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بسم الله الحمن الرحيم

Biodiesel From Edible & Inedible Biodiesel From Edible & Inedible OilsOils

( 2( 2nd nd Biofuel Generation ) Biofuel Generation )

Presented byPresented by

Prof. Dr. Abdel-Rahman Saleh Ferwanah

Chemistry Department

Faculty of Science

Al-Azhar University-Gaza

2010

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Palm oil Coconut OilBabassu Oil Rapeseed OilSoybeans OilsSunflower OilCotton Seed Oil

1-Edible Oils such as:1-Edible Oils such as:

2-Inedible Oils such as:2-Inedible Oils such as:Jatropha OilCamelina OilAlgae Oil

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Palm Oil Plantation

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Palm Oil Trees & Seeds

5Palm oil from Ghana with its natural dark colour visible, 2 litres

Palm oil block showing the lighter colour that results from boiling

Palm Oil & Oil Block

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Coconut Trees & Fruits

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BabassuTrees & Fruits

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Rapeseed Plant, Plantation & Seeds

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Soybeans Plant, Plntation & Seeds

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Oasis in the desert: Jatropha cultivation can halt soil erosion, increase water storage in the soil and transform barren expanses into lush, productive land.

Jatropha Trees & Seeds

D.Fairless ,Nature 2007 , 449,652-655

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Pushpito Ghosh tops up a vehicle that has covered 48,000 kilometres powered only by jatropha biodiesel.

D.Fairless ,Nature 2007 , 449,652-655

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Jatropha Trees & Seeds

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Drip Irrigation of Jatropha

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Grow even on marginal/saline/acidic/alkaline soils and slopy lands.

Develop without much care and irrigation.

Suit even dry-land farming and survive drought.

Provide live hedge for farms to arrest the menace of stray cattle.

Generate rural employment for cultivation, seed collection and processing.

Need hardly any application of pesticide.

Generate net income for 35-40

Improve soil fertility throughout their life-cycle.

Provide fuel wood after 50 years’ life-span.

Possess medicinal as well as other multiple uses.

Create green cover for long term ecological benefits.

Enhance energy security for the country (biodiesel)

The cogent reasons for cultivation of Jatropha

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Camelina Plant, Plantation & Seeds

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Algae Ponds & Photosynthetic Reactors

Natural Algae Pond

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Algal fuel growing in open ponds in Israel

Artificial Algae Ponds

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Algae Photosynthetic Reactors

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Algae Commercial Production

GreenFuel's high yield algae farms recycle carbon dioxide from flue gases to produce biofuels and feed, reducing net carbon dioxide production as waste becomes profit. Harvesting algae for biofuels enhances domestic fuel production while mitigating CO2.Why expensively sequester CO2 when it can be profitably recycled

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C18:0C18:0C18:0

C18:1  - C16:0

-   - 

C16:0

C18:1C18:1 C16:0

Triglycerides

1,3-diglyceride

1-monoglyceride

Triglycerides

Glycerol Oleic Acid

Glycerides

A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005

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(note: g/m2/day is the harvest rate of the algae and % TAG is the percentage of triglycerides )

A chart showing various feedstocks and their potential oil yield per acre.

N. Hodge,Scientific Psychic, 2005

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Common Fatty Acids

A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005

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Fatty acid composition of some common edible fats & oils

A Zamora,Scientific Psychic, 2005

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Transesterfication Vegetable Oils

U.Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 1998, 9(1), 199-210

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Mechanism of the base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils

U.Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J.Braz. Chem. Soc., 1998, 9(1), 199-210

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The following sonochemical effects can be observed in chemical reactions and processes:

increase in reaction speed,

increase in reaction output.

more efficient energy usage.

switching of reaction pathway,

performance improvement of PTC.

avoidance of phase transfer catalysts.

use of crude or technical reagents.

activation of metals and solids.

increase in the reactivity of reagents or catalysts.

Hielscher ultrasonic technology

Ultrasonic Reactor

Processing of Vegetable Oils Using Ultrasound

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Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication

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Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication (continuous

processing)

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Biodiesel Powered

Commercial Jet Flights

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Virgin Airlines: First Biodiesel Test Flight

Feb. 25, 2008 Virgin Atlantic flew for 40 min. Boeing 747-400 from London to Amsterdam with one engine partially powered by palm oil (20% Coconut & Babassu) oils, & 80% regular jet fuel (kerocene).

Autopia from wired .com

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Dece. 30, 2008 Air New Zealand, Boeing 747-400 burned a 50-50 blend of regular jet fuel and a bio-version made of jatropha -and the first jet to use biofuel refined from a non-food crop.

Green Gold in Shrub

SciAm.com

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Jan. 07/2009 Continental jet 516-a two engiene Boing 737-800 took off today in Houston with one of its two engines powered by a 50-50 blend of jet biofuel (Jatphora & Algae) and petroleum-based kerosene completed two hours test flight.

U.S. Biofuel Flight Relies on Weeds and Pond Scum

SciAm.com

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JAL Flight Brings Aviation One Step Closer to Using Biofuel

Jan. 30, 2009, Japan Airlines demonstated successful biodiesel test flight using mainly camelina . JAL jet 747-300 used in the test flight 50% blend biodfuel and jet fuel A .It was also the first demo flight using acombinaion of three sustainable biofuels made of (84% camelina, 16% jatropha and less than 1% algae).

JCN: Japan Cooperate News

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Acknowledgment

• I would like to thank:

• 1. Dr. Hany Farwanah for sending via e- mail over 30 research papers.

• 2. Dr. Mohammed Ferwanah for typing and organizing this lecture.