第 4 章 存 储 器
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Transcript of 第 4 章 存 储 器
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4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
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CPU(DMA)
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Memory Wall
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Memory HierarchyCache
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4.1 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) TTL MOS
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(1) 4.12. (2)
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CacheFlash Memory3. 4.1
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1. 4.1
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4.1
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4.2 1.
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2. CPU 4.2
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24 16 32 3. 4.2224 = 16 M8 M4 M
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(2) 4. (1) (3) /4.2
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600~700/TB200/GBSRAM400/256KB
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1. 1K416K18K81041411384.2
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/ 4.2
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16K 1 64K 8 324.2
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2. (1) 4.2
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(2) 4.20,0
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( RAM ) 1. RAM (SRAM) (1) RAM A A 4.2T1 ~ T4
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RAM 4.2
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RAM
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(2) RAM Intel 2114 1K4
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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1503116473263481503116473263480163015I/O1I/O2I/O3I/O4WECS0000000000 Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64) 0163248
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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Intel 2114 RAM (64 64)
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(3) RAM
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(4) RAM (2114)
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SRAM 4096140961640961409616
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SRAM
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SRAMCPU
32
/
/
...
...
n
0
2n-1
W
W
...
B0
B1
Bm-1
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SRAM n2n n4 241616
32
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/
...
...
n
0
2n-1
W
W
...
B0
B1
Bm-1
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SRAM3-84-168+8=168X8
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SRAMX/Y n22n/22n/22n/2=2nn=12212=4096226=128 n
T
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SRAM/I/OX
T
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SRAM2114SRAM1K4/cs/we/cs/we/cs2114
A9A0D3D0
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SRAM4102464166-644-16
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(1) 10 (2) (3) MOSZWTCSCDMOS
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(1) RAM 2. RAM ( DRAM ) 1 CS 1 04.2T
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(2) RAM RAM (Intel 1103) 4.2
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RAM (Intel 1103) 4.2
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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4.2 RAM (Intel 1103)
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RAM 4116 (16K 1)
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4116 (16K 1) 63000
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4116 (16K1) 4.2630
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(3) RAM DOUT DIN 4.2
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(4) DRAM1 2ms
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2ms
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1024200ns2ms 10 000 1024 8976(2ms/200ns)-1024=8976
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/tRC100ns200ns2ms10000
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2ms 12815.6sCPUDMA
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10243232500ns500ns3232 2ms/500ns=4000
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500ns500ns1s10243232500ns500ns3232
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10243232500ns500ns3232 2ms32322ms/32=62.5s62s0.5s2ms62.5s
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CPU
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3. RAM RAM 4.2
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(RAM)SRAMDRAMMOS
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DRAM1.SRAM4SRAMSRAM42.DRAMSRAM1/43.DRAMSRAM1/6DRAM1.SRAM 2.DRAM DRAMSRAMDRAM SRAM
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DRAMEDO RAMExtended Data Out RAMBEDO RAMBurstSDRAMSynchronous DRAMEDO50%DDRDual Data RateSDRAM IISDRAMSDRAM2CDRAM(Cached)SDRAMDRAMDRAMRDRAM(Rambus DRAM)
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ROM 1. ROM ( MROM ) MOS 1 MOS 0 2. PROM ()
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3. EPROM ( ) (1) N MOS
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(2) 2716 EPROM
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4. EEPROM ( ) 5. Flash Memory () EEPROMEPROM EEPROM RAM
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RAM RAMRAMAiDi CPU
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1RAM16K812116K=214148814 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 26 / 20000H~3FFFH01
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SRAM21141K4A9A0D3D0/CS= 0 = 1 WE= 0 = 1
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1 () () () //
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1K 4 1K 8 1. 2
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8K1RAM8K88
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I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O8K1RAM8K8
I/O8K1I/O
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64K1b64K8b64KB = 8 16A0 A15 8A15A0CPUA15A088CPUD7D0 CPU168 CPU /8
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< CS
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(2) 1K 8 2K 8 2
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16K8RAM64K864K16K44RAM 2
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16K8RAM64K810
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64K8b512K8b512KB = 8 16A0 - A15 20 A0-A19 8A15A0CPU20 A15 A0 4 A16 A19 16888 88CPUD7D0
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:
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MNLK
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(3) 1K 4 4K 8 8
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2. CPU (1) (2) (3) /(4) (5) (6)
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4.1 : (1) (2) A15A14A13 A11 A10 A7 A4 A3 A0
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(3) A10~ A0 2K 8 ROM A9 ~ A0 1K 4 RAM (4)
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4.1 CPU
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(1) (2) (3) (4) 1 4K 8 ROM 2 4K 8 RAMA11~ A0 ROM RAM
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138 CPU 2764 F0000H~FFFFFH , 2764
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1 2321141K4SRAM4K8421141K4SRAM4K8
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21141K4SRAM4K81. 21K4 1K8 41K8 4K8 8 =48/ 14=8
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21141K4SRAM4K82.()4KB16(64KB
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21141K4SRAM4K8A11 A10 A9 A00 0 0 00 0 1 10 1 1 11 0 1 10 1 0 01 0 0 01 1 0 01 1 1 1 124KBA11A021141K410A0~A9
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1K1K1K1KA9A0A9A0A9A0A9A0CS0CS1CS2CS3A11A10A11A10A11A10A11A10000H~FFFH4000H~3FFH400H~7FFH800H~BFFHC00H~FFFH21141K4SRAM4K8
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21141K4SRAM4K83.1234
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4K82KEPROM27162K82KSRAM21141K4/A15A0D7D0
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2K8
1K4 1K4
1K4 1K4000007FF08000BFF0C000FFF127164211481/A112A11/A103A11A101K81K84K8
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4K12A15~A1210000~07FFA10~A0A110A111/A1120800~0BFFA9~A0A111 A100A11 /A1030C00~0FFFA9~A0A111 A101A11 A10
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111A10A0 A112310A9A0 A11A10000007FF08000BFF0C000FFF
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2716
2114
2114
2114
2114D7~4D3~0R/WCS0CS1CS2A11A11A10A11A10A10~0A9~0A9~0
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/CS8ROMRAM21144D7D4D3D08 /R/W2716R/WR/WRAM2114
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8K8ROM8K4RAMRAM2000H~7FFFHROMC000H~FFFFHCPU
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1.A15A14A13001~011RAM8K3=24K8K4RAM6RAM 0010 0000 0000 0000 0111 1111 1111 1111RAM8K=2130111 1111 1111 11110010 0000 0000 0000ROM =FFFFH C000H=3FFFHROM214=16K8K8ROM2A15A14A13110~111 ROM1111 1111 1111 11111100 0000 0000 0000
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CS7 A15A14A130 0 1 1 1A15A14A13A12A00 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 03:874LS13840KB16RAMA15A0ROM
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L D C 1 .
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2k n + k + 1 2 .
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Ci gi 2i1 gi gj 2i1 + 2j1 gigj gl 2i1 + 2j1 + 2l1
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4.4 0101 n = 4 2k n + k + 1 k = 3:C1 C2 C40 0101 010010110
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0011 C1 C2 C41 0 0 n = 4 2k n + k + 1 k = 3 0011 10000111
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3. Pi 3 k = 3 P4 P2 P1 k = 3 Pi P1= 0P2 = 0P4 = 0C1C2C4
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P4P2P1 = 110 6 0100101 01014.5
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2 P4 P2 P1 = 100 4 0101011
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1. Cache
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2. (1)
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(1)
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(2)
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(2)
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0 1 2 3
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T T 4 4 T(4 1)
T
W4
W3
W2
W1
W0
M0
M0
M1
M2
M3
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(3) CPU
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3.(1) SDRAM ( DRAM)CPU (2) RDRAM Rambus (3) Cache DRAM DRAM SRAM Cache
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4.3 1. CPU CPU DRAM
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2. Cache (1) B 4.3
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(2) M >> C 4.3
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(3) Cache CPU Cache Cache 4 ~ 8 CRAY_1 16 16 IBM 370/168 4 4 644 = 2564.3
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(4) Cache e Cache h Cache tc tm
4.3
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3. Cache 4.3
CacheCacheCacheCPU
Cache
Cache
Cache
CPU
Cache
Cache
Cache
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4. Cache 4.3
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CacheCPUCache/CacheCPUCache CacheCache
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Cache 4.3 Write through Write back Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache Cache
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5. Cache (1) Cache Cache Cache(2) Cache CachePentium 8K Cache 8K CachePowerPC620 32K Cache 32K Cache4.3
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CacheCPUTemporal LocalitySpatial Locality
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CachePareto principle80/2080%20% 80%20%90%10%20%80%
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CacheCacheSRAMCPUCacheCache
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CacheCacheCache//Cache
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CacheCache?
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Cache 1. i j i = j mod C4.3
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Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache1MB512BCache8KB512B162048/16=1281620947
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i = j mod nCache Cache Tag CacheCache BS 102416101024111024531018
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Cache Cache Cache Cache
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4-1Cache53CPU8 000101100001101000010110000110100001000000000 0110001000000010010 Cache 1 Cache
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2 0010110Y0001000010110 Cache110N00010110Cache 110Cache110Y00010Cache00010110
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300011010Y00011 00011010 Cache010 N00011010Cache 010Cache010Y 00011Cache00011010
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4 00010110CacheCache
5 00011010CacheCache
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6 00010000 Cache000 N00010000Cache 000Cache000Y 00010Cache0001000 Y0001000010000
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7 00000011 Cache011 N00000011Cache 011Cache011Y 00000Cache00000011 Y 00000
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800010000CacheCache
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900010010 Cache0100001100010 0001001000011010 00010Cache0001000010010
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CacheCache
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2. 4.3
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Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache1MB512B20119Cache8KB512B169Cache11
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CacheCPUCache Cache CacheCache CacheCache Cache Cache Cache
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Cache Cache Cache
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Cache8Cache3CPU8 0001011000011010000101100001101000010000000000110001000000010010 Cache 8 222622261631618,Cache4-1 Cache4-198 Cache8418 mod 8 = 26 mod 8
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18
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Cache4-208Cache22222622262226222616222616 3 222616 3222616 318
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j Q i i = j mod Q3. 4.3
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Cache 1MB2048Cache8KBCache 22Cache1MB512BCache8KB512B1682048/8=256209 3 8
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Cache Cache Cache
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Cache Cache
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CacheCacheCache Cache Cache CacheCache Cache
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Cache8Cache34-21CPU8 0001011022000110102600010110220001101026000100001600000011300010000160001001018 Cache100010 11 02285000102110Cache822Cache30Cache6Cache611000010 0
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22
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0 0 0 1 0 0
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(2)00011 01 026, 2610 Cache2 26
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000110
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3 Cache6 000100 Cache, Cache 110
(4) 00011 01 026 100011Cache (3) 00010 11 0 22
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50000100016 Cache00Cache0 6000000113 11011 Cache3162622163
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700010 00 016 02Cache 800010 01 018 Cache10326103 10FIFO 18
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4 1 Cache(1)
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CacheCache
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1. FIFO 2. LRU 4.3
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4.4 1. CPU 2. C = n k s + Dr = Db V
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1. 4.4
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4.41.
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2. 4.4
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NRZ1 4.4
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1. (1) (2) 2. 4.4
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(1) 4.4
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(2) (3) 4.4
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1. 4.4
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2. 4.4
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1. 2. 4.4
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:():: :():.:CPU
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CacheCache
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CPU324G
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Cache----
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