Tradutore, traditorWillard Van Orman Quine, 1908-2000indeterminacy of translation incommensurabilitymiddle zone

1902

1904-5 1904-0550A History of Politicssociety

1902-3 190319021895-19192006

(, 1896)

Spencer, The Study of Sociology 1903

First Edition

6000 1908191910

Takebe Tongo, 1871-1945

1902Franklin Giddings, 1855-19311898

1907 A History of Politics 18981903

: great man theory

Yan introduced Spencers criticism of the great man theory:you must admit that the genesis of the great man depends on the long series of complex influences which has produced the race in which he appears, and the social state into which that race has slowly grown. If it be a fact that the great man may modify his nation in its structure and actions, it is also a fact that there must have been those antecedent modifications constituting national progress before he could be evolved. Before he can re-make his society, his society must make him. So that all those changes of which he is the proximate initiator have their chief causes in the generations he descended from. If there is to be anything like a real explanation of these changes, it must be sought in that aggregate of conditions out of which both he and they have arisen. (pp.34-35) (p.27)

18214323

:: determinismvoluntarism

()

18

: 18971898Our need of it*

objective difficulties subjective states p. 69. 1946

.335-337

2005

:

extreme parties:[1]Thus, the theory of progress disclosed by the study of Sociology as science, is one which greatly moderates the hopes and the fears of extreme parties. After clearly seeing that the structures and actions throughout a society are determined by the properties of its units, and that (external disturbances apart) the society cannot be substantially and permanently changed without its units being substantially and permanently changed, it becomes easy to see that great alterations cannot suddenly be made to much purpose. [1] 362

sociology

Japanese tr. of Spencer Representative GovernmentWhat is it Good For? (1857). (1878)(1883)(1890)

Social StaticsPrinciples of SociologyPrinciples of Morality[]First Principle[]

1902-03

19032201211 :

38-39

38,391903128

:

1904()(Kaneko Kentaro,1853-1942)(Mori Arinori,1847-1889) 1892823:

Kaneko and Mori

Society190450

Hofstadter 1903-4

Progress: Its Law and CauseManners and Fashion 1898 1898

It takes in not so much the reality of progress as its accompanimentsnot so much the substance as the shadow.

1900

1902 1902

F. H. Giddings, 1855-19311859-19121874-1946

1902

Kishimotos book

[]

---

1906 1907 1910: 1915

Compromise

1910

compromise

[1]For it cannot be too emphatically asserted that this policy of compromise, alike in institutions, in actions, and in beliefs, which especially characterizes English life, is a policy essential to a society going through the transitions caused by continued growth and development. The illogicalities and the absurdities to be found so abundantly in current opinions and existing arrangements, are those which inevitably arise in the course of perpetual re-adjustments to circumstances perpetually changing.[2] [1] 358[2] Herbert Spencer, The Study of Sociology, p. 396.

1914

1917

John Morley, 1838-1932On Compromise2Yet we must not press this argument, and the state of feeling that belongs to it, further than they may be fairly made to go. The danger in most natures lies on this side, for on this side our love of ease works, and our prejudices. The writer in the passage we have just quoted is describing compromise as a natural state of things, the resultant of divergent forces. He is not professing to define its conditions or limits as a practical duty. (Morley, On Compromise, pp. 204-205)

1917815Arthur Christensen, 1875-1945

19171918Peter Kropotkin, 1842-1921Rudolf Christoph Eucken, 1846-1926Henri Bergson, 1859-1941