POOO 11
* O P N. Kondratiev -, 1926, , , , .
-
, . M - , H , , , - .
Z ...
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO12
-
O M von Neumann
T A 1956, - Walter Reed B, o . T - o - , , , . M , - , - . , 8 - 1957, John von Neumann , - . , , - , , ,N, A E, . - vonNeumann, H/Y - ...
H O A O . A , , . -, - . A ,
-
, , , , . M , - ( ).O - . , - - .
A - , - , - , 40 , . T - - . A - , .
O M M
E M, - O - Princeton New Jersey. H HA . O John von Neumann, - , - Hilbert, Gttingen. Princeton, o vonNeumann -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO14
-
Gibbs, , , , , - , , . - 1 0. 0 1, , - ( ). T , .
M , Gibbs -, - . O vonNeumann - , , - - . H - , H/Y - , .
O von Neumann, Kurt Gdel, IA M (Institute for Advanced Studies) Princeton.T 1931 25 , Gdel - - , - , - . Hilbert - Gdel, von Neumann, , -
HPOOPIKH 15
-
, , .
H Gdel, . , , von Neumann, - . , G-del von Neu-mann. T , - Norbert Wiener, O - , KIM Rudyard Ki-pling, B - () . T , , - - . O , . M , , , .
A Kipling, von Neumann , - , , - . H , , , , , - . A - von Neumann - (mini-
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO16
-
maxes), - , .
H M von Neumann A K
H - HA , Nor-bert Wiener, von Neumann M K-, , - . H - 1944 - K I A M Prin-ceton, .
vonNeumann, A , - ( Manhattan). H von Neumann , Hilbert, Enrico Fermi Robert Oppenheimer.M , von Neumann M E , - - H/Y, EDVAC, von Neumann 1951.
, EDVAC - , - O . E - - (M E-Input Unit, M E-Output Unit, M A -Storage Unit, A-
HPOOPIKH 17
-
M-ALU M E-Control Unit), K/E- (Fetch/Execute), .
A - (- ), - ( E- von Neumann). A - , , - , - . E H/Y - , . M, von Neumann - . A von Neu-mann , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO18
EIPIAKHAPXITEKTONIKH(VON NEUMANN)
APXITEKTONIKHPIPELINE
DATAFLOW
MACHINE
CON-NECTIONMACHINE
NEYPNIKAIKTYA
MHIEYPYMENH
APXITEKTONIKH
AYXPONHAPAHIA (MIMD)
YXPONHAPAHIA (MIMD)(BOLTZMAN-WISARD)
MOPIAKOIYOOITE(MOLECULARCOMPUTERS)
MH EIPIAKH APXITEKTONIKH(NON VON NEUMANN NON VON)
AMHXANH
(MACHINE CODE)
APXITEKTONIKHRISC
H .
-
, - ( von Neumann), - , - (Artificial Intelligence/AI).
A M
O , - H/Y, 80, -, - , . H 1980 - Geoff Hinton Carnegie-Mellon. O H/Y Bol-tzmann, Ludwig Boltzmann, H/Y - . - (threshold units), , - , 0 1 , 1, . M . T - , - . - , 1 . T , . H , A B B
HPOOPIKH 19
-
A. T Boltzmann - , .
AH A
1. (trainingpattern) .
1. T .1. A , -
.AH B
2. A .2. T .2. M , 1,
.O , -
AH B . M - .
T Boltzmann, 1984 Wisard Igor Aleksander, , -, . H RAM - . - 512 x 512 (pixels), . 32.768 , , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO20
T Boltzmann . H , , () .
-
256. - 256 (addresses) RAM, - 0 255. M , (32.768) - . Y - , - . M , RAM.
Igor Aleksander, - Manchester H/Y (dataflow) (token ring) . H , H/Y. M , - - . O - : (greedy evalua-tion) - , - (lazy evaluation) -, .
M Da-
HPOOPIKH 21
Boltzmann. H .
-
niel Hillis, MIT (AI). O Hillis Non Von (- A von Neumann) 1974 , 1983, M (ConnectionMachine) DARPA* - 4,7 USD. T 1985, , Hillis DARPA 65.536 -, 16.384 Perkin-Elmer , - MRJ NASA .
H - . H 65.536 - 16 , 216
= 65.536. K 16 ( 16 ). H 4.096 - 24.576 , - . T , .
H M A
, - ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO22
* A - .
-
, . ( -) - , - . E - , - , - . H von Neumann, , H/Y , , .
T - , - . , - . O A, , , 2.000 7 . H 5 45 . A 22% - 800% ( , /-con-
HPOOPIKH 23
A , .
-
troller). . I- Hillis - 1.000.000 . - .E H/Y, - John Rollwagen, Cray Research : N Seymour Cray - - ( - ), - , . N .
A M
A von Neumann, . - , vonNeumann - , (ma-nufacturing unit), (dupplicator) - , (control unit) , (command module) - - . - , - , . H
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO24
-
- , - .
E von Neumann , - . E , 1980, - , NASA, Georg von Tiesenhausen Wesley Darbro. H - , 2007, - .
H , , , , - . T Tiesenhausen-Darbo, M A, - (LMF-Lunar Manufacturing Facility) von Neumann, - , - - , , - . T - .
, NASA A ME 1992, Santa Clara K, - . H von Neumann - . M -
HPOOPIKH 25
-
, POMOT I POMOT II. POMOT I H/Y - H/Y POMOT II, H/Y.
A , . T POMOT II PO-MOT III, PO-MOT I ( ). M . E - PUMA 500, - 80, H/Y LS II, 1.000 . PUMA 500 - 1.500 , LS II. PUMA 500 H/Y.
O,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO26
T SantaClara Puma 500.
-
LMF , , , , - LMF, . 1012
bit , - -. O , bit - (1010) , - bit (1014). , LMF -, , - -. H LMF 10 , SATURN V ( -- AON), - .
T LMF : , , - , , , -, - . T LMF - , . M- 18 , LMF - 4.000 , .
LMF - . 90%-96% LMF - LMF. T 4%-10% - . - VLSI. -
HPOOPIKH 27
-
LMF . E - .
O vonNeumann (SRS-Self Replica-ting Systems) . , NASA -. T LMF - , 36 , LMF, 5.000 , , -. T - A, - .
H 1991 Tiesenhausen-Darbro SRS AIAO B - E (BIS). M Repro M -, , Robert Frietas, , H , - . H 10.700 x 106 kgr, - SRS . O Repro , 10.100 x 106 kgr () 560 x 106
kgr . T SRS 443 x 106 kgr - Repro , 500 . , Repro (-, , , , -, , -, ).
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO28
-
H Frietas cache, - - . 100 km 40.000 Repros. O Frietas Repro - , - 35 ( ). , - , . M , Frietas .
H Repro , - - .
HPOOPIKH 29
SRS .
-
, Repro SRS, , T. A- - Freeman Dyson Disturbing the Universe. OFrietas SRS ( ). , SRS . T , - , . - Freeman Dyson Neumann...
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO30
-
1903: O John von Neumann B - A-A.
1909: E .
1919: X M-K.
1921: A Gttingen.
1925: A, Hilbert, M Gttingen.
1928: A - Gibbs .
1931: E Gdel.
1935: A I A- M Princeton.
1938: - .
1942: K K HA Manhattan Project, .
1943: K NorbertWiener,
- .
1944: O, Wiener I A M-, T - - K-.
1945: -, H/Y.
1951: K EDVAC, H/Y .
1953: E - Harts-horne, Spykman Hudson, - .
1954: - .
1956: O - - - .
1957: .
HPOOPIKH 31
J O H N V O N N E U M A N N (1903-1957)
-
O M B
M O 1979, - K. K , , K K, Leo-nid Breznev. E, , I B- X Chemyakin M, Yuri Ovchinnikov, - E, - - , - ...
O O EO I - , -, , , , . O H/Y , , . E H/Y - , - ,
-
- .
H , H/Y , 60 , , -, , - -, . T - , , 0 1 - . E , - 2030. , , - , - 2, - 5, . K, - , .
H E M B
O , - . E - , 0 1, . - , (-
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO34
-
/1m). , H/Y, . M , - . A - , , - 50 100.
H - - , , -. - - , , . - , - , , - .
E , , . A , , - - E , . -
HPOOPIKH 35
-
, . O , H/Y, (LCD), -, .
, - , - , - HA, E I-. T - Walther Stovkenius Dieter Osterheit I MaxPlanck Martinsried, 70 . H - Halobacterium Salinarium , - - . M , , - ( ) .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO36
H , .
-
O P
O P , Yuri A. Ovchinnikov I B X- Shemyakin M. 70, Ov-chinnikov , - I, - ( P). - , K - - , E .
A P , , P , BIOCHROME, . - , - Ovchin-nikov, - .
H E
- Riverside California, -, , - , . T
HPOOPIKH 37
-
, - , - , . , - , , - - .
K , - , 70, Albert F. Lawrence HUGHES AIRCRAFTCo., - . H Lawrence , . E, - , - , 50 C, , .O - - . ( - bR , , - 0 1, .) E, - , , - la-ser , . K , laser , - , .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO38
-
O , - , - 0 1, laser. , - - bR K, . O - , bR K , - , - . O - , - M ( P-) , bR-M, - - .
A , - , laser, - . H , , - 0, P Q - laser ( ). A P , Q - , , - .
O P Q - , - , -. la-ser 90, , , -
HPOOPIKH 39
-
() . M , - 0 , - , P, - Q. E bR 0 P Q 1, - -, . E la-ser - , -, .
H - 0 . A- - ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO40
O -, , . (G) bR K. A K M O, (R) P
Q, . E , , (B) bR.
B
G
Q
P
R
O
M
K
bR
K H
-
bR. M 2msec, , 1 ( P Q) , . T 0 ( bR), , 0 . M - - 0 P Q, , - 0 1. H 10 msec 10 Mbytes/sec, .
O - - , - , , laser - .
O 1 x 108 bits/cm2, 1 x1012 bits/cm3, . - 3 x 1010 bits/cm3, , .
, - , , - , - ,
HPOOPIKH 41
-
- . H 10 msec, , - 1024 x 1024 bits , 1.048.576 bits, 105 kbytes 10 msec.O 10 - , . K , , , , 8 80 - .
O -, , - -. H -, K M- H W. M. Keck Syracuse NASA, E Rome USAF BIO-SERVE SPACE TECHNOLOGIES, - , , - ( ).
H M M
O -, - , , , , . - H/Y -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO42
-
, , - - , , - .
- -, - , - . T Eung G. Paek I- CalTech, . , - , . E, - , , - .
, - , , - , . H , , - M -, , - Norbest Hamp Cristoph Brauchle M Dieter Osterhelt.
A - , - -
HPOOPIKH 43
-
, , - . K , 1000 , - 50 . H - , , .
K , - , - . O - , 40 Gbytes. M (RAM), - - -. T , - , - . E
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO44
O K,
. H , (ROM) 32 Gbytes
(RAM) 8 Gbytes. H
.
-
1012 bytes , , , .
K , , , - . E - , - - . T -, , - - ...
HPOOPIKH 45
-
1894: O Norbert Weiner Columbia Missouri, N.
1905: E K Tufts Medford M.
1913: A M.
1915: M - Hilbert Bertrand Russel.
1919: M MIT.
1923: - .
1925: A M MIT.
1929: - Warren McCulloch, .
1932: A M- MIT.
1933: T BBOUCHER AM E, The FourierIntegral and certain of itsApplications.
1934: A o o - - .
1939: O K.
1942: K -
(Manhattan Project).1943:
K HA.
1944: O Princeton , K.
1947: McCulloch Pitt .
1948: - Cybernetics.
1950: The Human Use of HumanBeings.
1952: K .
1954: - Teapot, - , .
1958: Nonlinear Problems inRandom Theory.
1961: 1948, Cybernetics or Control andCommunication in the Animaland the Machine.
1964: - M, M A- M, - , E- .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO46
N O R B E R T W I E N E R (1894-1964)
-
K O (Cyborg)
T 1954, Manchester , . M - , - , . , - 42 Alan Mathison Turing, , - KOOO 1943 - AINIMA, . T - . , Turing - ...
H E OI O EO OOY , , , . O -, , -, , -, T, K. A T, , H,
-
- M , Lev Frankenstein - , , .
O K O (CYBORG), , . O - K O , H/Y -. H , , Norbert Wiener KYBEPNHTIKH (CYBERNETICS,1948), Alan Mathison Turing.
O H/Y - , , . T - , - (software). T - - - , .
To A
, - , , - , ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO48
-
, . T , . - -. - .
H Wiener , -, , , KYBEPNHTIKH - . H Wiener , , - , , - 1943 McCulloch Pitt.
T 1949, , Wiener, , Ling Gerard. T . H ( m ) - (). E 10 , - . T , .
M , Frank Rosenblatt 1950 Perceptron, , , . , ,
HPOOPIKH 49
-
Rosenblatt , , - -. H , , 50 , A. Rothballer Berkeley -. O - . K , , , - , . H - , .
, . T , 20 W . H - , , , . -, -.
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO50
120 mV.
-
O , 1 x 10-5 cm, (OR ). H , -. O , , . M . A , - , . , , , , - . M , 0,5 msec. H -70 mV +50 mV, 120 mV. M , 1 msec , , .
H - . E - , , - .
H M
M , . - - . T , - , -
HPOOPIKH 51
-
. O , . A- .
H , - 60, - , 1 V, -.
M , , , - . T - 45 , 35 , -. E , , . T , , - , H/Y, - .
H H/Y PC , . A H/Y , -. , H/Y , . O : ) - , ) , ) ) . , K O- . T 1982, -, R. Chatterjee, H/Y,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO52
-
. M , .
H (PC) , -, . H Boltzman, , Back Propagation, - ( - ). O- - , , - , - 1.000 10.000 .
HPOOPIKH 53
OR ( ). A (), 0, , A B. H 1, , .
-
O , . - , -. O -, K O, - . E - K O.
E, -. T - , -. T A, , B , - A, . A - . - H/Y, . O : ) , ) , ) - H/Y, ) - , ) - .
H - , - H/Y , ROM RAM. O - , ROM -, - bits ( ), bits ROM ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO54
-
- , . , - bits DNA - . 5 x 109 - 20 x 109 bits, 4.000 500 300 . , -, 184 x4.000 .
O - . A ROM H/Y NASA - Viking , bits, -.
T . K 1.000 10.000 - bit. , 1010 - bits RAM 1013, 10 -. A , , , 2 x 1013.
H , , , , Wiener, -: ) -, ) , bit , ) , - bit . E - H/Y () (), (). A, , , 1968, Ernst Stuh-linger ( NASA ),Herbert Franke, K O- . T
HPOOPIKH 55
-
- () Berkeley. - , NASA -, Stuhlinger Franke Viking .
H -, - - , M H (MED-Molecular Electronic De-vices), . T 1974, - IBM, Mark Ratner Ariel Aviram, - (-, , , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO56
K Herbert Franke NASA 60.
-
). IBM K B H Carnegie-Mellon (CMU) Pittsburg Penn-sylvania. A , 1986, NAND (NOT-AND), , , .
T , . H , , , -. A -, (Fe), (Mg). , , . T -, ( , ).
H NAND (OR) 0,0 1 , 1,1 0
HPOOPIKH 57
T NAND.
-
. H , -, , laser. H -, . A - -. , -, (Mg+), , - . A - - laser. , - : , - (1), , (0). T - . E, 1962 P Pschenich-nov, -, , - .A , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO58
T NAND.
-
S. (H - Pschenichnov 1981.)
, laser. M laser . K S - , . , . A - . NAND 3 .
, CMU MERRIFIELD 1970. H - - , , , - .
H - , - . CRAY B - CMU John Popple , - , - , .O CMU H/Y 1988, .
, MCU - ( -) , - - . A - , - -
HPOOPIKH 59
-
, , , -, , .
H IBM CMU, 5 , -, , JOSEPHSON, . A HA , I - SONY .
A , CMU NAND 2004. M - H/Y , CMU
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO60
Herbert Franke , , (T)
(E). O (A) , (B)
. O (H/Y) (A).
AIHTHPIA OPANA (A)A1 A2 E -
( , )A3 Y A4 O A5 Y A6 A7 A8 A A9 YA10 A A11 YA12 (,
)A13
( )
EKTEETIKA OPANA (B)B1 M B2
B3 B4 B5 B6
A1
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
E EOOI (A)
EOOI (B)EIOOI
T
B/Y
H/Y
-
2006, IBM , 2010, HA. - , IBM ROM RAM 1 GIGABYTE, - . E, - ( - ). , 30 , 21 Herbert Franke ...
HPOOPIKH 61
-
1912: O Alan Mathison Turing - , I.
1926: E B K Cambridge.
1934: A BK Cambridge.
1935: 23 Hilbert, - .
1936: E Princeton M Kurt Gdel.
1937: - Turing.
1938: Princeton.
1939: K - M B K Cambridge.
1940: - - E.
1941: E SIS Frederick Winterbotham.
1943: K KOOO,
H/Y, - - AINIMA.
1945: E Teddington H/YACE (Automatic ComputingEngine).
1948: H/Y Man-chester, H/Y MADAM (ManchesterAutomatic Digital Machine).
1950: Computing Ma-chinery & Intelligence, - (Imitation Game).
1952: A , - - (cyborg).
1954: - - .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO62
A L A N M A T H I S O N T U R I N G ( 1912-1954)
-
B I B I O P A I A
1. Peter Marsh: ROBOTS, Salamander Books, 1985.2. Norbert Wiener: CYBERNETICS, OR CONTROL AND COMMUNICA-
TIONS IN THE ANIMAL AND THE MACHINE, M.I.T. Press, Ma 1961.3. John von Neumann: THE COMPUTER AND THE BRAIN, Yale University
Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1958.4. John von Neumann: THEORY OF GAMES AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR,
Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1944.5. Norbert Wiener: CYBERNETICS AND SOCIETY, Houghton Mifflin
Company, Boston, 1950.6. INDUSTRIALISATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, NASA, 1984.7. Isaac Assimov & Karen Frenkel: ROBOTS: MACHINES IN MANS IMAGE,
Harmony Books, New York, 1985.8. J. Rose: SURVEY OF CYBERNETICS, A TRIBUNE TO DR. NORBERT
WIENER, Iliffe Books, London, 1969.9. G.I. Poliakov: NEURON STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN, Harvard University
Press, Ca. Massachussets, 1972.10. Jasia Reinhard: ROBOTS: FACT, FICTION & PREDICTION, Random House,
New York, 1978.11. Carl Sagan: THE DRAGONS OF EDEN, Random House, New York, 1977.12. A : BIONIKH, H EITHMH TOY IATHMATO,
HEKTPONIKA NEA, N 9, ETO A, 1965.
HPOOPIKH 63
-
E , I 1980, Komsomolskaya Prospekt M, ZIM . , , - . , - E M Alexander Rekunkov, , . OAndrey Sakharov, P, B Nobel E 1975 - , 20 , - , Gorki, B...
K O 30, O O O Hans Bthe - - - , - . A , , , - , 21 . O , , - , ,
-
, . H ( ) , , -. O , , ( , 1:6.700 ) - ( , 12,3 , ), . A , () (1014 sec/cm3), 50 .
O P E
H - , Tokamak 50 P- Andrey Sakharov , P , Igor Tamm, M. O - . T , - , - , , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO66
-
, - , , . , , 1.000 eV. T - - . , , , , , ( , , ).
H P Tokamak 60, Lev Artsimovich I A E I.V. Kur-
ENEPEIA 67
O M (Andrey Sakharov).
MANHTHXHMATOTEANH MIKA EPMAINOMENO
MANHTH
PAMMH MANHTIKOY EIOY AMA
MANHTHXHMATOAKTYIOY
-
chatov M -, Tokamak - .
70 Tokamak - 3.000 eV - 1018 sec/cm3 ( ). , Tokamak, JET, JT-60 TFTR DIII-D, - 30.000 eV 2 x 1019 sec/cm3. - 90, (, , ) - 100 , .H 1985, - -, - . T N , , Mikhail Gorbachev Ronald Reagan . O - - 1987, P, E , I HA Tokamak , ITER (International Thermonuclear ExperimentalReactor/ A).
T 1989, , HA - ITER, - , , , . E -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO68
-
1992, 1989-1992, , JET (O 1991), - 1997.
X , , - - . , , - - . 70, - 0,01 1%, - Tokamak. -, , ( - ), DIII-D Ge-neral Atomics San Diego, , 1991 0,1 10%, , - , .
O Jet E
T 1971, B , Roy Bickerton BryanTaylor E Culham JET, ( ) . O - , - , - , ,
ENEPEIA 69
-
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO70
1. AMA2. PTO TOIXMA3. PAKIH4. MANHTE XHMATO AKTYIOY5. MANHTE XHMATO TEANH KAI MIKA EPMAINOMENOI6. AOI PAIOYXNOTHTN7. AOI KENOY
1
2
2
34
5
55
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
7
3 1
A .
-
To-kamak , . T , , , - , 1989, TFTR JET JT-60, . E JT-60 , - 80% 500.000 A , - (bootstrap), JET - 2.000.000 A.
O 1991 JET, 2 sec -, 1 MW, 100 . O HA ITER 1992, - TFTR - 1993, A 1994 0,5 sec 10 MW. 1996 - JET, - 30 MW, -. H 1997, , HA - ITER.
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ENEPEIA 71
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K San Diego, I- Max Planck Garching E- I I E AE Naka, ITER M. K 40 USD , , , E I, P San Diego, A - Garching, E Naka P ITER. O - , , - , - .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO72
TFTR
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TFTR, DIII-D, JET, JT-60 ITER.
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ENEPEIA 73
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO74
-
ITER 2002-2005 - 2007, - - . E - 1 ? 6 ?, 0,5 ? , 7,5 ?, - Vandellos, B.
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ENEPEIA 75
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. T , - - . - JET 1996, - JT-60, JET 25.000.000 A, - . O ITER - JET, - 8,4 m 4,3 m, ( ) 6,0 m.
, - 16 , - D , - 14,8 m 7,1m ( ). H - - - 4,5 K, - 35.000 A. K 240 4,8 Tesla -, , D 11,2 Tesla, 200.000 8 Tokamak. - .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO76
-
ENEPEIA 77
ITER ( a b ).
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO78
-
, , -6, - . - , , - , , - . T -. T , - .
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ENEPEIA 79
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO80
-
. O - .
H , , ITER, . A , ITER - . A, .
A - , - laser - , - . H - , . - , , , 10-10 sec, - 1025 cm3 - Nova Lawrence Livermore. M laser , - HA, E E A(National Ignition Facility) - , 192 laser - - 1.800 kJoule, - , . Bor-deaux , -, - Robert Bussard Far-nsworth Hirsch.
ENEPEIA 81
-
A - , - . , - , - - ...
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO82
-
1921: O Andrei Sakharov M.
1938: E T M.
1945: X- N.
1947: O .
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P.
1957: .
1968: , E E A , , - 20 .
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1989: - M.
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A N D R E I S A K H A R O V (1921-1989)
-
24 M 1951, A Juan Pern, - Buenos Ayres A Ronald Richter , A- . , , , - - . K Pern, A- , , - .
O , , , Richter - . T - , , - Pern, Richter , . T 1955 - 70 - Richter ...
-
TO 1926, YO OI OI, Fritz Paneth Kurt Peters, - (Pd). A , Richter, ( - ) , . , , - , - .
N
A Richter , , 1956 Louis Alvarez .K , Alvarez E Berkeley ( Ber-keley Atomic Laboratory), - ( Wilson). E , , -. B , - , , . A - -, .
M Alvarez . - , , ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO86
-
. A, , - .
O , - , , 23M 1989, - Utah Stanley Pons Martin Fleisch-mann , - . Pons Fleischmann - ( - Alvarez), - , Paneth Peters. O , - . A , - Utah , - - . T I 1989, E HA, John R. Huizenga, N- , - - . 1992 COLD FUSION: THE SCIENTIFICFIASCO OF THE CENTURY, o Huizenga - , - .
- 1989-1990, , 1991 - , Pons Fleischman. H , , -
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-
. E, , - , , - Huizenga.
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I Yo-shiaki Arata, . -, (gas tunnel) , , , . O Arata K , Yue-Chang Zhang - Osaka, Pons Fleishmann -, , , . H -, (double structured), -, . T - ( ) ( ), , - , .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO88
-
0,1 . H - 50 KJ 100 KJ, - , - , 60%. A - , - ( - Arata).
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ENEPEIA 89
-
, . A , , (1995) -.
A (1989), Arata . , - () -, . H Arata - , - . B , - , .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO90
-
, -3 . M - ( 420 ) -, (/), (/).
, , . O , . H - , Arata - , - .
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ENEPEIA 91
-
1 , - . A - McKubre (SRI, K) Kanumatsu (IMRA, I) - - , - ( ).
H Arata Zhang - 1992, , - , 1994. - 17 - . Arata - , - . T1955, B , I - ( ) Arata , , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO92
H 1992 Arata.
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ENEPEIA 93
600 I 1993, Q , Qin
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO94
-
ENEPEIA 95
O Arata (1955-1958). I
50, Arata ( d) a b. H b
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A I E E Y , Arata - -. , - , , . K , (D/Pd>1), , , .
Scientific A-merican, -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO96
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, Peter N. Saeta, K- Harvey Mudd, - -, , Michael J. Schaffer, - GENERAL ATOMICS, - . A-, 38 CERN - - . - Robert F. Heete, PRINCETON, , ...
ENEPEIA 97
O .
-
1932: O Yoshiaki Arata T.
1955: O Osaka - - .
1958: A - - - 1.000.000 C ( ).
1966: laser - .
1977: .
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, - A E M-.
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1992: K ( ).
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1995: K - - .
1996: Y - .
1999: A - .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO98
Y O S H I A K I A R A T A (1932- )
-
H E
21 1899, B B- E. A -, , - -, . , - , Nikolas Tesla , - ...
M O B OO OO , , 1950 . H 1973 - , - , - - , , -. , , , - ,
-
, .
M 21 , - - - . O , , - . , - , -. T - 90% .
, P Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 19 , - , - -, , .
, , , - . K , 1900, , Ni-colas Tesla, , B B E, , - .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO100
-
N
O 1968 MIT Peter Glaser, - - - , -, - , . H Glaser - , 1973, - . O - E (DOE) 16 USD, 1975 RAYTHEON JPL , 84%, . K , 10 kW.
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ENEPEIA 101
-
NASA E.O 1980 , 60 - , 10 x 5 - 5 GW, . K 50.000 -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO102
.
(10 km x 13 km)
H (10 km x 5 km)
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90 , . T 1993, , - San Antonio - , K E- A&M T, NASA - . T 1987, - , - . T - , ,
ENEPEIA 103
-
. O - - , -, , .
O / A , - A. O , , - , 1987 , SHARP (Sta-tionary High Altitude Platform), - , .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO104
. A 95%-98% 2%-5% ( ).
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A N, . O - laser - . .
O Geoffrey Landis SVERFRUP TECHNOLOGY LarryWesterlund Lewis NASA, , - - laser - .M - . O , FALCON (Fission ActivatedLaser Concept), - E Sandia N M laser , - Landis Wasterlund. H - - , - FALCON - - laser - (OTV/OMV). B, -, , , .
ENEPEIA 105
-
H
A I , 1983 HA, I - -, - -. K , - . 1993, - - - .K 1994, - , SFU (Space Fly-er Unit), , , - - . O 1 MW - 300 . K - SPS 2000, - 10 MW - .
O . K , - (SANYO, HITACHI, NEC, FUJITSU, MITSUBI-SHI, TOSHIBA, NIPPON) - - . K 1998, -, 97 22 E Kitakyshu, laser. I - ALPHA - PROGRESS
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO106
-
-.E,
- Arecibo P .A , , - .
A - , - . H
ENEPEIA 107
. , .
-
, - GW . H David Criswell, I Houston, Robert Wal-dron. E , , , -. K Criswell Waldron, - - , - .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO108
-
6. N , .
O MW , . A - AON - 60 , , . A - , - - , - 50 - . E, - . A -
ENEPEIA 109
A .
-
, - 1% 3% .
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- 100 MW 10.000 ? - 1.000 ? , - - . T - , - , - , - , , - . A E 15 - USD, Peter Glaser -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO110
-
900 USD, , 1,5 - USD. A 900 USD - , - , , . , .
, 4% HOOVER, 1986, 1936 - HA. O - EH 6,5% 7% 60 E, - . , - , , M B . H - , , , , , - , 6 ? 14 ?. A - - , -, - .M -
ENEPEIA 111
-
, - . H - , , 1987.
H NASA , - . H , , (EPMH,IYMOI, AON), -, , , X ( M ) , - . M , 100 MW - . H - . A , , -, - , . H - -, - ....
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO112
-
1856: O Nikolas Tesla Lika K-.
1866: E Karlostadt K.
1873: A , , .
1875: E Gratz (A).
1880: T- E B-, .
1881: E - - , (D.C.).
1884: T HA - Thomas Alva Edison, . (OEdison Tesla - - N Y.)
1887: K HA - - (A.C.) , - George We-stinghouse Pittsburgh.
1893: O Tesla Westinghouse -, Columbia , - , HA.
1896: O Tesla Westinghouse, Astor J. P.Morgan, Rotschild W. K. Vanderbilt, - - N.
1898: K .
1899: E - B E- .E HA, - - Colorado.
1900: K , 1904 Marconi.
1911: M Marconi , .
1912: E -, , - .
1914: - .
1920: -
ENEPEIA 113
N I K O L A S T E S L A (1856-1943)
-
Georg Sylve-ster Viereck .
1928: K /.
1931: A , -.
1934: E
( -).
1937: O P Tesla -.
1943: N Y, - , , FBI, .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO114
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O Dyson
3 N 1928, Jurgen Hals PHILIPS Eindhoven O - Karl Stormer. , 1929, , , van der Pohl , Eindhoven. E , , , 1966, B , Freeman Dyson, - , ...
H O O O EOO, o o - , , -, .
, - E , - - , . T - , 1937
-
STAR MAKER, E Olaf Stapledon - -. E Stapledon - . 60 - - Stapledon.
A E E
O 1959 Freeman Dyson . H - , . A - 1%, - 1012 . E , , Dyson, - , - .
P NicolaiKardashev, - , - , - .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO116
-
I , . II - , 1014 . T, III 1011 - , - . , , , - - laser , nova. A - ( -) , , Stanley Schmidt - supernova, M82, - . H I II, .
H Kardashev HA 1964, , - 60 Frank Drake, , - Green Banks . H - OZMA, - . OZMA Dyson, - , - .A, II, . -
ENEPEIA 117
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, , Dyson - - -, The Searchfor Extraterrestrial Technology, 1966.
H
O Dyson - , , , - H . , Z - 318 . Pioner 10 Pioneer 11, Voyager 1 Voyager 2, Galileo, , -, - . O Z 78% , - ( 1 ), , -, . - 10% 12% , , , ( ). A 1,7 ( ) ( ), - , .
A , Dyson, - - . , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO118
-
H - , - , , , - . Jain Nicolson, - , , H . O , Z, Z 319 , 333x 103 , 6 x 103 -. A H .
ENEPEIA 119
O 32,7
( Galileo).
-
H 38 , 3000 , 300.000 , H . 280 ( - ). - - , Dyson 1966, - - . 40 , . T - , - , -, , , . , , - . O Dyson - . O , , , , , , , - 40 38 , - .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO120
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N A
O Dyson - -, . Jain Nicol-son, , - ( laser - MW), - H , . E, , , - .
K J.H. Fremlin - , , . T , - , - , - , - , - . H Fremlin Nicol-son, , , - , . E - , - Nicolson, 4% -, . K , , ! H - , . T -, , - , , K, , E, -
ENEPEIA 121
-
. M , E , H, E, , K-, T T, 16% . H , , , -, 235.000 . T - , , , - , . A - , .
A , , - , - , . T Dyson , . H , . T H .
H - , , - - . T - James Strong, BIS,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO122
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- Lagrange H, , - . O Lagrange - , - . O Lagrange 1906 - ( - ). M Voyager 1 1980 K, - , T K. O Strong -- , , , - .
Dyson, - , 11 AU* -. H , 0,5 - , 0,2 x10-7 , .
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ENEPEIA 123
* A M -H.
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO124
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III, , II, 1011. O - , -, , , -, .
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ENEPEIA 125
-
, . T -, .
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O Carl Sagan Joseph Schlovskii III laser - 1 A, supernova. O 10 ( 1arcsec), , , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO126
-
3 x 109 erg/cm2, 1 , - Burbridge . B, laser - - .
O III , , .
M , - , , Dyson.
K , Dyson, , , . - , - . - - , - . A- , , Messier 87 - 100.000 . E - , - . A , .
, - , . K
ENEPEIA 127
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K , , - . O - .A ...
K Dyson*
O Dyson - , ( ), - , , .A - , , , - - , - , . O Dyson - H , , , Adrian Berry .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO128
* O Jain K. Nicolson, Hatfield.
-
T - H ( - ), - , -, , - . O Dyson - 60 , - 106 - 10-5 . H , , - , Z 318 . , , H Z. - -, .
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ENEPEIA 129
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, , - .
H - , -, .
H 1043 erg, . A - , 1025 erg - L4 L5 ( Lagrange). - Gerald O Neil.*
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO130
O , H , (Rr -H Rz -H).
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Rr
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ENEPEIA 131
O , H .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO132
, . T - .
1. H -
, , - 2 x 1048 erg sec, 4 x 1033 erg sec, - 160 . , 1021 40 -. A - ( ), - 2 x 1023 gr, .
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, . M -
ENEPEIA 133
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, -, , .
- , , - - , . M , 318 -, .
- 7,6 x 1018 erg gr 2 x 1039 gr, 1,5 x 1049 erg, 10.000 . M -, 300 4 - . T - - .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO134
-
O H
, - - . O Dyson - 10-10. E 1%, - 75 1010 25 -. O 4% ( HA 60 EOK - 80), 17 1010 600 . A - , A Earl Cook, 1940 . T -, 1044 erg. E - 5% AE , - - 1022 erg , 1022
erg 1044 erg. A - Cook, , 210 =1.024 103.
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H - Dyson, ( -
ENEPEIA 135
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), , E, K. T - - , , . T , - , Cook. ( A ), , .
M - , - . E -, , H . A 10.000 - , . H , , - , Adrian Berry, Dyson.
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO136
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1924: O Freeman Dyson .
1939: A BK -.
1941: - Cambridge .
1942: E RAF B.
1945: E RAF - .
1947: E Cornell - Hans Bthe.
1948: E B Cavendish Cambridge.
1955: E HA - IA Princeton.
1956: E - General Atomics.
1958: , General Atomics, Orion - .
1959: - - Orion, 110 kg HotRod.
1963: - Orion
.1965: T Orion
NASA - -.
1966: The Search forExtraterrestrial Technology OZMA.
1968: A Orion , 1 .
1970: B Lorenz O B A-.
1972: B Max Planck E -.
1976: A, NASA, , laser.
1978: H NASA - .
1979: Disturbingthe Universe.
1983: T BOppenheimer AK .
1988: Infinite in all Directions.
1993: K FromEros to Gaia - , 1980-1988.
1998: N Y.
ENEPEIA 137
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B I B I O P A I A
1. Robert W. Conn: MAGNETIC FUSION REACTORS, SCIENTIFIC AMERI-CAN, Vol. 249, No 4, 10/83.
2. Stephen Craxton: LASER FUSION, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. 254, No 2,8/86.
3. Valery A. Chuyanov: ITER, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. 266, No 4, 4/92.4. Harold P. Furth: FUSION, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Vol. No 3, 9,95.5. P. L. Cook & A. J. Surrey: ENERGY POLICY: A STRATEGY FOR
UNCERTAINTY, 1977.6. Robert L. Forward: FUTURE MAGIC, Avon Books, New York, 1988.7. John S. Lewis: SPACE RESOURCES, Columbia University Press, 1987.8. Peter Nichols: SCIENCE IN SCIENCE FICTION, Mermald Books, 1982.9. STARBOUND, Time-Life books, 1991.
10. G. Landis & L. Westerlund: ENERGY POLICIES, DOE, 1998.11. Freeman Dyson: THE SEARCH FOR ARTIFICIAL STELLAR SOURCES OF
INFRARED RADIATION, Science Vol. 131, 1959.12. Freeman Dyson: THE SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL TECHNOLOGY,
Perspectives in Modern Physics, ed. R. E. Marshak, 1966.13. Freeman Dyson: DISTURBING THE UNIVERSE, Penguin, 1980.14. Freeman Dyson: INFINITE IN ALL DIRECTIONS, Penguin, 1989.15. T. A. Heppenheimer: COLONIES IN SPACE, Stackpole Books, 1979.16. Carl Sagan & Joseph Schlovskii: INTELLIGENT LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE,
Dell, 1977.17. P.L. Cook & A.J. Surrey: ENERGY POLICY STRATEGIES FOR UNCER-
TAINTY, Doubleday, 1977.18. Jonathan Piehl (ed): EXPLORING SPACE, Scientific American Special Issue,
1990.19. Freeman Dyson: FROM EROS TO GAIA, Penguin books, 1993.20. Andrian Berry: THE NEXT TEN THOUSAND YEARS, Coronet Books, 1976.
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O 1942, - , B . E 1942, Peenemnde, o Dr. Ernst Steinhof, - , 4, , A.
, - , 10 O- 1942 Janssen HVP (Heeres Versuch-anstalt Peenemnde/I E Peenemnde) B.
T , - - -...
K O MO O 1961, O OO HA John Kennedy - - , - . AON NASA E A E HA (Atomic Energy Commission) NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications), - AEROJET GENERAL
-
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC NERVA, 25.940 kgr (55.000 lb). 1954 1957, BLOHM& VOSS Dr. Richard Vogt, BMW Dr. Hans Bruckmann 003 BMW Gerhard Neumann GENERAL ELECTRIC, X-211 X-6.K James E. Webb, NASA, NERVA , A, E, , , . , , , - ( ). A 30.500 m (100.000 ft) - , 60, 681.000 kgr (1.500.000 lb), . E , 30% .
NERVA - , - , . A NERVA 2, 90.700 kgr(200.000 lb), 5 NERVA 2 , ., NERVA2, 272.000 kgr, - ., ( 70), - NERVA
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO140
-
- , - , -, , , .
M , - , 6.300 1.800 ( -), 50% , - 1.800 900 , 450 (- ).E, - 26 , , 1971 1986 900, 1979 1996 - 900 3.227 ( - ). A, 1.800 -, , -.
T , , , , -/ . H - , - (-248 C), 2.200o
C.
IATHMA 141
-
30 45 ( ), - .
A , - - , -/ 10.000 m/sec. M- -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO142
NERVA.(1) (2) M (3) A (4) (5) E (6) (7) (8) 3% (9) B .
1
2
3
4
5
67
8
9
-
1.000 sec ( 450 sec), , -, - .
T , , 50% , - , - , .
O A M 1966, Harold B. Finger, NASA E- A E HA (AEC) - . , NERVA - 760 sec, / 1:40, - 30 (1.100 MW). T - 1967 Lyndon Johnson, RIFT - 10,05 m, S-IVB Saturn V.
KIWI NERVA , , , , , - . O , - , - . 1966
IATHMA 143
-
20 , - KIWI TNT I 1965 ( ). T I 1966, - RNX-A5, , - ( ) . T NERVA 1, 34.020 kgr (75.000 lb), .
A , , , . T NERVA 1 - S-IVB Saturn V, 33% J-2 ROCKETDYNE, Saturn V 2 , 80% 100% H - 65% .
T 1968 NERVAXE, 22.680 kgr (50.000 lb), A Jackass Flats N. NERVA 1, 34.020 kgr, 70. H - NERVA 2, 1972 . T - 1,2 m 1,83 m, -/ 1:80 1:100. 5.000MW 90.720 kgr (200.000 lb) 113.400 kgr(250.000 lb), 109.000 kgr J-2, - 30
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO144
-
825 sec, , NERVA 1, 10,05 m - S-IVB. H (- ) 680 1.150 , - - , 2 4 . NASA
IATHMA 145
- (NERVA 1).(1) A (2) (3) (4) A- (5) A (6) (7) .O - - .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
NERVA .
NASA - , . Y ( 70) - NASA MARTIN MARIETTA, Ro-bert M. Zubrin, , - . H Zubrin , . , ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO146
T von Braun , 9-12 . (1)
(2) (3) (4)
(5) K (6) (7) A [
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- -, - - 6 at 7 at . A - 33% - , - -
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IATHMA 147
T NERVA 2, S-IVB -Saturn V. (1) B - (2)
(3) A
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/ 1:10 (10) (11) (12) T (13) E (14)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
-
. H , - . H - H , - (H, E, K), . M T, - K, - ( ). T T, -, , 4,5 , - . O Zubrin - , , - NASA - .
K 1977, AEROJETGENERAL, -, , - . O -, 2.650 C - -, 7.050 kgr (15.000 lb). M , - - , 18.750kgr (41.000 lb), - 3:1. 7:1, - 515 sec, 45% . E -, 950 sec, -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO148
-
. , 515 sec - .E, , - , , . , , .
90, AEROJET GENERAL, BAB-COCK & WILCOX ENERGOPOOL - - NASA, - 16.200 sec ( 9 - ). T I 1994, AEROJET GENERAL - Melvin J. Bulman, - , - . O Bulman - AEROJET GENERAL, , . O , , - . A Clinton , AERO-JET - , - NERVA SP-100. A , NPO ENERGOMASH RD-410, 7.250 kgr (15.400 lb) NASA. H P -
IATHMA 149
-
, 3.150 C, 2.200 C NERVA, 2.650 C - AEROJET.
AEROJET -, 250 25 , - Shuttle C, . , , 152 , - . T - , 132 . T
, - , - , 45% . K
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO150
T 250 AEROJET 25 24 . (A) (B) 155 () 59 () K (E) .
-
1990, BECH-TEL - 1994 K- Johnson NASA, -
. O - NASA Houston, CARBOTEK, KC-135, 1/6 ( ).
A - , RD-410 - AEROJET, - , 60,
IATHMA 151
. (1) X (2) (3) (4) ( ) NERVA 2 (5) NERVA 2.A, . (6) NERVA 2 (7) 159 10 (8)M (9) .
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. A - HA 40 50 , , - . , , - , , . , - , - . - ( 100.000 MW), - 30.000 C 80.000 C, - ( ) .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO152
-
, - , .M , , - , - , - . - , -.
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A - , . , Chernobyl 1989, RBMKS Chernobyl - , - .A, , - , - ( ) . -, , -
IATHMA 153
-
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, -, , . E, Zubrin, , , , - , - H .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO154
-
, - . O :
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IATHMA 155
A (1) E (2) A(3) (4) A (5) A (6) E (7) P (8) (9) A
1
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, - . T NASA GLAVCOSMOS , 60, , RD-410 NPO ENERGOMASCH, - AEROJET GENERAL. - , - .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO156
-
. , NERVA, - 2.500 C, - .
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II. ANTIPATHPE AEPIOY YPHNA
O -, -
IATHMA 157
-
, , . H - BrunoAugenstein, Eugen Snger, - RAND CORPO-RATION 50. O - 5.000 C 11.000 C ( - 30.000 C 80.000
C), 3.000 sec -. , ( ) , . O , , . H ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO158
A . A, , ,
. , , ( ).
-
IATHMA 159
. , , - , . M 1:1 - , 70% .M 1:35 97% , - 4.000 7.000 kgr/cm2.
E - , , - - , - 100 , . . M - , , - , - 50 -. , , , , .
-
1901: O Werner Karl Heisenberg - Wurzburg.
1922: O M.
1923: E MaxBorn, Gttingen.
1924: , Niels Bohr I - , K.
1925: M M.
1927: A .
1932: T B Nobel K.
1940: T - , O.
1941: K - , - Hai-gerloch ( ).
1944: O - .
1945: - - .
1947: E , - .
1949: A E A EMax Planck.
1962: E YIKH KAIIOOIA.
1971: E EPAN THYIKH.
1976: -.
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO160
W E R N E R H E I S E N B E R G (1901-1976)
-
I K
E 17 N 1945, 31 , Pee-nemnde B Oberammergau B, - SS. T 525 14 - Pee-nemnde A. M - HA, Ernst Stuhlinger, ...
O ERNST STUHLINGER O I HA Peenemnde, , 1928 A Franz von Uhlinski . O - , - . H -, , Stuh-linger, - 50 km/sec, 100 kW, 1.000 100 W. -
-
(, A-), . - , Zanssen 1942, , , .
HA, , 50 , Stuhlinger , - . T 1954,, - ( ). O - - ( ), 60 , Tel-star 1 (1963) Telstar 2 (1965) AT&T. O - - ( ), 30% - .
/ SATURN, , Stuhlinger , - , , , - . T - . O , 1945 , . (H -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO162
-
-, -.) -, - - , - - . HA Stuhlinger - SERT 1965 , , - 5 10 . H 80%, , - , 100 KV. E, , - , , - 100%, 1.000 KV.
O Stuhlinger, , - , ,
IATHMA 163
SERT Ernst Stuhlinger.
-
, - . H ( - ) , - . O - , - . B , - . A - 1 MW, - , , SP 100 (- 500 kW - 30 kgr/kW), .
. H , - , - . K - , , - , . O - , -, . H - ( ) -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO164
-
, , , ., , -.
H - 60, Ernst Stuhlinger, 45%. (H - . E 100%, - , .) M - -, - , - - .
H HA ROCKET RESEARCH, TECHNICON ROCKET-DYNE, - , , , - 500 W 10.000 . T 0,1 , . E ASTP-3 ESA, , BPD DIFESA SPAZIO CENTROSPAZIO, - 500 W 2.000W, , -
IATHMA 165
-
, - .
. H , - , - , - . T , . T - , . T - , - , , . T - .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO166
. (1) H (2) E (3) B
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IATHMA 167
. , : (1) H (2) M (3) E (4) B , : (1) (2) M (3) H
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23
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. T - , -, , - . H - , - . E , - - , -, .
Ernst Stuhlinger , - , SERT 60. M SERT, Stuhlinger , , 5 10
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO168
.(1) E (2) I (3) Y (4) (5) E (6) I
1
2
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5
6
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. H 80%, , , , 100.000 V.O - , , - . H - 100%, 1.000.000 V.
A HA -, - UK-10 BNSC, DRA (DEFENCE RESEARCH AGENCY) MATRA MARCONI SPACE. O - Alenia Spazio, - Arte-mis, - ( -).
O UK-10 , , , , 3.500sec. H 40 km/sec, Artemis 0,18 - , UK-10 0,25 . , Rita-35 MBB (MESSERSCHMITT-BOLKOW-BLOHM) ESA Horizon, ( ).
O , -
IATHMA 169
-
, - , - , - . T -, , . E, , -, - -, . B, - , ( 30 kW), - -. T , - , , . H - , - , , , .
Y (, -, ) . O , - . E, , 1 cm/sec2 ( ), - 26 km/sec . K , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO170
-
- , . O , - .M . H , , - 100 kgr/kW, 5 kgr/kW . - , 25%.
IATHMA 171
-
1913: O Ernst Stuhlinger Tubingen.
1930: E Tubingen.
1936: - Tubingen I T- B, .
1939: E - B -.
1941: M - Peene-mnde.
1945: A- HA - , - Paperclip ().
1946: Fort Bliss.
1949: M Huntsville Alabama.
1954: - , .
1957: - .
1960: A K
Marshall(Marshall Spaceflight Center) - .
1964: E ION PRO-PULSION FOR SPACEFLIGHT(I - ).
1965: SERT - .
1968: A - AO-N ( ), K Marshall.
1973: K - - SKYLAB.
1975: A NASA Hunts-ville.
1993: T BAON vonBraun.
1994: E vonBraun.
1998: .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO172
E R N S T S T U H L I N G E R (1913-1998)
-
K Laser
H 70 , , , - , .
, , NASA , - Freeman Dyson, , - . H K Marshall, laser...
TO OO O , - , laser. H laser - (CW) , - laser. O laser .
T Marshall, - -
-
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laser , - - . , , . O NASA - laser, -. , laser - - . , laser . - , - (LEO) (GEO). K Dyson Lee Jones K Marshall, - . O NASA, , CW laser, - , - , , -. H , , . (OTV) .
A OTV CW laser - OTV -, .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO174
-
OPTIO OTV* ANAOIA KOTOY
2.250 kgr 2,4:1146.000 kgr 6,9:1
* T (2.250 kgr) -SATURN V LEO (146.000 kgr).
T -, : laser , /- , laser , -. NASA 1978 Woods Hole - , , Carl Schwenk, Wol-fang Mochel, Stan Kent Arthur Kantrowitz, - - laser . H - , - .
IATHMA 175
1
2
3
4 5
6
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laser. (1) (2) (3) E (4) (5)
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T K Marshall CW laser, -, laser (CO2) 10,6 m, - . K - , laser , . H - laser - , . A , , .
, , -. A - . O - .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO176
-
H - RO-CKETDYNE 1,5 x 104W/cm2. P 9,3 x 103 W/cm2 , 160.000 kgr/m2. , n 10 kW, - 2,5 x 103 W/cm2. M - laser, - - 30 kW, 8 x 103 W/cm2, . K N.H. Kemp K Marshall, laser 5 MW 105 W/cm2, - - 6 x 103 W/cm2, - 10 cm 2 x 103 W/cm2. K , - 30 kW - 1,4 W/cm3 ,
IATHMA 177
A . (a) (b) Z (c) (d) Z
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. O Kemp - laser, , , .
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TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO178
, cm. (A) .
-
. O laser - . Y - .
O 80 - -, . - , , 15.000 K - 700 sec, . 5.000 K, - - , (200 sec), 1.500 sec, - . E, , .
H NASA CW laser , 1975, K E Lewis, . A laser , . - 10,6 m, laser, - (LSC), - laser .
A , ,
IATHMA 179
-
- . K , K Marshall, - , - , . -, - laser -, , -, .
, K Marshall - I T Tenesee K- E LOCKHEED Huntsville, - - . M laser, - . A LOCKHEED - laser, - . A Kemp Roote - ( - ) - laser.
T - laser, , , K Marshall, -. O Batteh Keefer - . T - , . T LOCKHEED - , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO180
-
. B laser, - , . A , - laser.
A - - laser, , . T , - .K , - , Navier-Stokes (LSC).
H - 10,6 m (LSC) . , , . E- NASA, 70 , - (LSC) , - laser CO2 (ARMY TRI-SERVICES LASER).
T K Marshall R.W. Conrad, - laser. OConrad laser CO2 - - -, . ,
IATHMA 181
-
(LSC) (LSC) , -, , - , . O Conrad , - - (LSC), -. E - laser , . M , , -, . T laser. T - , 1978, K Marshall B- A , - . K 1979, Conrad Roy , -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO182
Conrad.(1) (2) E (3)
(4) P (5) B (LSC) (6) E
-
(LSC) - laser , .
, K E UNITED TECHNO-LOGY, Smith Fovoler - , - , . A (LSC) , ( LSC ) - Conrad Roy. NA-SA A laser CO2 (- ) , 30 kW. O K Marshall - . K , - 10 cm, -, , - . O - 40 m - NaCl ( ) 15 cm. H 13 cm 46 cm, . O - - 45 psi. , . 0,18 cm 0,25 cm, - 45 psi (LSC) 7,5 kW. , 1,9 x 105 W/cm2 21,9 x 105 W/cm2, - 2,5:1, - (LSC) 3,8 x 105 W/cm2 7,3 x 105 W/cm2, 5 x 106 W/cm2.
IATHMA 183
-
, (LSC) 4600 cm/sec, .
A 1978 , NASA 80 - laser, - . , K Marshall K E Langley . , 1980, - laser CO2 30 kW ( NASA), 1982 (LSC) . , - Conrad
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO184
NASA Marshall. (A) E
(a) laser CO2 30 kW (b) 42 mrad (c) E 2,5 m
(d) E (e) E (f) (g) E (h) (i) E 42 psi
(j) H (k) (l) E (NaCl) 30 cm.
-
, - laser. , , - . , , - . M - -, laser - .
M , , , NASA - , , - , -, - O. H - 70, 80 - , laser , - , , - - . M , BDM NASA - laser, laser . , - , , , , - - NASA. A , -
IATHMA 185
-
NASA laser . H BDM NASA . O NASA BDM, - laser, - - , laser 2 m -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO186
E MIRACL, Zenith Star,
- Titan II.
-
-. M K Langley, laser , - - laser .
, 1983, NASA -, - SDI, laser . E , , , -
IATHMA 187
O laser, 1989. A Zenith Star laser TRW.
-
1989 - -, . K 1990, - , Zenith Star laser, TRW , - laser X - . H - - . H NASA - , , - . A HA, K T- MIT, - , - , , NASA, - - - .
K , laser - , - - , .
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO188
-
1931: O Peter Glaser N Y.
1954: A, Princeton.
1964: E .
1968: A - E H E-.
1969: A laser NASA - 20/7/1969 .
1970: O NASA - - - .
1971: A ( 1984) - SOLARENERGY.
1973: K - .
1978: ,
OHE, E SUNSAT.
1984: O ( 1989) E E NASA.
1986: - STS-61-6 .
1988: O NASA .
1989: A - - ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY.
1993: T A- O .
1996: T T- HA (Hall of Fame).
1998: , E - ADVANCED TECHNO-LOGY.
IATHMA 189
P E T E R G L A S E R (1931- )
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I
T 17 O 1923 ( -), - P Lenin, K, . O Fredrick Arthurovitsch Tsander, - . M- , Lenin - Tsander -. O Lenin - , - , , . M 1929, - (1929-1933) Stalin, ...
H - , . , , - , , , H , .
-
H , - , . O - , , .
O P Fri-edrick Arthurovitc Tsander, - Tsiolkovsky P.K 1926, Tsander , , H - - . H , . - , 600 m2. - , , . A Arthur C. Clarke 1964, - Sunjammer, 1981 BIS - . H BIS - JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Cal Tech - . T 1982 JPL 30 m2 mylar , 0,006 mm (1/24 ), Halley, NASA .
T -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO192
-
, - , -, . K - . , , , - - , - , . M , -
IATHMA 193
T JPL 1982 Halley.
-
. H - -, , , , - , . , - , (LEO), 1.500 km. H - , - .
E, , .
A , -, , , , , - , - . B, .
A , 30% .
, , , , , .
,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO194
-
, . M 100 - .
- 250 m, 1/4 ( -). T , - , , H/Y .
, , - (/) . O - -, , - , .
K 80, Cal Tech, Ro-bert Forward, , laser, NASA laser. A Forward .
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IATHMA 195
-
- .
laser - , Forward - laser E, - , , 1.000 m K- O. H - , , 800 - 10% , - E H 100 . H For-ward - , NASA - .
X - , , , . T , , , .
T - (, ) , . / 30 gr, - 0,6 km2, E H 53 .
H , - , - , Galileo, ( A, -), . ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO196
-
IATHMA 197
1 2 3
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H I Bis
A 1981, BIS , . 90, ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO198
-
A (Columbus 500 Space Sail Cup), A X K (1992), - . M BIS, Cambridge Consultants - 10 .
T , Nina, - , -. -, ESA, NASA GLAVKOSMOS. ESA, - , - .
T Nina 250
IATHMA 199
KH A
E 8 80 .
T H A. T 60
60.000 m2.
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-
m, 4 m 4 m, . H - 60.000 m2, Wembley.O B 200 300 , Hohmann. H 500 kg, . , , 1992.
A 80 - - :
I. T . T , ,, JPL 1982.M , - . - -
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO200
-
, . O H/Y - , - .
II. T . T BIS 1981 Nina 1990. T
-. K , - . , , - .
IATHMA 201
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III. O . T - Arthur C. Clarke 1964.T - , , - , . M ,
, - . M , , , .
IV. T . T , , - , . H ,
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO202
-
. K 84 m . O H/Y - , .
IATHMA 203
-
TEXNOOIE TOY MEONTO204
1867: O Fredrick Tsander A .
1891: O M .
1895: - A .
1909: A .
1920: Konstantin Tsiolkof-sky - EPAN TH H.
1923: - , - .
1924: - E M (TsB.I.R.P.) M.
1926: ( ).
1927: E M
(O.I.M.S.).1929: E
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1932: O G.I.R.D. M , - - OR-2. , - ().
1933: G.I.R.D.-X - . M- M.
F R E D R I C K A R T H U R O V I T S C H T S A N D E R (1867-1933)
-
A
E A 1950, San Antonio T, Wernher von Braun , COLLIERS -. E LIFE Chesl