我的食物 我的身體

蕭寧馨

應用營養研究室台灣大學生化科技系

2010

Outlines

• You are what you eat

• Milestones in nutritional sciences

• World food and nutrition problems

• Prevention strategy

Hungary Planet Part I to III:What the World Eat?

• Time 的網頁上展現 25 個家庭一週的飲食內容與費用

• 哪個家庭的飲食與自家的飲食比較相似？• 您能接受和不能接受的飲食是哪一家？• 您的飲食花費比較接近哪一個國家？

http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1626519_1373675,00.html

http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1645016,00.html

http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1667690_1456194,00.html

http://lifetype.hhjhs.tp.edu.tw/post/23/1103

Obesity Trends Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1985

http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html#State

5

問題一：哪些是必需營養素•紅麴•大豆異黃酮•葉酸•葉綠素•菸鹼素•茄紅素•Β- 胡蘿蔔素•花青素

• 金• 銀• 銅• 鐵• 鉀• 鎂• 硫• 磷

V

V

V

X

X

營養定理• 營養 Nutrition : 生物獲得滋養的生命程序 ,

利用外界的食物來維持生長和修補組織  • 營養素 Nutrients : 食物供應的維持生命所需

的成份 – 必需營養素 Essential nutrients:

• 缺乏導致缺乏症– 非必需營養素 Non-essential nutrients

• 缺乏不會導致缺乏症• 營養素與健康的關係

– 因果關係：具有必需性– 關聯性 / 機率性：風險、危險因子

7

領域特色與重點• 食品科學

– 農作物從收穫到入口前的各項知識和技術

• 營養科學– 食物入口後，人體利用食物的各項生理 / 生化程序的知識和研究技術

• 醫學– 認識與治療人體疾病的知識與技術

東西共通的保健觀

• 醫食同源• Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine“

– 400 B.C. – said to his students, "Let thy food be thy medicine and

thy medicine be thy food".  – He also said  “A wise man should consider that health

is the greatest of human blessings.”

實驗營養與營養科學

• 15-18 世紀 壞血病盛行於船員與海軍• 第一個臨床人體飲食實驗：治療壞血病的食物

Lind ( 英 1747-53)

維生素缺乏症狀

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/2345.htm

壞血病症狀 葉酸缺乏與脊裂 維生素 K 缺乏與內出血

Nutritional concepts arise from chemistry and physiology: 1750-1840

• 1770 -- Antoine Lavoisier, the “Father of Nutrition and Chemistry”– 體溫 / 生命的化學機制– He discovered the actual

process by which food is metabolized. 

– He also demonstrated where animal heat comes from. 

– In his equation, he describes the combination of food and oxygen in the body, and the resulting giving off of heat and water.

– He then studied energy expenditure using calorimetry .

The first calorimeter

built by Lavoisier (1734-1794)

Indirect calorimetry

Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844-1907)Nutrition and Exercise

Cycle ergometer used by Atwater andhis colleague Benedict in their studies on exercise metabolism. Before Atwater died in 1907, he had completed more than 500 energy-balance experiments

實驗動物應用於食物營養研究

• Animal study is relevant to human nutrition

• 1897 – Christiaan Eijkman, a Dutchman working in Java, and thiamin (B1)

• chickens – fed white rice diet, developed the

symptoms of Beriberi – fed the unprocessed brown rice (with

the outer bran intact), no disease. 

• Eijkman then fed brown rice to his patients and they were cured.  

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929

維他命說

• 1912 – Dr. Casmir Funk (German) was the first to coin the term “vitamins” as vital factors in the diet. 

The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins

• 圖像: the Genius of Medicine holding an open book in her lap, collecting the water pouring out from a rock in order to quench a sick girl's thirst.

• 文字 Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes(Word for word: inventions enhance life which is beautified through art.)

• The words are taken from Vergilius Aeneid, the 6th song, verse 663;

Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake things worthy Phoebus' heart;and they who bettered life on earth by new-found mastery

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/index.html

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Discovery of Vitamins http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/table.html

Christiaan Eijkman (1929) 荷 B1

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1929) 英 Growth

Stimulating Vitamins

George Hoyt Whipple (1934) 美 Treatment of

pernicious anemia,

B12 related George Richards Minot (1934) 美William Parry (1934) 美Henrik Carl Peter Dam (1943) 丹麥 K

Isolation of VitaminsAdolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1928) 德 D

Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi Nagyrapolt (1937)

匈 C

Richard Kuhn (1938) 德 B2 and B6

Edward Adelbert Doisy (1943) 美 K

Nobel Prize in Chemistry Synthesis of Vitamins http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/carpenter/table.html

Walter Norman Haworth (1937) 英 C

Paul Karrer (1937) 瑞士 E

Robert Burns Woodward   (1965)  美 B12

Structure of Vitamins

Paul Karrer (1937) 瑞士 A and B

Richard Kuhn (1938) 德 B2

Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1957) 英 B12

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964)

英 / 女 B12

20

http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/fs/food/images/mypyramid.jpg www.metrokc.gov/health/nutrition/foodguide.htm

Nutrition is an applied science各國飲食指南 : 食物種類與份量

英國 愛爾蘭

21

日本

加拿大

民眾使用的飲食指南與指標

The expanded use of genomic technologies offers unprecedented opportunities for the expanded use of foods & components to achieve genetic potential,

increase productivity and reduce the risk of various disease.

Uniqueness

營養的影響從幾歲開始？• 孕期 / 受精卵胚胎 • 孕期 / 胎兒 20 週 /5-6 個月• 1 -3 歲• 青春期 10-18 歲• 中年 40 – 50 歲• 老年 65 歲以上

兩極化的飲食危機

27

2010 FAO 年報世界上營養不足的人口

超過十億

28

2010 FAO 年報貧困之下女嬰死亡率升高

29

各地區的營養不足盛行率

30

增進健康的有效策略WHO/WHA 57 (2004)Resolution and strategy

32

英國健康白皮書 2004

日本食育基本法 (2005)

http://www.e-shokuiku.com/index.html

《食育基本法》制訂於 2005 年 6 月（平成十七年法律第六十三号），其中將食育定義為： 「學習食物相關的知識，並養成正確選擇食物的能力」

結 論

• 1. 飲食的質與量影響個人與人類族群的健康和生存。

• 2. 個人學習營養的目的在於– 認識食物相關的知識，– 並養成正確選擇食物的能力。

• 3. 關心並認識國家和國際的糧食與健康趨勢和政策，合力營造健康飲食環境。