r*Fvmarmifr,fpmapmif2011-ckESpftwGuf pkpnf;csuf

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm

armifcifrif("EkjzL)rS

r*Fvmarmifr,fpmapmifwGifvpOfajzMum;onf

E-book is created by www.ShanYoMa.org

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

(2011-ckESpf) wpfESpfpm r*Fvmarmifr,fpmapmif vm&Sdaom

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpmarmifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?(1) oDcsif;wpfyk'fxJrSm ]ndKjrvdkYtac:rcHEkdifbl;q&m}vdkY zGJYxm;wmrSm]ndKjr}&JU

t"dyg,fudk odvkdygw,f/(2) ]vlrGJawGvnf; raES;acwfrD? olaX; jzpfawmhrnf? 'kdYe*g;eD}vkdYzGJYxm;wmrSm ]e

*g;eD}qkdwm bmudk qkdvkdygovJ/(3) tbd"mefudk ]tbdwf"mef}vkdYtoHxGuf&r,fqkdwm rSefygovm;/

rvIdifNrdKUe,fom;/

ajz/ /(1)]ndKjrvkyfw,f}qkdwJhpum;[m [efvkyfw,f? rl&mrm,mvkyfw,fvdkYt"dyg,f&aMumif;? udkvkdeDacwfu xif&Sm;wJhtNidrfhrif;orD; ,leDAmpDwDjroef;Munf&JUtrlt&mudkpwif&nfnTef;&mu tokH;wGifus,fvmaMumif; rSwfom;&zl;ygw,f/

(2) e*g;eDqkdwm ]e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;}udk qkdvkdwmyg/ vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIumv? 1937-ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 4-&ufaeYrSm wkdYArmtpnf;t&kH;u ocifvli,fawG tygt0if wkd;wufwJhtodtjrif&SdwJhvli,fawG wnfaxmifwJhtoif; jzpfygw,f/ toif;wnfaxmif&wJhtaMumif;eJYywfoufNyD; azmfjy&mrSm e,fcsJUpepfudk wkdufckduf&mwGif (1)0g'ppf0g'rSefudk oabmaygufNyD; pepfusap&eftwGuf tpDtpOf&Sdap&ef? (2)vufa&G;pifEkdifiHa&;AkdvfrSL;ppfuJrsm; ay:aygufap&efESifh? (3)e,fcsJUpepfudk tjcm;wpfzufrS wkdufckdufaeolwkdY\ajcvSrf;tiftm; ponfwkdYudk csifhcsdefEdkif&efpwJh&nf&G,fcsufawGeJY wnfaxmifwJhtoif;jzpfygw,f/ e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;u EkdifiHa&;todtjrif wkd;yGm;apwJhpmtkyfawG?trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf Ekd;Mum;apwJhpmtkyfawG xkwfa0ygw,f/ bmomjyefpmtkyfawGa&m? rSDjirf;jyKpmtkyfawGa&m? yifukda&;pmtkyfawGa&m ygygw,f/ pmtkyfemrnfwcsKdUudkazmfjy&&if OD;bcdkif&JUjrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;&mZ0if? armifpdk;&JUqkd&S,fvpf0g'? odef;az&JUjynfolYtmPm? udkEk&JUvlrGJwkdY\xGuf&yfvrf;? OD;bwif&JUqkd&S,fvpf0g'ESifhedosnf;? udkb[def;&JU"e&Sifavmu tp&SdwJhpmtkyfawGygyJ/ rdrdEkdifiHtwGuf oufpGefYBudK;yrf; xrf;aqmifwJhEkdifiHwumu yk*KdvfawGtaMumif;vnf; yg0ifygw,f/ 1939-ckESpfrSm e*g;eD*sme,fudkvnf;xkwfa0ygw,f/ e*g;eDtoif;xkwfpmtkyfawG&JUwefzkd;[m 10-yJ jzpfwmaMumifh ]]10-yJwefaomhESifhurmhbPfaygufBuD;udk zGifhavmh}}qkdwJhe*g;eDtoif;&JUa

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

&Sm;ygw,f/ e*g;eDpmtkyftoif;&JUtoHtjzpf q&ma&TwkdifnTefYa&;zGJYNyD; cifarmif&ifoDqkdxm;wJh e*g;eDoDcsif;rSm ]]qif;&Jjcif;rS vGwfuif;atmif vrf;jyaqmifygrnf}}qkdwJhtzGJY?]]vlrGJawGu raES;acwfrD olaX;jzpfawmhrnf}}qkdwJhtzGJY? ]]'kdYe*g;eD qif;&Jom;wkdY rndK;NyDtusKd;xl;ay;awmhrnf? acwfopfxlaxmifrnf}}qkdwJhtzGJYawGu e*g;eDtoif;&JUtoHawGygyJ/

(3) ]tbd"mef}qdkwJhpum;vkH;udk^ tAd'ef^ vkdYtoHxGuf&ifvnf; rSefygw,f/^tAdwf'ef^vkdYtoHxGuf&ifvnf; rSefygw,f/ tJ'DtoHxGufESpfrsKd;pvkH;udk jrefrmpmtzGJYuxkwfwJhjrefrmtbd"mefrSm toHxGuftrSeftjzpf azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ ^tAd'ef^ ujrefrmpum;vkH;tjzpf jrefrmvkdxGufwJhtoHxGufyg/ ^tAdwf'ef^u ygVdzwf&mrSmvdk aemufu"&JUtoHudk towfoHtjzpf,lNyD; ^tAdwf'ef^vkdYxGufwmyg/ tbd"mef^tAdwf'ef^vdkYxGufwmyg tbd"mef^tAd'ef^vkdYtoHxGufwm rsm;ygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh/'orwef;jrefrmpum;ajyxJu pmvkH;aygif;owfykHeJYtcsuftvuf uGJvGJcsufawG

udk ajzMum;ay;apvkdygonf&Sifh/(1) uvuwm;ESifhumvuwm;(2) jrefrmpmrdwfzGJY pmqkdESifhokawoDrS ]}(3) ]vlYjynfjzpf? pnf;pdrfESpfudk}ESifh]vljynfjzpfap? pnf;pdrfESpfudk}(4) ywjrm;ausmufpD"m;pum;ajy a&;om;aomacwfonf vGwfvyfa&;acwf

vm;? ukdvkdeDacwfvm;/pkjynfhvGifh? uGufopf&yf

NrdKUopfNrdKU/

ajz/ /'Du@rSm ausmif;oifcef;pmawGudkawmh orD;wkdY&JUq&m? q&mrawG oifMum;ay;aewm&,f? zwfp&m pmtkyfpmwrf;awGvnf; trsm;BuD;ay:xGufaewm&,faMumifhausmif;oifcef;pmudk wkduf&kdufar;wJhar;cGef;awGxuf jrefrmpmeJYywfoufNyD; taxmuftuljyKr,fhtaMumif;tcsufawGudkar;wJh tar;awGukd t"duxm;NyD; ajzaeygw,f/ ckorD;ar;wJhar;cGef;awGuawmh ausmif;oifcef;pmtcsuftvufudk ar;wmr[kwfbJ ykHESdyfxm;wJhpmvkH;aygif;owfykHtrSm;? tcsuftvuftrSm;awGeJY qkdifwJhtwGuf trsm;vnf;od&atmif ajzvkdufygw,f/

(1) Calcutta qkdwJhNrdKUemrnfudk jrefrmvkd ]uvuwm;}vkdYvnf; a&;ygw,f/ ]um

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

vuwm;}vkdYvnf; a&;ygw,f/ ESpfckpvkH; rrSm;bl;vkdYqkdEdkifygw,f/ (,ckawmh 'DNrdKUemrnfu udkvfuwm;jzpfaeygNyD/)

(2) pmtkyfrSm]jrefrmpmrdwfzGJY pmqkdESifhokawoDvkdYygaew,fqkd&if ]}u pmvkH;rSm;&kdufxm;wmyg/ trSefu ]ESifh}yg/ wkdufpkd;eJYrif;,ka0u ]jrefrmpmrdwfzGJY}a&m]pmqkdESifhokawoD}a&m ESpftkyfpvkH; wGJzufa&;wmyg/ wpftkyfazmfjyEdkif&if rSefygw,f/ ar;cGef;uvnf; wpftkyfyJ ar;wm xifygw,f/

(3) ]vlYjynfjzpfap? pnf;pdrfESpfudk}u trSefyg/ ]jzpf}eJY]ESpf} um&ef,lxm;wmyg/]jzpfap}uawmh rSm;&kdufwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f/

(4) ]ywjrm;ausmufpD"m;}pum;ajyudk a&;wJhacwfu udkvdkeDacwfyg/ pmtkyfa[mif;rSm ]vGwfvyfa&;acwf}qkdNyD; rSm;aevkdY pmtkyfopfrSm jyefjyifxm;wmyg/ 'Dwpfvawmh 'DavmufygyJ/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f-Zefe0g&Dv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /'umBuD;?OD;yOif;u pmoifom;wpfyg;jzpfygw,f/ r*Fvmarmifr,fudk zwfNyD; pma&;csif

pdwfawG jzpfay:vmaeygw,f/ 'gayr,fh a&;om;ykHa&;om;enf;udk em;rvnfvkdY ra&;jzpfwmyg/ a&;om;ykHa&;om;enf; odvkdyg r*Fvmarmifr,frSwpfqifh &Sif;vif;ay;yg&efarwm&yfcHygw,f/

OD;awZ0E? xD;r*FvmEkd;x&GmqifjzLpmoifwkduf? acw-armfvNrdKifNrdKU/

ajz/ /OD;yOif;bk&m;-pma&;om;ykHa&;om;enf;udk taxmuftuljyKEkdifwJhpmtkyfawG &Sdygw,f/ tajc

cHtm;jzifh pum;ajyta&;tom;udk rSefrSefuefuef a&;wwfatmif? pmvkH;aygif;owfykHrSefzkdY? o'gtokH;tEIef;rSefzkdY? 0guszGJYykHrSefzkdY owdjyK&r,fhtcsufawG &Sif;jywm? tJ'DurSwpfqifh ta&;tom;&Sif;vif;atmif? ajyjypfatmif? vkdufzufatmif a&;EkdifzkdY pum;tokH;tEIef;awG? 0gusawG? pmykd'fawGuaeNyD; aemufqkH; pmwpfyk'fvkH;tqifhtxd tcsuftvufawG pDpOfa&;om;ykHawGudk vrf;nTefxm;wmawG &Sdygw,f/ tJ'DpmtkyfawGu pma&;csifolawG pmra&;cif BudKwifodxm;oifhwJhtcsufawGygyJ? tJ'DtcsufawGudk BudKwifodxm;NyD;awmh udk,fa&;r,fhtaMumif;t&mudk b,fvkdpmrsKd;a&;rSmvJ/ aqmif;yg;vm;? 0wKvm;? &opmwrf;(tufaq;)vm;? a&;csifwm&SdrSmyg/ wynfhawmfem;vnfwmuawmh tJ'Denf;emawG odxm;&kHeJY rNyD;bJ udk,fwkdifa&;om;avhusifhzkdY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/

q&mBuD;rif;ok0Pfu ]]pk-wk-jyK}}qkdNyD; vrf;nTefygw,f/ yxrtqihfrSm pma&;p&mtaMumif;t&m tcsuftvufawGudk pk&r,f/ NyD;&if udk,fzwf&Iavhvmxm;wJhpma&;q&mawG b,fvkda&;ovJqkdwm avhvmNyD; olwkdYa&;ykHrsKd; twk,lNyD; a&;&r,f/ tJ'Daemufawmh udk,fwkdif? udk,fydkifta&;tom;eJYa&;om;jyKpkwJhtqifhudk a&mufNyDvkdYqkdvkdwmyg/pma&;enf;qdkwm oifay;&kHeJYwwfwJhtqifh r[kwfbJ udk,fwkdif tBudrfBudrfa&;om;avhusifhNyD;rS&wJhenf;yg/ tJ'Dvkda&;EkdifzkdY pmrsm;rsm; zwfzkdYvkdygw,f/ taumif;qkH;enf;uawmh ]]rsm;rsm;zwf? rsm;rsm;avhusifh? rsm;rsm;a&;}}qkdwJhenf;ygyJvkdY ajzyg&apbk&m;/rsm;rsm;zwf&if olwkdYb,fvkda&;w,fqkdwJha&;enf;awGudk rsm;rsm;owdxm;rdr,f/ owdxm;rd&mu olwkdYa&;ovkdvkdufNyD; a&;prf;Munfhr,f? tavhtusifhrsm;vmawmh udk,fodwJhtaMumif;t&mudk udk,fykdifta&;tom;eJY a&;EkdifwJhtqifh a&mufwmrkdY tJ'Dvkd tMuHay;jcif;jzpfygw,fbk&m;/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/]um}ESifh]cg}tokH;udk &Sif;jyay;yg&ef/

armifausmfrif;xGef;3-&yfuGuf? rvIdifNrdKU/

ajz/ /]um}ESifh]cg}[m toHajymif;oGm;ykHcsif; wlaevkdY rSm;okH;rdwwfygw,f/ ]oGm;umvmum}vkdYa&;a&;? ]oGm;cgvmcg}vkdYa&;a&; ^ oGm;*gvm*g^vkdYtoHxGuf&w,fr[kwfvm;?

]um}u ]vsuf}eJYtwlwlygyJ/ ]oGm;vsufvmvsuf}qkdwJhoabmyg/ qufvufvkyfaqmifaewJht"dyg,fygyJ/ ]cg}uawmh ]tBudrf}vkdYt"dyg,f&w,f/ ]ESpfcgokH;cg}? ]a&mufaomcg}qkdwmrsKd; okH;ygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?(1)]0P}eJY]*&koH}qkdwm b,fvkdpum;vkH;awGygvJ/(2) ]]uRef,kHawmh wpfzufuef;? om;orD;,kHawmh pkHvkH;uef;}}qkdwJhpum;ykHu b,f

taMumif;t&mukd rSD;NyD; ay:aygufvmwmygvJ&Sifh/aEGrkd;opf (B.A Eng)

wyfukef;&Gm? aygufNrdKUe,f/ajz/ /(1)0Pqkdwm ygVdpum;yg/ tu&mvkdYt"dyg,f&ygw,f/ tu&mawG[m teuft"dyg,fudk zGifhwwfwJhtwGuf 0PvkdYac:aMumif; zGifhqkdMuw,f/ aemufwpfcku toHwpfoHudk 0PwpfckvkdY owfrSwfygw,f/ orD;u t*Fvdyfpm txl;jyKqkdawmh t*FvdyfpmrSmac:wJh Syllable eJYtwlwlygyJ/ toHwpfoHxGuf&if 0Pwpfck? 2-oHxGuf&if 0P 2-ck? ponfjzifh ac:ygw,f/ ]vl}qkd&if 0Pwpfck? ]q&m}qkd&if 0P 2-ck? ]o&ufyif}qkd&if 0P 3-ck?]twGif;a&;rSL;}qkd&if 0P 4-ckaygh/

*&kqkdwm av;wJhtoHudk ac:wmyg/ *&kvnf; ygVdpum;yg/ ]av;aom}vkdYt"dyg,f&w,f/ *&keJY,SOfokH;wmu ]v[k}vkdYac:w,f/ ]ayghaom}vkdYt"dyg,f&w,f/ *&kuawmhav;wJhtoH? v[ku ayghwJhtoHaygh/ *&koHu toH&Snfw,f? ]um? ul}qkdwJhtoHrsKd;aygh/toHt&Snf 2-rMwm? 2-rMwmcGJ&Sdw,f/ (wpfrMwmqkdwm rsufpdwpfrSdwf? vQyfwpfjyuf?vufzspfwpfwGufMumwJhtcsdefudk ac:wmyg/) um. . . vkdYqkd&if 2-rMwm? 2-rMwmcGJwmuaygh/v[kuawmh toHwkdyg/ ]u? uk}qkdwJhtoHrsKd;aygh/ wpfrMwm? wpfrMwmcGJyJ&Snfw,f/ 'Davmufqkd&if em;vnfavmufygNyD/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

(2)]uRef,kHawmh wpfzufuef;? om;orD;,kHawmh pkHvkH;uef;}qkdwJhpum;ykHu cspfcifwJholawG&JUtjypfudk rjrifwwfwJht"dyg,fyg/ aus;uRefwynfhawGudk ,kHMunfrd&if olwkdYrSm tjypf&Sdayr,fh tJ'Dtjypfudk rsufpdwpfzufuef;aewJholjrifoavmuf enf;enf;yJjrifwwfw,f/ om;orD;udk ,kHrd&ifawmh rsufpdpkHvkH;uef;aewJhvkH;0rjrifovkd olwkdY&JUtjypfukdvkH;0rjrifbl;vkdYqkdvkdwmyg/ b,folupNyD; okH;w,fvkdYawmh rod&ygbl;/ tpOftqufokH;cJhMuwmygyJ/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f-azaz:0g&Dv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?(1) ]]wuokdvf}}[laoma0g[m&\t"dyg,fudk odvkdygonf/(2) ]]uAsm}}[laoma0g[m&\t"dyg,fudk odvkdygonf/

ukdatmif? vGKdifaumfNrdKU/

ajz/ /(1)]]wuokdvf}}qkdwm rlvuawmh tdEd,ajrmufydkif;u jynfe,fwpfjynfe,f&JUtrnfjzpfygonf/ wuoDvm (Taxila) vkdYac:ygw,f/ ]wuoDv}qkdwm ygVdpum;aygh/wu=,kwfavsmhonfudkjznhfqnf;jcif;? oDv=tavh? 'Dawmh ,kwfavsmhjcif;udk jznhfqnf;ay;avh&SdwJhae&mvkdY t"dyg,f&w,f/ ynmjznfhqnf;ay;avh&SdwJhae&mvkdY qkdvkdwmyg/ wcsKdUuvnf; wu=MuHpnfjcif;vkdYt"dyg,fzGifhNyD; MuHpnfpOf;pm;wJhtavh&SdwJhae&mvkdY zGifhqkdMuw,f/ wuoDvukd jrefrmu arG;pm;vkdufawmh ]]wuokdvf}}qkdwJharG;pum;pum;vkH;jzpfvmwmyg/ pmawGxJrSm wuokdvfjynfu 'domygarmuq&mBuD;qDrSm rif;om;awGynmoifwJhtaMumif; ygygw,f/ wuokdvfjynf[m tJ'DwuoDvmygyJ/ udkvkdeDacwfrSmUniversity qkdwJht*Fvdyfpum;udk ]],leDAmpDwD}}vkdYyxrac:NyD;aemufrS jrefrmvkdac:zkdYpOf;pm;wJhtcg tJ'D]]wuokdvf}}qkdwJhpum;vkH;ukd okH;wmygyJ/ 'Dawmh ]]wuokdvf}}][m ]]ynmoifMum;ay;wJh,leDAmpDwDausmif;}}vkdY t"dyg,f&wmaygh/ ]]tqifhjrifhynm&yfrsm;ukd oifMum;&mausmif;BuD;}}vkdY zGifhygw,f/

uAsm\t"dyg,f(2) uAsmqkdwm ]]umAs}}qkdwJhouwpum;u qif;oufwJhpum;yJ/ ]umAs}vkdY

vnf; jyw,f/ ]umAs}u ]uAsm}jzpfvmwmaygh/ ]]pOf;rsOf;rsm;eJYtnD pmvkH;? pmykd'fta&twGuf? um&ef tcsdwftquf? toHtaetxm;ponfjzifh pDukH;aomtzGJYtEGJY}}vkdYtbd"mefrSm zGifhqkdygw,f/ ]]u0d(ynm&Sd)wkdY\Opm}}vkdYvnf; a&S;u zGifhqkdMuygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?jrefrmjyu'defwGif i,fpOftcgup usufrSwfcJh&zl;onfrSm ]]wefcl;&ufrpkH 29?

uqkef&ufpkH 30? e,kef&ufrpkH 29? 0gqkd&uf 30}}[k jzpfygonf/,ckESpf 1372-ckESpfwGifrl e,kefvuG,faeYonf ]]e,kefvjynfhausmf 15-&uf? e

,kefvuG,faeY(16-6-2010)aomMumaeY}}[k ykHESdyfxm;ygojzifh ,ckuJhodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm rnfonfhtwGufaMumifhygenf;/ rnfodkYwGufcsufygoenf;[k odvkd ar;jref;vkduf&ygonf/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

jzLjzLckdif? 0dZmbGJY(jrefrmpm)trSwf 4-&yfuGuf? aygufacgif;NrdKU/

0gBuD;xyf? 0gi,fxyfajz/ /ar;oifhwJhar;cGef;ygyJ/ ykHrSeftaeeJYuawmh orD;ajymovkd &ufrpkHeJY? &ufpkH wpfvSnfhpDoGm;wmygyJ/ 0gxyfw,fqkdwm odw,f r[kwfvm;/ tMurf;tm;jzifh jrefrmjyu'def&ufu wpfESpfrSm 354-&ufyJ&SdwmrkdY wefcl;? uqkefpwJhvawGeJY aEGrkd;aqmif;&moDawG rudkufbJ uGJvGJvmwJhtcg veJY&moD jyefndwJhtaeeJY wpfESpfrSm 12-vtpm; wpfvwkd;NyD;13-vvkyf&wJhESpfawGrSm 0gqkdv 2-cgxyfNyD; yxr0gqkd? 'kwd,0gqkdvkdY owfrSwf&ygw,f/tJ'gudk 0gxyfw,fvkYdac:w,f/ 0gxyfwJhESpfrSm 0gqkdv 2-vukd &uf 30-pDowfrSwf&w,f/wpfcg vjynfhaeYvkdYowfrSwfxm;wJh&ufeJY wu,fvjynfhwJhaeYwkdY rukdufnDwJhtcg e,kefvudkvnf; &ufpkH 30-vkyf&w,f/ tJ'gudk ]]&ufiif}}vkdYac:w,f/ tJ'Dvkd &ifiifwJhESpfrSm uqkef? e,kef? yxr0gqkd? 'kwd,0gqkd av;vudk &ufpkH 30-pDxm;&NyD; ]]0gBuD;xyf}}vkdYac:w,f/ &ufiifr[kwfwJhESpfrSmqkd&ifawmh 0gqkd 2-vyJ &uf 30-pDxm;NyD; ]]0gi,fxyf}}vkdYac:w,f/ 1372-ckESpf[m 0gBuD;xyfwJhESpfjzpfaevkdY e,kefvrSm &uf 30-jzpfoGm;wmygyJ/b,fvkdwGufw,fqkdawmh aA'ifynm&SifrSom ajymjyEkdifygvdrfhr,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?jrefrm 12-vjzpfwJh wefcl;? uqkefponfwkdY[m rnfonfhpum;u qif;ouf

rnfonfht"dyg,f&SdaMumif; ajzMum;ay;ygcifAsm;/armifvif;jynfhNzdK;? yef;waemfNrdKU/

jrefrm 12-v\t"dyg,fajz/ /12-vemrnfawG qif;oufvmykHeJYt"dyg,fudk tcsKyfoabm&Sif;jyvkdufygw,f/(1) wefcl;=xef;oD;cl;aomv? wmv(ygVd) > wef;=xef;+cl;=cl;qGwf(2) uqkef=a&oGef;aomv? u? uk=a&+qkef=oGef;avmif;(3) e,kef=rkd;&Gmcsdefv? eH,kefv(ausmufpm)? eH=tcsdeftcg+,kef=rkd;&Gm? rkd;us(4) 0gqkd=&[ef;awmfrsm; rkd;okH;vtwGif;ausmif;aeygrnf[k &Gwfqkdaomv? 0go(ygVd)> 0g=aejcif;+qkd=&Gwfqkd(5) 0gacgif=0gv,fv? 0go(ygVd) > 0g=aejcif;+acgif=tv,f

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

(6) awmfovif;=aumif;uifom,mxGef;vif;aomv? om,myGifhvif;aomv/ awmf=aumif;uif+ovif;=omvif;=om,mxGef;vif;(7) oDwif;uRwf=&[ef;awmfrsm; oDvoDwif;usifhokH;aexkdifaomumv vGwfajrmufaomv/ oif(rGef) > owif;=vJausmif;+uRwf(8) wefaqmifrkef;=rD;xGef;v? wefaqmif=rD;&SL;rD;wkdifqDrD;+rIef;>rkef;=xGef;vif;awmufyap? ndxGef;(9) ewfawmf=ykyg;awmif ewfwkdYtm; ylaZmfaomv? emx(ygVd)>ewf+awmf=jrifhjrwf(10) jymokd=ysm;za,mif;pk t&qkH;v? jym=za,mif;+odk=qD? tqD(11) wydkYwGJ=xef;zl;? xef;ckdifrsm; atmufokdYwGJusatmif jyKaomv/ xef;&nfeif;v/xef;ydkY > xykdY=xef;zl;? xef;ckdif+wGJ=wGJus/(12) waygif;=xef;&nfudk usKdcsufaomv/ xef;&nfusKd xef;vsufcsufaomv/ xef;+aygif;=csuf? jyKwf? usKd

q&mBuD;OD;zkd;vwf&JU]]jrefrmvtrnfrsm;}}pmtkyfudk ukd;um;azmfjyvkdufygw,f/t,ltqtuGJawGvnf; &Sdygw,f/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? rwfv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?usESifhMutokH;udk cGJjcm;jyay;yg&Sifh/ pmtkyfwcsKdUrSm ]Mu}vkdYa&;&r,fhpmvkH;udk ]us}

vkdYa&;wmawGYae&vkdYyg&Sifh/eef;OD;

NrdKUopfNrdKU? rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;/ajz/ /ususee? csufus? pm;aeusaMumifzm;? pdwfwkdif;us? rwifrus? vkyfaeustvkyf? tm;us? tH0ifcGifus? oli,femusA[kH;tp&SdwJhpmvkH;awGudk ]us}eJYa&;&ygw,f/

usDMu? Mucwf0g;? Muvkd0g;? Muaomif;0g;? MuiSef;? MuOyif? MuvSJ0J? aMumifhMu?oGm;MuvmMutp&SdwJhpmvkH;awGudkawmh ]Mu}eJYa&;&ygw,f/

]us}eJY]Mu}[m ta&;rwlayr,fh toHwlwmrkdY rSm;a&;rdwwfwJhtwGuf cGJjcm;rSwfom;zdkYvkdygw,f/ orD;ajymovkd ]c&D;oGm;aeusonf}vkdYa&;wmuawmh rSm;wmaygh/ jrefrmpmtzGJYOD;pD;Xmeu xkwfwJh ]]jrefrmpmvkH;aygif;owfykHusrf;eJYcGJxm;}}qkdwJhpmtkyfuav;udk0,fNyD; aqmifxm;Ekdif&if pmvkH;aygif;jyem ajyvnfrSmyg/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?pma&;&if pum;ajymovkd a&;wmeJY pmvkda&;wm b,f[m ykdaumif;ygovJ/ &Sif;

jyay;apvkdygw,f/armifarmifnTefYjrifom? awmifOuvmyNrdKU/

ajz/ /'Dudpudk enf;enf;&Sif;jyzkdY vkdygvdrfhr,f/ [kwfygw,f/ jrefrmpum;rSm ]]tajymokH;[ef}}eJY]]pmokH;[ef}}qkdNyD; a&;ykH 2-rsKd;uGJygw,f/ tajymokH;[efqkdwmu pum;ajym&mrSmokH;wJhpum;vkH;awGeJYa&;wJh[efyg/ pmokH;[efqkdwmu pma&;&mrSm okH;wJhpum;vkH;awGeJYa&;wJh[efyg/ tajympum;eJYpmpum;? tajymeJYta&;? pum;oHeJYpmta&;tom;ponfjzifhvnf; cGJjcm;NyD;ajymwwfMuygw,f/ ]]uRefawmfonf r*Fvmarmifr,fpmapmifudk tvGefusygonf}}vkdYa&;&if pmokH;[ef? ]]uRefawmfu r*Fvmarmifr,fpmapmifudk odyfoabmusygw,f}}vkdYa&;&if tajymokH;[efvkdYqkdEkdifwmaygh/

jrefrmpmpwifwDxGifwkef;uawmh b,fpum;oHudk b,fpmvkH;eJYa&;r,fqkdNyD;pum;oHudk tajcjyKNyD; wDxGifwJhtwGuf jrefrmpmwDxGifprSm pum;eJYpmeJY ruGmjcm;bl;vkdYynm&SifawGu qkdygw,f/ aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumwJhtcg ajymif;vJwJhEIef;csif; rwlwJh

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

twGuf pum;eJYpmwjznf;jznf; uGJjym;vmwmaygh/ pum;vnf; ajymif;w,f? pmvnf;ajymif;w,f/ 'gayr,fh pum;u yg;pyfxJuxGufwJhtoHrkdY rckdifrmbl;/ tajymif;jrefw,f/pmuawmh ausmufay:? ayay:? yk&ykdufay:rSm a&;xm;wmrdkY pum;xufydkNyD; ckdifrmwJhtwGuf tajymif;aES;wmaygh/ 'Dawmh ]} ]xkd}qkdwJhpum;awGudk cktcgrSm ]'D} ][kd}vkdYajymaeMuNyDr[kwfvm;/ ]jzpf\}wkdY ]jzpfonf}wkdYu ]jzpfw,f}vkdYajymif;aeNyD/ ]q&m\tdrf}u]q&m&JUtdrf? q&mhtdrf}vkdYajymif;aeNyD/ ]rdcif}u ]tar}jzpfaeNyD/ ]eHeuf}u ]reuf}jzpfaeNyD/ ]cspfaomol} u ]cspfwJhol}jzpfaeNyD/ 'Dom"utcsKdUudk Munfh&kHeJY pmokH;eJYpum;okH;uGJjym;ykHukd odEkdifygw,f/

'DaeY pma&;&mrSm 2-rsKd;pvkH; okH;aeMuw,fr[kwfvm;/ b,f[m ykdaumif;ovJvkdY ar;&if q&muawmh olYae&meJYol vkdufzufatmif a&;wm aumif;w,fvkddYoabm&ygw,f/ pmvkda&;rS aumif;w,f/ pum;vdka&;wm raumif;bl;vkdYajym&if wpfzufpGef;a&mufovkd pum;vdka&;wm aumif;w,f? pmvkda&;wm raumif;bl;vkdYajym&ifvnf; wpfzufpGef;a&mufygw,f/ pm[efay[efeJYtpOftqufa&;vmcJhwJhjrefrmpmayawGudk ypfy,fvkdYr&ovkd 'DaeYajymqkdaewJhajym[efqkd[efeJY a&;wmudk vspfvsL&Ixm;vkdYvnf; r&ygbl;/'Dawmh pmtkyfpmwrf;awG? cHhcHhnm;nm; a&;wJhpmrsKd;awGudk pmokH;[efeJYa&;wm vkdufzufqDavsmfovkd tcsif;csif;ay;wJhay;pmawG? a[majymcsuf? aqG;aEG;csufawG? 0wKawG?&kyf&SifawGxJu ZmwfaqmifawG&JUajympum;awGudk tajym[efeJYa&;wm vkdufzufqDavsmfygw,f/ pmokH;[efu cHhcHhnm;nm;&Sdw,f/ tajymokH;[efu ayghayghyg;yg;&Sdw,fvkdYqkdEkdifygw,f/

'DaeY ynm&SifBuD;awGupNyD; a&;aewJha&;[efudk avhvmMunfh&if ]xkd? ? onf?? ESifh? vsuf? \}pwJh o'gokH;pum;awGudk pm[eftjzpf okH;ayr,fhtJ'Dpm[efxJrSm tajym[efeJYeD;pyfwJhtokH;awGudk okH;NyD;a&;aeMuwmudk awGYEkdifygw,f/ tajymokH;[efbufudk wdrf;nTwfvmwJhoabmygyJ/ 'Davmufqkd&if vkHavmufNyDxifygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?]]if;? vnf;aumif;? aomfvnf;aumif;}}wkdYY&JUtokH;awGudk &Sif;jyay;apvkdyg

w,f/xGef;xGef;? armfvNrdKif/

ajz/ /]vnf;aumif;}udk twkdaumufa&;wJhtcg ]}*Pef;eJY]if;}wGJNyD; ]if;}jzpfvmwm

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

yg/ ]if;}udk ]if;onf pmBudK;pm;oljzpfonf}vkdYokH;Ekdifovkd ]if;NrdKUonf pnfum;aomNrdKUjzpfonf}vkdYvnf; okH;Ekdifygw,f/ 0gus&JUtprSm]if;}udkokH;w,fvkdY rSwfom;Ekdifygw,f/

]vnf;aumif;}eJY]aomfvnf;aumif;}udkawmh wpfvkH;wnf; rokH;ygbl;/ ]vnf;aumif;. . . vnf;aumif;}? ]aomfvnf;aumif;. . . aomfvnf;aumif;}vkdY 2-vkH;wGJokH;ygw,f/]]q&mrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? q&mrrsm;udkvnf;aumif; ylaZmfuefawmhMuonf}}vkdYokH;&ifq&mrsm;udka&m? q&mrrsm;udkyg ylaZmfuefawmhw,fvkdY t"dyg,f&ygw,f/ ]]rEav;odkYum;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? &xm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; oGm;rnf}}vkdYokH;&ifawmh um;eJYjzpfjzpf? &xm;eJYjzpfjzpf wpfckckeJYoGm;r,fvkdYqkdvkdwmyg/ ]]vnf;aumif;. . . vnf;aumif;}}okH;&if 2-ckpvkH;vkdYqkdvkdNyD; ]aomfvnf;aumif;. . . aomfvnf;aumif;}okH;&ifawmh 2-ckxJu wpfckckvkdY qkdvkdaMumif; cGJjcm;odEkdifygw,f/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? {NyDv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?]wkdY}ESifh]'kdY}taMumif;udk &Sif;jyay;yg&ef/

armif0if;jrwfNzdK;e0rwef;? ewfarmufNrdKU/

ajz/ /jrefrmpmtzGJYu jyKpkwJhjrefrmtbd"mefrSm ]wkdY}udk ^ 'dkY^ vkdYtoHxGufjyxm;NyD;]igwkdYtpm;okH;aompum;vkH;}vkdYzGifhxm;ygw,f/ ]igwkdY}vkdYokH;&mu ]ig}rxnhfbJ ]wkdY}vkdYokH;wmyg/ toHxGufawmh ^ 'dkY^vkdYtoHxGufygw,f/ tajympum;rSm ^ 'kdY^vkdYokH;aMumif; azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ ]wkdY}a&m ]'dkY}a&m emrfpm;ygyJ/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?]]tkwfMum;jrufayguf}}\t"dyg,fudk &Sif;jyay;yg&ef/

&Jvif;xGef;? e0rwef;(at)armif;axmif/

ajz/ /]trsKd;trnf rxif&Sm;ol}udk ]tkwfMum;jrufayguf}vkdYwifpm;okH;wmyg/ tkwfcJawGMum;xJrSm aygufaewJhjrufvkd rxif&Sm;wJhoabmygyJ/ ]'Doli,fu tkwfMum;jrufaygufyg/ olYudk b,folurS *&krpdkufbl;}qkdwJhtokH;rsKd;okH;ygw,f/

ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;ESifhywfoufar;jref;aom armifr,frsm;odkY

ajz/ /ausmif;rSmoif&wJhjrefrmpmoifcef;pmawGudk &Sif;jyzdkY wkduf&kdufar;wJhar;cGef;awGeJYywfoufvkdY wpfaygif;wnf; ajzyghr,f/ ar;olawG&JUemrnfawGawmh razmfjyawmhygbl;/ 'Du@rSm jrefrmpmavhvmrIudk taxmuftuljyKwJhar;cGef;rsKd;awGudk t"duajzyghr,f/ ausmif;oifcef;pmawGuawmh om;wkdY? orD;wkdY&JUq&m? q&mrawGu ausmif;rSm jynfhjynfhpkHpkH oifMum;xm;vkdY&,f? zwfp&mpmtkyfawG trsm;tjym;ay:xGufaewm&,faMumifhtJ'Dar;cGef;rsKd;awGudkawmh 'Du@rSm ajzqkdzkdY tpDtpOfr&Sdygbl;/ tJ'gudk q&majymcJhNyD;ygNyD/ taMumif;oifhvkdY &Sif;jyoifhwJhtaMumif;awGudk tck&Sif;jyyghr,f/

'Dwpfywfar;cGef;awGxJrSm ]&oukd;yg;udk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH&Sif;jyyg}qkdwJhar;cGef;rsKd;ygw,f/ ausmif;rSm? pmtkyfawGxJrSm &SmazGavhvmEdkifwJhoifcef;pmawGyg/ wpfa,mufuawmh jrefrmpm*kPfxl;udk trSwftrsm;qkH;eJYatmifcsifygw,fwJh/ NyD;awmh ar;cGef;awGudkajz&mrSm bmjzpfvkdY trSwfjynfhr&wmvJwJh/ jrefrmpmu 0dZmbmom&yfyg/ odyHbmom&yf

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

uawmh tcsuftvufudk twdtusar;wmrkdY rSef&if trSwfjynfh&Ekdifwmaygh/ jrefrmpm?orkdif;? yx0D0if? abm*aA'? pdwfBudKufjrefrmpmbmom&yfawGuawmh 0dZmbmom&yfawGjzpfvkdY tcsuftvufoufoufr[kwfbJ pmajzol&JUtawG;tac:? twiftjyawGu ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ tJ'Dt*Fg&yfawGudk twdtusowfrSwfvkdYr&paumif;wJhtwGuf trSwfjynfhr&Ekdifygbl;/ tJ'DbmomawG trSwfwpf&mtjynfh&wJhtpOftvm b,fwkef;urS r&Sdygbl;/ pmpDpmukH;udk 15-rSwfxuf ydkr&bl;qkdwmu b,folu ajymwmvJ rodbl;/ tJ'DvkdowfrSwfcsuf r&Sdygbl;/

aemufwpfa,mufuawmh tvuFmajzykHajzenf;awGazmfjyNyD; ]b,fvkdajzvkdY tprf;pmar;yGJrSm trSwfr&bl;? b,fvkdajzrS trSwftjynfh&r,fvkdYajymw,f}vkdYa&;xm;w,f/ b,folu ajymwmygvdrfh/ 'Dar;cGef;rsKd;[m tcsuftvufrSef&if trSwfjynfhay;wJhar;cGef;yg/ ajzwJhykHpHu wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf xyfwl rwlEkdifygbl;/ b,f[m a&SUuxm;&r,f? b,f[m aemufu xm;&r,fvkdYvnf; ykHaor&Sdygbl;/ ta&;BuD;wmu rSefzkdYyg/ 'Dvkdr[kwfbJ b,fvkda&;rS trSwfjynfh&r,fvkdYykHpHBuD;eJYowfrSwf&ifawmh tJ'g[m owfrSwfwJhq&m? q&mr&JUwm0efyJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ ykHaotvGwfusufNyD; usufwJhtwkdif;jyefa&;rS trSwf&r,fqkdwJht,ltqrsKd; jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f/

aemufwpfa,mufuvnf; pum;pyfajz&mrSm ajzykHuGJwmawGjyNyD; b,fvkdajz&rvJ? a&SUu - trSwftom;xnfh&rvm;qkdwmawGtxd ar;aeygw,f/ pdwfarmp&mygyJ/ta&;BuD;wmu tcsuftvuf jynfhpkHrSefuefzdkYyg/ ta&;tom;uGJjym;wm? wpfcsufcsif;cGJa&;wm? aygif;a&;wm? a&SUu - cHwm? rcHwmqkdwmawGu y"merusygbl;/ ykHaoqefvGef;ygw,f/ a&;ykH ajzykH wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf xyfwlrwlEkdifygbl;/ tcsuftvufrSefzdkYyJ ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ tJ'DvkdykHpHBuD;csNyD; ykHaovkyfwmrsKd;udk q&m? q&mruvnf; rvkyfoifhbl;/ ausmif;om;uvnf; ykHaotvGwfrusufoifhbl;/ udk,fh&JUpOf;pm;qifjcifrIeJYtusKd;taMumif;oifh a&;wwfatmif BudK;pm;oifhw,fvkdYoabm&ygw,f/

xyfNyD; tMuHay;csifwmu jrefrmpmawmfcsif&if ausmif;pma&m? tjyifpma&mrsm;rsm;zwfyg/ tJ'DvkdzwfwJhausmif;om;u tjyifpmrzwfbJ ausmif;pmcsnf;oufoufzwfwJhausmif;om;xuf ykdNyD;pmawmwmrsm;w,fqkdwJhtcsufygyJ/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? arv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?jrefrmpmayta&;tom;wGif rdrdukd,fpm;tokH;jyKonfh]]uRefawmf? uRefr}}[l

aom tokH;tEIef;ta&;tom;udk a&;vkduf&wkdif; b0ifrusjzpf&ygonf/ if;tokH;tEIef;rS ]uRef}qkdaompum;vkH;ESifha&;om;ae&jcif;udk b0ifrusjzpf&ygonf/ if;ta&;tom;udk rnfonfhtcsdefupwif tokH;jyKcJhygovJ/ bmaMumifh ,aeYwkdif okH;pGJa&;om;ae&onfudk odvkdyg &Sif;vif;ajzMum;ay;yg&ef yefMum;tyfygonfcifAsm;/OD;armifarmifMunf(rltkyf)t-r-u? wkdif;il? a&MunfNrdKU/ajz/ /ukd,fhukkd,fudk,f ]uRefawmf}]uRefr}vkdYokH;EIef;wJhta&;tom;udk tif;0acwfavmufrSm okH;aeygNyD/ yk*Hacwfuawmh ]ig}]eif}qkdwJhemrfpm;awGokH;ygw,f/ t&if;cHuswJhemrfpm;awGygyJ/ vlBuD;udkjzpfap? vli,fukdjzpfap ]ig}vkdYokH;Ekdifygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u &kdif;wJhtaiGYtouf rygao;ygbl;/ tapmqkH;jrefrmpmjzpfwJh&mZukrm&fausmufpmrSm &mZukrm&fu usefppfom;rif;udk avQmufxm;&mrSm udk,fhudk,fudk,f ]twkdYuRef}vkdYokH;ygw,f/ bk&if&JUaus;uRefvkdYqkdvkdwmyg/ ckacwftokH;eJYqkd&if ]uRefawmfwkdY}aygh/ aemufydkif;rSm ]aus;awmfrsKd;}? ]uRefawmfrsKd;}? ]uRefawmf}? ]uRefr}? ]uREkfyf}qkdwJhtokH;awG[m rif;&JUaus;uRefwkdif;oljynfom;tjzpf udk,fhudk,fudk,f ESdrfhcsNyD; okH;wJhtokH;ygyJ/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh ]uRefawmf}eJY]uRefr}[m tokH;wGifus,fwJhemrfpm;awG jzpfaeygNyD/ wpfzufvleJYpum;ajym&ifudk,fhudk,fudk,f ESdrfhcsNyD;ajymwJhed0gwoabmukd odrfodrfarGYarGY azmfjywJhpum;jzpfaeygNyD/jrefrmawG&JU&kdaoxkdufoludk &kdaowwfwJhpdwf? rdrdukd,fudk ESdrfhcswwfwJhpdwfudk 'DtokH;tEIef;awGtjzpf tpOftquf okH;aewmjzpfygw,f/

wpfqufwnf; ajym&if wpfzufvludk ]cifAsm}]cifAsm;}vkdYajymwm[m rlvu ]ocifbk&m;}vkdYajymwmyg/ udk,fajymaewJhyk*Kdvfudk &kdaoav;pm;orIeJY]ocifbk&m;}vkdYac:&muaemufydkif;rSm ]cifbk&m;}jzpfvmygw,f/ uif;0efrif;BuD;u EkdifiHjcm;udk oHwreftjzpf oGm;aewkef; aejynfawmfu owif;pmwkdufudk pmykdY&mrSm ]owif;pmq&mcifbk&m;}vkdYa&;ygw,f/ ]cifbk&m;}uae ]cifAsm;}vkdYajymif;vmwmyg/ aemufydkif;rSm ]Asm}vkdYwpfvkH;wnf;vnf;okH;ygw,f/

trsKd;orD;awGu ]&Sif}vkdYajymwm ]t&Sif}vkdYtav;tjrwfac:wmyg/ ]awmf}qkdwmuvnf; av;jrwfwJhoabmygyJ/ tJ'Dpum;awG[m jrefrmawG&JUodrfarGYESdrfhcswJhpdwf"mwfudk azmfjyaewJhtokH;tEIef;awGjzpfygw,f/ edrfhuswJht"dyg,fuaeNyD; *g&0ed0gwt"dyg,fukd ajymif;vmwmyg/ 'Davmufqkd&if &Sif;avmufygNyD/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?(1) ]if;}udk pmvkH;aygif; &ygovm;/ ]if;}onf jrefrmpmayESifhwpfNydKifwnf;

ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfygovm;/ rnfonfhtcsdefu p tokH;jyKcJhygovJ/(2) ]a,bk,s}[laomtokH;tEIef;taMumif; &Sif;jyay;yg&ef/(3) ]r*Fvm}udk ]jrwfr*Fvm? r*Fvmarmifr,f? r*Fvmyg? r*FvmarmifESH}ponfjzifh

okH;EIef;wJhtcg ]aumif;jcif;}[laomt"dyg,f&SdaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm od&ygonf/ ]r*Fvm}udk ]'kH}ESifhwGJ ]r*Fvm'kH}[kokH;&m xkdt"dyg,fwkdYudk odvkdygonf/

usKdubmpEusKdubm&Gm? zsmykHNrdKU/

ajz// /(1) ]if;}[m ]av;aumif;}&JUtwkdaumufyg/ ]av;}qkdwJhpmvkH;ae&mrSm *Pef;4 udka&;NyD; ]aumif;}qkdwJhpvkH;&JUtpdwftydkif;jzpfwJh]if;}eJYwGJNyD; 4+if;=]if;}vkdYa&;wmyg/&mZukrm&fausmufpmrSm ]vnfa*gif}vkdYa&;ygw,f/ tapmqkH; ta&;tom;yg/ tck]vnf;aumif;}jzpfvmwmaygh/ ]vnf;aumif;}udk ]av;aumif;}vkdYzwfNyD; 4-*Pef;eJYtwkdaumufa&;w,fvkdY rSwfom;&ygw,f/ ]if;}udk wpfcgwnf; toHxGuf&wmrkdY oa0xkd;uBuD;a&auqkdwmrsKd; pmvkH;aygif;NyD; rzwfygbl;/

(2)]a,bk,s}[m ygVdpum;jzpfygw,f/ ^ a,Akef,mh^ vkdYtoHxGuf&ygw,f/ ]trsm;tm;jzifh} ]rsm;aomtm;jzifh}vkdYt"dyg,f&ygw,f/ ]a,bk,stm;jzifh}vkdYvnf; okH;ygw,f/ wpfpdwfwpfa'ovkdY qkdvkdwm r[kwfygbl;/

(3) ]r*Fvm'kH}rSmygwJh ]r*Fvm}u xl;qef;wJhouf&Sdow0gwpfrsKd;&JUtrnfjzpfaMumif; ]vlOD;acgif;eJYorifudk,f? 'grSr[kwf vlYudk,feJYorifOD;acgif;&SdwJhow0gwpfrsKd;jzpfaMumif;? ]!Kif}qkdwm rGefpum; ]NrdKU}vkdYt"dyg,f&aMumif;? r*FvmqkdwJhow0gtydkifpm;&wJhNrdKUjzpfvkdY ]r*Fvm'kH}vkdYac:aMumif;? ]r*Fvm!Kif}u ]r*Fvm'kH}jzpfvmaMumif; pmaynm&SifOD;azatmif(udkvkdeDacwfrSm 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifol? {csif;a[mif; 12-apmifwGJudk wnf;jzwfol)u qkdcJhygw,f/ jrefrmpmygarmuq&mBuD;OD;{armifuawmh]r*Fvm'kH}[m ]rif*&m!Kif}qkdwJhrGefpum;u qif;oufaMumif; ]r*F&m}qkdwm]orif? '&,f}vkdYt"dyg,f&aMumif;? ]!Kif}u NrdKUvkdYt"dyg,f&aMumif; rdefYqkdxm;ygw,f/ ]r*F&m}uqif;oufwJh]r*Fvm}eJY]aumif;jcif;}vkdYt"dyg,f&wJh]r*Fvm}wkdY[m toHwlNyD;t"dyg,fuGJwJhpum;vkH;awGjzpfygw,f/ 'Davmufqkd&if vkHavmufNyDxifygw,f/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? ZGefv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /'umBuD;?1/ ]&kyfqkd;ayrJh}qkdwJhtokH;rsKd;rSmygwJh]rJh}udk ]rJh}vkdYa&;wmeJY ]r,fh}vkdYa&;wm b,f

[muykdNyD; qDavsmfykH/2/ ]'kdYe*g;eDqif;&Jom;wkdY}xJu ]'dkY}eJY]wkdY}&JUtokH;uGJykH/3/ ]zuf}eJY]buf}&JUtokH;uGJykHwkdYudk &Sif;jyay;apcsifygw,f/

t&Sifraem[&? jrpMumausmif;wkduf/ppfudkif;awmif&kd;? ppfudkif;NrdKU/

ajz/ /t&Sifbk&m;-(1) ]ayrJh}rSmygwJh ]rJh}&JUt&if;tjrpfu ]r,f}jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ ]wJh}&JUt&if;t

jrpfuvnf; ]w,f}jzpfygw,f/ ]olvmr,f} ]olvmw,f}qkdwJhpum;awGrSmygwJh ]r,f} ]w,f}qkdwJhBud,m0dbwfawGukd txl;jyK0dbwftjzpf emrfa&SUuokH;wJhtcg ]vmwJhol}]vmrJhol}vkdYtoHajymif;okH;wmyg/ ]w,f}udk tjrpfoHajymif;&if ]w,fh}jzpfoGm;ovkd ]r,f}udk tjrpfoHajymif;&if ]r,fh}jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ t&if;cHpmvkH;aygif;twkdif;a&;&ifawmh ]vmw,fhol} ]'gayr,fh}vkdYa&;&rSmyg/ 'gayr,fh ]w,fh}udk ]wJh}vkdYa&;wm tokH;wGifaeygNyD/ (,owfeJYaemufypftoHwlygyJ/)'gaMumifh ]r,fh}udkvnf; ]wJh}eJYa&;ykHwlatmif ]rJh}vkdYa&;wmygbk&m;/ tcsKyfajym&&ifawmh ]ayr,fh}vkdYa&;wmvnf; rrSm;ygbl;/ ]ayrJh}uawmh ydkNyD;tokH;wGifwmayghbk&m;/

(2) ]igwkdY}? ]rif;wkdY}? ]qif;&Jom;wkdY}rSmygwJh ]wkdY}[m wpfckxufykdaMumif;jywJhtrsm;jyypnf;pum;yg/ igwkdYudk ^ig'kdY^vkYtoHxGufwmrSm ]ig}rygbJ ^'dkY^vkdY wpfvkH;wnf;okH;vkdufwmygyJ/ pmvkH;aygif;t&uawmh ]wkdY}u t&if;cHyg/ wkdYu toHajymif;NyD; ]'kdY}jzpfvmwmyg/ 'Dawmh ]wkdY}a&m ]'dkY}a&m ajymoltrsm;udk nTef;wJhemrfpm;awGygyJ/ toHtaysmhtjyif;yJ uGmwmyg/

(3) ]zuf}eJY]buf}uawmh jrefrmpmtzGJYxkwf jrefrmpmvkH;aygif;owfykHusrf;rSm cGJjcm;jyxm;ygw,f/ ]zuf}u ]tazmftzuf} ]aygif;zuf}? ]wpfzufESpfzuf}pwJh*Pef;eJYwGJJokH;wJh]zuf}awGrSm okH;ygw,f/ ]buf}uawmh awmifbuf? &Gmbuf? qefYusifbuf? olYbufukd,fhbufqkdwJhae&mjywJhpum;awGrSmokH;ygw,f/ t&yfrsufESmawGudk a&;&mrSm ]ta&SUbuf? taemufbuf? awmifbuf? ajrmufbuf}vkdY ]buf}ukd wpforwfwnf;okH;ygw,f/]&Jabmf&Jbuf}[m tazmftzufjzpfvkdY ]&Jazmf&Jzuf}vkdYa&;oifhayr,fh ]&Jabmf}qkdwJhta&;tom;u tokH;wGifaewmrkdY >cif;csuftjzpf ]&Jabmf&Jbuf}vdkYyJ a&;&ygw,f/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?(1) ]bJ}ESifh]yJ}tokH;jyKykH rnfodkYuGmjcm;onfukd ajzMum;ay;yg&Sif/(2) ]ESr}]nDr}]tpfr}\uGJjym;ykHukd azmfjyay;yg&Sifh/

rokE&D? oDaygNrdKU/

ajz/ /(1) ]yJ}u av;eufatmifokH;wJhypnf;pum;yg/ ]uRefawmfu vlBuD;yJ}? ]oluuav;yJ}? ][kwfwmyJ}? ]pm;yJpm;yg}ponfjzifh okH;ygw,f/ ]bJ}uawmh r[kwfaMumif;jywJhypnf;pum;]r}eJYwGJokH;&ygw,f/ ]rvkyfbJ}? ]roGm;bJ}? ]rpm;bJ}ponfjzifh okH;&ygw,f/t[kwfoabmudka&;&if ]yJ}? r[kwfoabmudk a&;&if ]bJ}vkdYrSwfEkdifygw,f/

(2) ]nDr}udk ]nDtpfrwGif ti,fjzpfaomrdef;r}? ]ESr}ukd ]tpfudkxufi,faomrdef;uav;}? ]tpfr}udk ]nDtpfudkarmifESrwGif tBuD;jzpfaomrdef;r}vkdYcGJjcm;Ekdifygw,f/nDtpfudkarmifESrawGrSm ti,fawGudk ac:&mrSm a,musfm;csif;qkd&if ]nD}? rdef;rcsif;qkd&if ]nDr} tBuD;u a,musfm;? ti,fu rdef;rqkd&if ]ESr}? tBuD;u rdef;r? ti,fu a,musfm;qkd&if ]armif}vdkYcGJjcm;Ekdifygw,f/ ckacwfrSmawmh a,musfm;u olYxufi,fwJhrdef;rudkvnf; ]nDr}vkdYac:aeMuygw,f/ tokH;a&GUvsm;wJhoabmygyJ/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?Zmwd-arG;zGm;jcif;? Z&m-tkdrif;jcif;? Asm"d-zsm;emjcif;? r&P-aoqkH;jcif;[l

rSwfom;&ygonf/ odkYaomf vlwpfa,mufaoqkH;oGm;ygu ]ema&;}? ]ema&;udp}vkdYokH;EIef;Muygw,f/ ]aoa&;} ]aoa&;udp}vkdYtb,faMumifh rokH;EIef;Muygoenf;/ &Sif;vif;ajzMum;ay;yg&ef yefMum;tyfygonf/

usKdubmpEusKdubm&Gm? zsmykHNrdKU/

ajz/ /ema&;udk ]emrIudp? aorIudp}vkdYtbd"mefrSm zGifhygw,f/ ]ema&;}[m ]aorIudp}vkdYvnf; t"dyg,f&aMumif; awGYEkdifygw,f/ ]aoa&;}vkdYwkduf&kdufokH;wJhtokH;rsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ ]aoa&;aea&;}? ]aoa&;&Sifa&;}qkdwmrsKd;awGyg/ ]aoa&;}ukd ]ema&;}vkdYokH;wmuawmh teufrjyif;xefatmif azmhNyD;okH;wmyg/ ]aow,f}qkdwJhpum;[m wkduf&kdufokH;&if aemufuG,frSm oufa&mufwJh*,ufteufu jyif;xefygw,f/ ]em}wmu ]ao}wmavmuf rjyif;xefygbl;/ 'gaMumifh ]aoa&;}vkdYwkduf&kdufrokH;bJ vufcHomatmif ]ema&;}

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

vkdYazmhokH;wmvkdY ,lq&ygw,f/ ]ao}vkdyJ ]owf}qkdwJhpum;[mvnf; &ufpuf&muswJhpum;jzpfvkdY wkduf&kdufrokH;bJ pum;,Ofatmif azmhokH;avh&Sdygw,f/ a&S;u rif;trdefYawGrSm ]oGm;NrJwkdif;vrf;oGm;ap}? ]xkH;pHESifhtnD pD&ifawmfrlonf}qkdwmawG&JUt"dyg,fu owfwmygyJ/ MuufiSufwkyfauG;jzpfvkdY Muufaumifa& b,favmufudk ]zsufqD;ypfvkduf&w,f}vkdYaMunmwm[mvnf; MuufawGudk owfypfwmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh wkduf&kdufokH;&if &ufpuf&muswJhtwGuf ]zsufqD;ypfw,f}vkdYokH;awmh cHomwmaygh/ tJ'DtokH;rsKd;ukd t,OfokH;pum; (euphemism) vkdYac:ygw,f/ ]ema&;}[mvnf; ]aoa&;}udkazmhNyD; ,Ofatmif? cHomatmif okH;wmygyJ/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? Zlvkdifv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?yk*Hausmufpmrsm;wGif awGY&aom ESpftrnfrsm;\tpOftvkduf trnftjynfh

tpkHESifht"dyg,frsm;udk odvkdygonf/ aus;Zl;jyK ajzMum;ay;apvkdygonf/OD;oef;xGef;a';'&JNrdKU/

ajz/ /yk*HausmufpmawGrSm ESpftrnfawG awGY&ygw,f/ 12-&moDrSm &moDtvkduf pef;,SOfeuwf(vjynfh0ef;eJY,SOfwJheuwf)trnfawGudk tpOftvkduf,lNyD; rSnfhac:xm;wmjzpfygw,f/ wefcl;vrSm pef;,SOfeuwfjzpfwJh]pdMw(Z,)qkdwJha0g[m&udk jrefrmrIjyKNyD;]p,f}ESpfvkdY trnfay;ygw,f/ tJ'DvkdyJ uqkefv&JUpef;,SOfeuwf]0domcg(0JoQmc)}qkdwJha0g[m&udk jrefrmrIjyKNyD; ]ydoQuf}ESpfvkdY ac:ygw,f/ wefcl;uae waygif;vtxd 12-v&JUpef;,SOfeuwfawGu ]pdMw? 0domcg? aZ|? tmoV? o&0Pf? bj'? to0eD(t,kZ)?Muwdu? rd*oD? zkoQ? rmC? b&*kPDwkdYjzpfygw,f/ (yk*Hacwfuawmh ouwa0g[m&awGokH;ygw,f/ ykHESdyfpmvkH;tcuftcJ&SdwmaMumifh tck ygVda0g[m&trnfawGudk jyxm;ygw,f/)tJ'DtpOftwkdif; ESpftrnfawGudk ajym&&if p,fESpf? ydoQufESpf? pdESpf? tmowfESpf? o&0PfESpf? bwfESpf? tmodefESpf? (tmokwfESpfvkdYvnf; &Sdw,f)? MuwkdufESpf? NrduokdvfESpf? zkESpf? rmCESpf? zvudkefESpfwkdYjzpfygw,f/ (yk*HausmufpmawGrSm pmvkH;aygif;ykHrluGJawG&Sdygw,f/ ck wpfrsKd;pDyJjyvkdufygw,f/ ]tmodef}ESpfqkdygawmh/ tmodef? tmodwf? tmokwf? tokpfponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;a&;xm;ygw,f/)t"dyg,fzGifh&ifawmh b,fv&JUpef;,SOfeuwfjzpfwJhb,feuwf&JUtrnfudk ,lxm;wJhESpfjzpfaMumif; zGifhqkdEkdifygw,f/ ]MuaygufESpf}qkd&if 12-ESpfpuf0ef;rSm wefaqmifrkef;v&JUpef;,SOfeuwfjzpfwJhMuwdum&JUtrnfudk,lwJh 8-ckajrmufESpftrnfukd zGifhEkdifygw,f/

yk*Hacwfu ESpftrnfawGokH;wJhtwGuf tJ'DrSm ESpftrnfawG[m 12-ESpfwpfBudrfwpfywfvnfaeygw,f/ ou&mZfukd wnf? 2-Ekwf? 12-eJYpm;?

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?jrefrmtu&m pwifjzpfay:vmykHukd jynfhpkHpGm ajzMum;ay;yg&ef yefMum;tyfyg

onfcifAsm;/qvkdif;vdef;Ekdif

t-x-u(1)? rif;wyfNrdKU/

ajz/ /jrefrmtu&mpwifjzpfay:vmykH[m usrf;wpfapmifwpfzGJYtjzpf us,fus,fjyefYjyefY a&;om;Mu? okawoejyKMuwJhe,fy,fjzpfygw,f/ 'DrSm jynfhjynfhpkHpkHajzMum;zkdY rvG,fygbl;/ tcsKyfajz&&ifawmh jrefrmtu&m[m tdEd,EkdifiHrSm bDpD 5 &mpkavmufu at'D3 &mpkausmfavmuftxd xGef;um;cJhwJhjAm[D (Brahmi) tu&muqif;oufaMumif;od&ygw,f/ c&pfESpfOD;ykdif;rSm tdEd,EkdfifiHom;awG ta&SUawmiftm&Sudk oabFmvTifhNyD; a&mufvmwJhtcg olwkdYeJYtwl Ak'bmom? jA[Pbmom? "rowfusrf;? tEkynmtrsKd;rsKd;eJYjAm[Dtu&mta&;tom;awGygvmNyD; ysHYESHYoGm;w,fvkdYynm&SifawG ,lqMuygw,f/ jAm[Dtu&muaeNyD; tdEd,ajrmufydkif;okH;tu&meJY awmifydkif;okH;tu&mawG yGm;vm&mrSmjrefrmtu&m[m tdEd,awmifydkif;okH; jAm[Dtu&myGm;jzpfwJh awvk*l-ue!D;tu&mjzpfaMumif;? tJ'Dtu&mawGudk tkyfcsKyfwJhrif;udk tpGJjyKNyD; yv0tu&m? u'rtu&m?pmvkustu&mponfjzifh tao;pdwfcGJjcm;ac:aMumif;? tJ'Dawvk*l-ue!Dtu&muaeNyD; ysLtu&m? rGeftu&m? jrefrmtu&mwkdY qif;oufaMumif; od&ygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?(1) yk*Hacwf jrefrmta&;tom;rS ,ckacwf jrefrmbmomodkY rnfodkYtqifhqifh

ajymif;vJvmykHudk az:jyay;ygcifAsm;/(2) tDaemifeef;wGif;ZmwfawmfBuD;udk ,kd;',m;bmomrS jrefrmbmomjyefqkda&;

om;olrSm rnfol jzpfygoenf;/armifaZmf[def;xufatmif

4-&yfuGuf? aygufacgif;NrdKU/

ajz/ /(1) yk*Hacwfta&;tom;u tckacwfta&;tom;udk b,fvkdajymif;vmw,fqdkwmjy&&if tu&mykHawGeJY jy&rSmrkdY pmvkH;tcuftcJ&Sdygw,f/ erlemtaeeJY tajccHynmtxufwef;rSm oif&wJhjrefrmo'g 1^6-rSm jyxm;ovkdygyJ/ tMurf;tm;jzifhawmh yk*H

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

acwfausmufpm? rifpmawGrSm av;axmifh(c&maxmifh)tu&mawGa&;xkH;u ay&Gufay:rSmusawmh av;axmifha&;vkdYr&wJhtwGuf t0kdif;(c&m0ef;)tu&mawG a&;vm&mu ckacwf tu&mykHawG jzpfvmwmygyJ/

(2) tDaemifeef;wGif;ZmwfawmfBuD;udk jrefrmbmomjyefqkdolu jr0wDrif;BuD;OD;pjzpfygw,f/ ukef;abmifacwf bkd;awmfbk&m;&JUom;awmftdrfa&SUrif;trdefYeJY 1151-ckESpfrSm ,kd;',m;ZmwfawGtwGuf wD;uGufeJYZmwfnTef;awGudk a0ykHuswm0ef,ljyKpk&olawGxJrSmOD;pygygw,f/ 1160 jynfhESpfrSm tdrfa&SUrif;trdefYtwkdif; ]Em0k"}0wKudk ,kd;',m;rif;orD;awGudk bmomjyefapNyD;awmh OD;pu pDukH;a&;om;&ygw,f/ 1160 jynfhESpfrSm OD;puEm0k"Zmwfudk a&;NyD;ygw,f/ tJ'DZmwfxJu Em0k"rif;om;udk ,kd;',m;awGu ]tDaemif}vkdYac:ygw,f/ OD;puvnf; tJ'D,kd;',m;toHtwkdif; tDaemifvkdYac:wmjzpfygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?]]wHigem;eD;wHig? rkqkd;em;eD;rkqkd;}}[laompum;ykHrS wHigESifhrkqkd; 2-rsKd;pvkH;

onf raumif;aom'kp&dkufom jzpfaeygonf/ taumif;tqkd;wGJ ]]wHigem;eD;wHig? 'umem;eD;'um}}ponfjzifh jzpfoifhonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/ q&mBuD;\oabmxm;tjrifudkodvkdygonf/usKdubmpEusKdubm&Gm? zsmykHNrdKU/

ajz/ /pum;ykHawG? qkd&kd;awGudk b,folawG pwifajymqkda&;om;cJhw,fqkdwm rodEkdifwmrsm;ygw,f/ zefwD;ol&JUpdwful;tavsmuf taumif;csif;,SOfjywm? taumif;eJYtqkd;,SOfjywm? tqkd;csif;,SOfjywm trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEkdfifygw,f/ ]]aeESifhv? a&TESifhjr}}vkd taumif;csif;,SOfNyD; ydkav;eufatmif ajymwmrsKd;? ]]usm;aMumufvkdY &SifBuD;udk;? &SifBuD;usm;xufqkd;}}vkd tqkd;csif,SOfNyD; ykdav;eufatmif ajymwmrsKd;? ]]ukokdvfwpfyJ? i&Jwpfydm}}vkdtaumif;eJYtqkd; ,SOfjywmrsKd;awG awGYEkdifygw,f/ ]]rkqkd;em;eD;rkqkd;? wHigem;eD;wHig}}uvnf; tqkd; 2-ckudk xyfqifhNyD; ydkav;eufatmif ajymwmrsKd;vkdY em;vnfEkdifygw,f/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? Mo*kwfv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?,aeYEkdifiHawmfoDcsif;jzpfwJhurmraMu. . . tpcsDoDcsif;udk a&;pyfcJhol[m b,fol

jzpfygovJcifAsm;/udkatmifq,f(c)atmif(u,m;ajr)vGKdifaumfNrdKU/

ajz/ /'DaeYjy|mef;xm;wJhEkdifiHawmfoDcsif;[m udkvkdeDacwfrSm pwifay:aygufvmwJh]wkdYArm}oDcsif;udk tajccHNyD; ay:aygufvmwJhoDcsif;jzpfygw,f/ wkdYArmtpnf;t&kH;&JUvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI t&Sdeft[kefjrifhrm;aecsdefrSm 0kdiftrfbDq&mwifu a&;zGJYcJhwmyg/ tJ'Dacwfu vli,fawGudk vGwfvyfa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;pdwfxufoefvmatmif vIHYaqmfay;EkdifwJhoDcsif;jzpfvkdY orkdif;0ifoDcsif;wpfyk'f jzpfygw,f/ yGJvrf;obif tcrf;tem;awGrSmvli,fawG wufwuf

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ajz/ /tBuD;ti,f ,SOfwJhae&m? tjrifhtedrfh,SOfwJhae&mrSm tJ'Dvkd ]xuf}eJY]atmuf}cGJokH;wmrsKd; pmwcsKdUrSm awGY&ygw,f/ ynm&SifwcsKdUuvnf; tJ'DvkdokH;rS rSefw,fvkdYa&;wm awGYzl;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'DaeY jrefrmpma&;&mrSm jrefrmpum;ajym&mrSmawmh ]xuf}udkyJ okH;wmudk jrif& Mum;&ygw,f/

]xuf}udk ydkvGefwJhteuf&SdaMumif; tbd"mefrSm azmfjyygw,f/ 'Dawmh ]uRefawmfu olYxuf BuD;w,f}vkdYokH;&if BuD;wJhtwkdif;tq ydkvGefw,fvkdY qkdvkdwmygyJ/ ]uRefawmfu olYxuf i,fw,f}vkdYokH;&ifvnf; i,fwJhtwkdif;tq ykdvGefw,fvkdYqkdvkdwmygyJ/ tjrifhtedrfhvnf; 'DvkdyJaygh/ ]OD;eDu OD;jzLxuf &mxl;edrfhw,f}vkdYajym&if edrfhwJhtwkdif;tqykdw,fvkdYqkdvkdwmaygh/ ydkedrfhw,fvkdYqkdvkdwmaygh/

tJ'Dvkdi,fwJh? edrfhwJhoabmukd atmufvkdYokH;rS rSefw,fvkdYajymwm obm0rusygbl;/ aeYwkdif;ajymwJhpum;rSm tJ'Dvkdajymavh&Sd r&Sd pOf;pm;Munfhaygh/ ]olu uRefawmfhatmuf i,fw,f}vkdYajymwmrsKd; awmfawmf&Sm;ygvdrfhr,f/ ]uRefawmfu olYxuf i,fw,f}vkdYyJ ajymMuwmyg/

aemufwpfcku tJ'Dvkd,SOfwJhae&mrSm ]xuf}eJY]atmuf}udk tBuD;ti,f tedrfhtjrifheJYwGJokH;&mrSm rSefovkdvkd&Sdayr,fh 'Djyifae&mawGrSm okH;avhr&SdaMumif; awGYEkdifygw,f/qkdygawmh/ ]eDeDu jzLjzLxufvSw,f}vkdYokH;Ekdifayr,fh]jzLjzLu eDeDYatmuft&kyfqkd;w,f}vkdYoHk;&if &,fp&mBuD;jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ ]jzLjzLu eDeDYxuft&kyfqkd;w,f}vkdYokH;rS rSefrSmaygh/t&kyfqkd;wJhtwkdif;tq ykdrsm;w,fvkdY qkdvkdwmyg/ 'DvkdyJ ]vrf;avQmuf&mrSm armifarmifu ausmfausmfatmuf aES;w,f}? ]a&TcJu a&TvkH;atmuf ydefw,f}? ]aZmfaZmfu armfarmfatmuf qif;&Jw,f}vkdYokH;&if [moawGjzpfukefrSmaygh/ ]atmuf}ae&mrSm ]xuf}okH;&ifawmh jrefrmpum;udk obm0twkdif; okH;aeustwkdif; okH;wmrkdY rSefygw,f/

]xuf}eJY]atmuf}cGJokH;wm[m jrefrmpum;&JUokH;aeusobm0twkdif; r[kwfwJhtjyif a,bk,sususokH;EkdifwJhpnf;urf;vnf; r[kwfwmaMumifh tJ'DvkdokH;wm rrSefygbl;vkdY ajzvkdufygw,f/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? pufwifbmv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?(1) uRefawmfwkdYi,fpOfu ,ck]z}ae&mrSm ]b}udk tokH;rsm;ygw,f/ Oyrm ]]bm;?

OD;bab}}/ tb,faMumifh ,cktcg ]b}tpm; ]z}odkYajymif;vJoGm;ygoenf;/(2) xkdYtwlyif i,fpOfu ]Muufoa&}[laomta&;tom;onf ,ck]usufoa&}

[ka&;Muygonf/ tb,faMumifh ajymif;vJoGm;&ygoenf;/ q&m&Sif;jyay;yg/OD;armifOD;

rD;&xm;aq;ay;cef;? yJcl;NrdKU/

ajz/ /(1) ]z}eJY]b}[m pma&;&mrSm ]y? z? A? b? r}qkdwJh0*f(tpk)wpfckwnf;rSmygNyD;toHcsif;vnf; taysmhtjyif;yJ uGmygw,f/ ]z}u toHaysmh(taCmo)? ]b}u toHjyif;(aCmo)jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh ta&;a&m? toHa&m eD;eD;uyfuyf qufoG,frI&Sdygw,f/ toHajymif;&mrSmvnf; ]z}u ]b}udk ajymif;wwfygw,f/ ]pm;zm;}}vkdYa&;ayr,fhtoHxGufawmh ]pm;bm;}vkdYxGufygw,f/ ]ESrf;zwf}vkdYa&;ayr,fh ]ESrf;bwf}vkdYtoHxGufygw,f/ teufcsif;vnf; qufoG,frI&Sdygw,f/ ]zd}&wJhypnf;udk ]bd}vkdYac:w,f/ ]zk}aewJhae&mudk ]bk}? ]zGJY}xm;wJhpmudk ]bGJY}vkdYac:r[kwfvm;/ ]z}eJY]b}qufpyfykHudk om"ujywmyg/

]z}eJY]b}udk tvJtvS,fa&;wJhtpOftvmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ yk*Hacwfwkef;uawmh]b}udk ]z}eJYajymif;a&;Muw,f/ Oyrm ]ab;(Oy'f)udk ]zd,f(az;)}vkdYa&;w,f/ ]b0*f}udk]z0*f}vkdYa&;w,f/ ausmufpmrSm txift&Sm;&Sdygw,f/

t"dyg,frwl&ifawmh ]z}eJY]b}ajymif;a&;vkdYr&bl;aygh/ ]zJ}(ykd;zJ)eJY]bJ}(bJief;)ukd]ydk;bJ}? ]zJief;}vkdYajymif;a&;avh r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayr,fh ]z}eJY]bJ}ajymif;a&;vkdYt"dyg,fuGJroGm;&ifawmh ajymif;a&;avh&Sdygw,f/ NyD;awmh acwftavsmuf pum;oHawG? pum;vkH;awG ajymif;vJ&mrSm ]z}u ]b}udk ajymif;wJhom"uvnf; &Sdygw,f/ ]bk&m;}udk yk*Hacwfu]zk&Sm}vkdYa&;wmyJ/ ar;cGef;rSm ar;xm;ovkd ]bm;? OD;bab}pwJh]b}a&;xkH;awGukd wpfcsdefu a&;Muygw,f/ t&ifu ]q&mBuD;OD;azarmifwif}&JUemrnfudk ]OD;abarmifwif}vkdYa&;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ]zm;? OD;baz? OD;azarmifwif}vkdY]z}eJYa&;wm[m t&if;cHusNyD; toHxGufeJYvnf; ukdufnDygw,f/

'ghtjyif ]z} toHxGufwJhpum;vkH;awGudk bmjzpfvkdY wpfcsdefu ]b}eJYa&;&wmvJ/taMumif;wpfckuawmh ]tBudKuf}eJYqkdifygw,f/ ]z}ukd rBudKufvkdY]b}ajymif;a&;cJhwJhjzpf&yf&Sdzl;ygw,f/ q&mBuD;rif;ok0Pfu 'DvkdrdefYqkdzl;ygw,f/

]]. . . rEav;acwfwkef;u oDaygrif;&JUrdzk&m;BuD;[m zOD;xkyf ta&;tom;udk

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

tvGefpufqkyfawmfrlygowJh/ tJ'Dawmh rdzk&m;BuD;&JUaemufvkdufrsm;u (r&kdraopum;ajymyg&apawmh)zifESifhzmuvGJorQ bukef;ESifha&;vkdY trdefYxkwfzl;ygowJh/ tJ'DtrdefY&JU*,uf[m ,aeYwkdif &kdufcwfaewkef;ygyJ/

udkvkdeDacwftapmykdif;txd ]z}ae&mrSm ]b}udk wGifwGifus,fus,f a&;wm[mtJ'D*,ufjzpfygvdrfhr,f/ pmtkyfawGrSm ]azaz}udk ]abab}? ]tzGihf}udk ]tbGifh}? ]az:jy}udk ]abmfjy}ponfjzifh a&;wmawG awGYzl;ygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh t&if;cHtoHjzpfwJh]z}ukd ajymif;a&;vmMuwmyg/

toHajymif;ykHoabmt& toHaysmhjzpfwJh]z}uaeNyD; toHjyif;jzpfwJh]b}udkomajymif;avh&Sdygw,f/ ]b}u ]z}udk ajymif;avhr&Sdygbl;/ ]pm;zm;}vkdYa&;NyD; ]pm;bm;}vkdYtoHxGufwm toHajymif;wJhoabmeJY udkufnDygw,f/ ]pm;bm;}vkdYa&;NyD; ]pm;zm;}vkdYtoHxGufwm toHajymif;wJhoabmeJYrukdufnDygbl;/

z-b jyemeJYywfoufNyD; pyfrdvkdYajym&&if udkvkdeDacwfu jrefrmynm&Sd0ZD&Ak'dOD;zkd;pdef[m ]z}&JUt&if;cHusykHudk tckdiftrm&yfwnfajymqkdwJhtwGuf tJ'Dq&mBuD;[mzOD;xkyfOD;zkd;pdefvkdY emrnfwGifygw,f/ ]b}BudKufwJhq&mBuD;]a'gufwmvSab}uawmh olYemrnfudk ]vSab}vdkYyJ pmvkH;aygif;yg/ ]vSaz}rvkyfvkdufygeJYvkdY arwm&yfcHwJhtwGuf q&mBuD;udk av;pm;orIeJYtJ'Dvkd ]vSab}vkdYykHESdyfMuygw,f/ z-b jyemukd taMumif;oifhvmvkdY tus,f&Sif;jyvkdufygw,f/ tajzuawmh ]zm;}? ]OD;baz}vkdYa&;wm[m t&if;cHuswJhtwGuf ydkNyD;vufcHp&m aumif;ygw,f/ 'Davmufqkd&if vkHavmufNyDxifygw,f/

(2) ]Muufoa&}u ]usufoa&}udk ajymif;wmr[kwfygbl;/ rlvu ]usufoa&}vkdYa&;wmyg/ 'g a&;xkH;trSefygyJ/ yk*Hacwfu ]usufo&d,f}vkdY,yifheJYyJ a&;ygw,f/ 'Dpum;u ]usmufN*D}qkdwJhpum;u qif;oufygw,f/ usKduf&S&DvkdYtoHxGufygw,f/ usmufu rGefpum;? bk&m;vkdYt"dyg,f&w,f/ N*D(&S&D)u ouwpum;? toa&wifhw,fjcif;?aumif;jrwfjcif;vkdYt"dyg,f&w,f/ usufoa&qkdwm wifhw,fjcif;? aumif;jrwfjcif;oabmygyJ/ ]Muufoa&}vkdYa&;wmuawmh MuufOD;acgif;pm;vkdYrif;jzpfwJhiwyg;rif;taMumif;wkdY? temxydPfolaX;&JUZeD;? olaX;uawmfBuD;&JUOD;acgif;rSm(rlvu Muuf&JUOD;acgif;rSmwnfwJhtoa&[m)ajymif;a&TUwnfwJhtwGuf tJ'Dtoa&ukd vkdcsifvkdY rlvuMuufudk awmif;wJhykPm;[m olaX;uawmfBuD;&JUOD;acgif;rSm toa&wnfawmh olaX;uawmfBuD;udk awmif;vkdYrjzpfEkdifwJhtwGuf zGifh[awmif;yefwJhtaMumif;wkdYeJYqufpyfNyD; ]Muufoa&}vkdYa&;wmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Djzpf&yfawGrSm toa&[m Muuf&JUOD;acgif;rSm wnfw,fqkdwJhtaMumif;ygwJhtwGuf ]Muufoa&}vkdYaemufydkif;rSm ajymif;a&;wmyg/ ]Muufoa&}a&;xkH;vnf; awmfawmfwGifus,fcJhygw,f/ ]usufoa&}vkdYtcka&;wmu trSefukd jyef

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ajymif;a&;wmyg/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?]ynmwefaqmif}[laom pum;vkH;onf rnfonfht"dyg,f&Sdygoenf;/ ]ynmwef

aqmif}onf tvuFmjzpfygu rnfonfhtvuFmjzpfNyD; tb,faMumifh xkdtvuFmajrmufaMumif; &Sif;jyay;ygcifAsm/

OD;Muifpkd;? rif;vSNrdKU/

ajz/ /]wefaqmif}qkdwm ]qDrD;? rD&SL;rD;wkdif}vkdYt"dyg,f&ygw,f/ (wefaqmifrkef;vqkdwm rD;a&mifawG vif;atmif xGef;ndjc,frIef;ylaZmfwJhvyg/)'Dawmh ]ynmwefaqmif}[m ynmukd qDrD;eJYxyfwljyKxm;wmyg/ &lyutvuFmjzpfygw,f/ trkdufarSmifudk y,fazsmufNyD; xGef;vif;wJh*kPfcsif;wlvkdY xyfwljyKwifpm;xm;wmyg/ rodrIqkdwJhtrdkufarSmifudk y,fazsmufwJhynmqkdwJhwefaqmifqDrD;vkdY qkdvkdwmygyJ/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? atmufwkdbmv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?pnf;rsOf;? pnf;urf;? Oya'wkdY\t"dyg,fowfrSwfcsufudk &Sif;jyapvkdygonf/

oefYZifxGef;? &yfapmuf/

ajz/ /'Dpum;okH;vkH;u t"dyg,fcsif; odyfruGmygbl;/ okH;wJhae&mrSmawmh ae&mvkdufNyD; uGmwmaygh/ ]pnf;rsOf;}eJY]pnf;urf;}u jrefrmpum;vkH;awGyg/ ]Oya'}uawmh ]Oya'o}qkdwJhygVdpum;udk aemufu ]o}jzKwfNyD; arG;pm;,lxm;wJhpum;vkH;yg/

jrefrmtbd"mefrSm ]pnf;rsOf;}udk ]vltrsm;apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf; vdkufem&rnfhusifhxkH;usifhpOf}vkdYteufzGifhNyD; ]pnf;urf;}ukdawmh ]vkdufemapmifhxdef;&rnfhusifh0wf}vkdYteufzGifhxm;w,f/ teuft"dyg,fcsif; ruGmygbl;/ vkdufemapmifhxdef;&r,fhowfrSwfcsufawGygyJ/ wpfvkH;csif;cGJMunfh&if ]pnf;}qkdwm ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfxm;wJhe,fedrdwfrsOf;aMumif;yJ/ ajrjyifrSm pnf;om;w,fqkdwm rsOf;aMumif;qGJwmyJ/ ]rsOf;}qkdwmuvnf; a&;qGJxm;wJhta&;taMumif;yJ/ ]urf;}qkdwmuvnf; acsmif;? jrpf? yifv,fqkdwJha&eJYajr&JUtykdif;tjcm;? awmif&JUab;u tydkif;tjcm;ygyJ/ 'Dawmh ]pnf;rsOf;}a&m? ]pnf;urf;}a&m vkdufem&r,fhowfrSwfcsuf? uefYowfcsufawGygyJ/ okH;wJhae&mrSmawmh ]pnf;urf;}uydkNyD; a,bk,susw,f/ tokH;us,fjyefYw,f/ b,fudprqkd okH;Ekdifw,f/ pnf;urf;&dSMuyg? pnf;urf;vkdufemMuyg? &kH;pnf;urf;? ausmif;pnf;urf;ponfjzifh okH;w,f/ ]pnf;rsOf;}udkawmh toif;tzGJYvkyfief;ponfjzifh e,fowfrSwfNyD; okH;w,f/ ]MuufajceDtoif;zGJYpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;}?]pmar;yGJtrSwfay;pnf;rsOf;}qkdwmrsKd;aygh/ tJ ]Oya'}udkawmh ]tpOftqufvkdufemcJhaom pnf;rsOf;? trsm;jynfolwkdYvkdufem&ef oufqkdif&mtmPmykdiftzGJYu jy|mef;xm;onfhpnf;rsOf;}vkdYzGifhw,f/ pnf;rsOf;udk xyfNyD; txl;jyKvkdufwJhpum;ygyJ/ toif;tzGJY&JUpnf;rsOf;Oya'vkdYwGJokH;wmrsKd;&Sdw,f/ t"dutm;jzifhawmh tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;u trsm;jynfolvkdufemzkdY w&m;0ifjy|mef;owfrSwfwJhpnf;rsOf;udk Oya'vkdYac:wmygyJ/ ]EkdifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'}? ]a&G;aumufyGJOya'}? ]&mZ0wfOya'}ponfjzifh okH;ygw,f/ wuokdvfrSm ]Oya'ynm}udk bmom&yfwpfcktaeeJY oif&w,f/ EkdifiHeJYcsDNyD; w&m;0ifus,fus,fjyefYjyefYokH;wJhpum;vkH;ygyJ/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?(1) jrefrmem&DtcsdefESifhy[kd&fpnfwkdY rnfodkYqufpyfonfukd ajzMum;ay;yg&Sifh/(2) ]'l;avmufwifrS &ifavmufus}ESifh]ysm;zGyfom;xkd;r,m;ckd;}qkdaom pum;ykH

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

rsm;\t"dyg,fudk ajzMum;ay;apvkdygw,f&Sifh/(3) ]ausmif;0if;}ESifh]ausmif;0ef;}rnfodkYa&;vQif trSefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf; ajz

Mum;ay;apvkdygw,f&Sifh/rzl;a0ausmf

'orwef;? t-x-u(cGJ) rJZm?tif;awmfNrdKU/

ajz/ /(1) jrefrmem&DtcsdefeJYy[dk&fpnf qufpyfykH[m odxm;zkdYaumif;wJhjrefrmrI"avhwpfckygyJ/ 'gaMumifh orD;&JUtar;udk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH ajzvkdufygw,f/ a&S;u jrefrmem&DowfrSwfykHu t*Fvdyfpufem&Dpepfvkd 24-em&Dwpf&uf r[kwfbl;/ em&D 60-wpf&ufvkdY owfrSwfwm orD;odygvdrfhr,f/ ]y[kd&f}qkdwmu ]y[m&}qkdwJhygVdpum;ukd jrefrmuarG;pm;NyD;]y[kd&f}vkdYokH;wmyg/ jrefrmtbd"mefrSmawmh ]puf 3-em&DESifhnDrQaom a&S;jrefrmtcsdeftydkif;tjcm;}vkdYzGifhw,f/ tJ'Dtydkif;tjcm;udkodatmif wD;&wJhpnfudkvnf; ]y[kd&fpnf}vkdYac:wmaygh/ tJ'D]y[m&}qkdwJhygVdpum;uvnf; ]wD;cwfjcif;}vkdYt"dyg,f&w,f/ ^ A[kd^vkdYtoHxGufayr,fh ]y[kd&f}vkdYa&;&w,fr[kwfvm;/

jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu y[kd&fpifrSm y[kd&fpnfudk csdwfqGJNyD; aeYav;y[kd&f? nav;y[kd&f wD;&w,f/ wpf&ufrSm &Spfy[kd&faygh/ pufem&DeJYrSef;qMunfh&if aeYav;y[kd&fureuf 9 em&D? aeY 12-em&D? rGef;vGJ 3-em&D? nae 6-em&DwkdYavmufrSm wD;w,f/ nav;y[kd&fuvnf; n 9-em&D? 12-em&D? reuf 3-em&D? reuf 6-em&DwkdYavmufrSm wD;w,f/teD;pyfqkH; EIdif;,SOfMunfhxm;wJhtcsdefaygh/

y[kd&fcsif;uGJjym;atmifwD;wJhtcsufa& owfrSwfxm;w,f/ aeYa&m? na&m yxry[kd&frSm 11-csuf? 'kwd,y[kd&frSm 22-csuf? wwd,y[kd&frSm 33-csuf? pwkwy[kd&frSm44-csufwD;&w,f/

wpf&ufrSm em&D 60-&Sdw,fqkdawmh aeYem&D 30? nem&D 30-vkdYqkdEkdifayr,fh wpfveJYwpfv aeYnem&Dcsif; rwlwm[m jrefrmem&Dpepf&JUxl;jcm;csufwpfckygyJ/ aeYntcsdeftwkdt&Snfcsif; wpfveJYwpfv uGmw,fr[kwfvm;/ aeYwm&SnfwJhvqkd&if awmfawmfeJYrarSmifbl;/ nwm&SnfwJhvrSmvnf; awmfawmfeJY rkd;rvif;bl;/ tJ'Doabmt& aeYem&DeJYnem&D uGJjym;ygw,f/ uGJjym;ykHukd ukef;abmifacwfu pmqkdOD;Mou 'DvkdoHaygufuAsma&;xm;w,fuGJY/ ]]ywfomwH&Snf? wD;oHjrnf? vufqnfuefpma&;/ wpfq,faumif;rnf?xrf;ydk;xnf? ,if;onfem&Day;/ q,fESpfvvnf? aeYzkdYwnf? nOfhonft

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

Munfh&if ]ywf}qkdwm Mumoyaw;eHqkdawmh 5-aygh/ omu aomMumeHqkdawmh 6? tJ'DvkdyJ]wH=7? &Snf=8? wD;=7? oH=6? rnf=5? vuf=4? qnf=3? uef=2? pm=3? a&;=4}aygh/ 'kwd,oHayguft& tJ'D*Pef;awGudk 10-eJYaygif;NyD; ]xrf;ydk;}qkdwmu 2-qvkyf&r,fqkdawmh2-eJYajrmuf&r,fwJh/ &wJhudef;awG[m wefcl;vu waygif;vtxd aeYem&Dta&twGuftpOftwkdif; azmfjywmaygh/ ]wefcl;v}u ]ywf}qkdawmh 5/ 10-aygif;awmh 15? 2-eJYajrmufawmh 30-aygh/ 'Dawmh wefcl;vrSm aeYem&D 30-aygh/ em&D 60-xJu 30-Ekwfawmh usefwJh30-[m nem&Daygh/ wefcl;vrSm aeYem&D 30? nem&D 30? aeYeJYn em&Dcsif;nDw,f/

uqkefvrSm ]om}qkdawmh 6-aygh/ 6+10=16? 16_2=32-qkdawmh uqkefvrSmaeYem&D 32? nem&D 28-aygh/ aeYu nxufydk&Snfw,f/ tJ'Dvkd tpOftwkdif; aeYnem&DawGudk az:jy&r,fqkd&if e,kefv 34-26/ 0gqkdvu ]&Snf}qkdawmh ]&m[k}=8 *Pef;,l&w,f/8+10=18? 18_2=36 qkdawmh 0gqkdvrSm aeYwmt&SnfqkH;aygh/ 0gacgif 34-26? awmfovif; 32-28? oDwif;uRwf 30-33? wefaqmifrkef; 28-32? ewfawmf 26-34? jymokd24-36(jymokdvrSm nwmt&SnfqkH;aygh)? wykdYwGJ 26-34? waygif; 28-32 qkdNyD; aeYem&Dnem&D uGJjym;ygw,f/

'Dawmh y[kd&fpnfwD;&mrSmvnf; wpfy[kd&feJYwpfy[kd&f tuGmta0;csif; rwlEkdifbl;aygh/ aeYem&D? nem&D 36-em&D&SdwJhvrSm y[kd&foH wpfckeJYwpfckMum; 9 em&DuGmNyD; 24-em&D&SdwJhvrSmawmh y[kd&foHwpfckeJYwpfckMum; 6-em&DyJ uGmwmaygh/

y[kd&fpnfwD;ykHu csdwfqGJxm;wJhacgif;avmif;eJYpnfudk a&SUaemufwD;&w,f/ acgif;avmif;udkwD;&if ]aemif}vkdYtoHxGufw,f/ rtlom;wkwfeJYwD;&w,f/ ]'dkif;}vkdYtoHxGufw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ]aemif-'dkfif;}? ]aemif-'kdif;}eJYtcsufa&jynfhatmif a&SUaemufwD;NyD; aemufqkH;tcsufrSm acgif;avmif;eJYpnfudk wpfNydKifwnf; wD;&w,f/ a&S;uAsmawGrSm y[kd&fpnfoHudk ]aemif'kdif;oH}]aemif'kdif;aqmfw,f}vkdYpmzGJYavh&Sdw,f/

jrefrmem&DpepfeJYy[kd&fpnfwD;wJh"avhukd 'DaeYvli,fawG todenf;aeNyDjzpfwJhtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;wJhvli,fawG orD;eJYtwl rSwfom;Ekdifatmif jynfhjynfhpkHpkHajzay;vkdufygw,f/

(2) ]'l;avmufwifrS &ifavmufus}qkdwmu om;aumifudk ypf&mrSm om;aumif&JU]&if'l;}vkdYac:wJh&ifnTefYu eH&kd;ESpfzufpkHwJht&kd;Ek &ifEk&kd;udk rSef;NyD;ypfrS om;aumif&JU&ifnTefYukd rSefEkdifovkd tvkyfvkyf&mrSm ykdNyD;rSef;xm;rS wefumusw,fvkdYqkdvkdwmygyJ/ jrefrmpmtzGJYu xkwfwJh]jrefrmpum;ykH}pmtkyfrSm tJ'DvkdzGifhygw,f/ ]'l;}qkdwm ]'l;acgif;}udkqkdvkdwm r[kwfbJ ]&if'l;}ac:wJh&ifnTefYem;ukd qkdvkdwmvkdYrSwfom;Ekdifygw,f/ ]ysm;zGwfom;xkd;?r,m;ckd;? rkqkd;wHig? yg,fav;&Gm}qkdwJhpum;ykH(qkd&kd;)u ysm;zGwform;? om;owform;?

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

r,m;ckd;? rkqkd;? wHigonfwkdY[m tyg,fav;bkHudk vm;rJholawGjzpfw,fvkdY qkdvkdwmyg/(3) ]ausmif;0if;}u a&;xkH;rSefygw,f/ wcsKdUt&yfrSm ]0if;}udk ]0ef;}vkdYtoHxGuf

MuwmrkdY]ausmif;0ef;}qkdwm tJ'Dac:wJhtoHtwkdif; a&;wmyg/ ]0ef;}qkdwm 0ef;ywfw,f?0kdif;&Hw,fvkdYvnf; t"dyg,f&w,f/ toHxGuf&mrSmawmh ]udk0if;az}udk ]udk0ef;az}vkdYxGufwmrsKd;&Sdovkd ]wkdufwGef;ygw,f}udk ]wkdufwGif;ygw,f}vkdYxGufwmrsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ tvJtvS,fygyJ/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? Ekd0ifbmv

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?(1)]]ref;awmif&dyfckd}}oBuFefoDcsif;rS ]]jreEm a&ndKndK&pfumoef;}}\t"dyg,f

udk &Sif;jyay;yg&Sifh/(2)]]vufrvnf}}\t"dyg,fudk &Sif;jyay;yg&Sifh/

r,rif;EG,f? rEav;/

ajz/ /(1)]]ref;awmif&dyfckd}}oDcsif;u xif&Sm;wJhoDcsif;wpfyk'fyg/ oBuFefyGJawmfrSm NrdKUrwl&d,mtzGJYu yg0ifqifETJwJhtaMumif; a&;zGJYxm;wmrkdY oBuFefoDcsif;vkdYqkdEkdifygw,f/ tJ'DoDcsif;rSmygwJh]]jreEm a&ndKndK&pfumoef;w,f? a&Tref;awmif&dyf wlwlckdolysKdjzLawG&,f}}qkdwJhtykd'fu ]jreEm}qkdwm r[meEmuefudk qkdvkdwmyg/ rEav;NrdKUwnfwkef;u rEav;awmifudk trSL;jyKNyD; awmifbufrSm aZmif;uavmuef? taemufbufrSm a&Twacsmif;?ta&SUbufrSm eEmuefqkdNyD; a&TBudK;owfrSwfNyD;awmh NrdKU&mckwfxGifcJhaMumif; trSwftom;&Sdygw,f/ 'Dawmh ]jreEm}qkdwm rEav;NrdKUu r[meEmuefaygh/ ]a&ndKndK&pfumoef;}qkdwmu MunfvifwJha&awG &pfoef;aew,fvkdY qkdvkdwmyg/ ]ndK}qkdwm ]Munfvifw,f}vkdY t"dyg,f&ygw,f/ r[meEmuef&JUMunfvifpdrf;jrwJha&awG &pfacGpD;qif;aewJhrEav;awmifawmf&dyfrSm twlwlckdMuwJha&Tref;ysKdjzLawGudk zGJYwmyg/ (pyfrdvkdY ajym&&iftJ'D]a&ndKndK}qkdwJhtzGJY[m a&S;uAsmawGrSmuwnf;u zGJYcJhwJhtzGJYyg/ ]toufuav;&,fwJh&Snfapvkd? jreEma&ndKoef;w,f ref;awmif&dyfckd}wJh/ eef;awmfa&SUq&mwif&JU]jreEm}oDcsif;rSmvnf; ]a&TeEmjr&nfundKndK}vkdYzGJYxm;ygw,f/ 'DoDcsif;udk qkdolwcsKdUu ]ndK}&JUt"dyg,fudk rodbJ ]aendKndK}xifNyD; ]jreEm aendKndK&pfumoef;}vkdYqkdaeMuwmvnf;Mum;&ygw,f/

(2) ]vufrvnf}qkdwm ]em;rae&atmif tvGeftvkyfrsm;onf}vkdYt"dyg,f&w,f/ ]'DaeY uRefrwkdY rkefY[if;cg;qkdifrSm vmpm;wJhvlawGrsm;vGef;vkdY rkefYyGJjyif&wm vufrvnfbl;}qkdwmrsKd; okH;avh&Sdygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;?

]urnf;tu&m}eJY]urnf;tu&m}u b,fpmvkH;u rSefuefygovJ/armifcefYpnfol? jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU/

ajz/ /]urnf;}utrSefyg/ ]r}atmuf ]y}jzpfygw,f/ toHxGufawmh ]*Asnf;}vkdYxGufygw,f/

E-bo

ok is

cre

ated

by ww

w.shan

yoma.org

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm(2011-ckESpf)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?]rD;Nidrf;}eJY]rD;ndrf;} b,ftokH;u rSefovJ&Sifh/

a':Munfwif? eef;cGif? ta&SUydkif;/ajz/ /]rD;Nidrf;}u rSefygw,f/ ]Nidrf;}atmif ]Nidrf;}w,fvkdYa&;&ifvnf; ]Nidrf;}vkdYa&;&ygw,f/ ]ndrf;} ]ndef;}tokH;rsKd; jrefrmpma&;xkH;rSm r&Sdygbl;/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh?]OD;}udk trsKd;om;rsm;emrnfa&SUwGif ]OD;}[ka&;NyD; ]tl;}[ktoHxGufonf/ ]OD;

aESmuf}udkvnf; ]OD;}ESifha&; tb,faMumifh ]tl;aESmuf}[k toHrxGufbJ ]tkef;aESmuf}[ktoHxGufonfukd &Sif;jyay;apvkdygw,f&Sifh/rarolxuf? o&ufNrdKU/

ajz/ /orD;&JUar;cGef;u pdwf0ifpm;p&mygyJ/ ]OD;}eJY]aESmuf}udk wpfqufwnf;&GwfqkdwJhtcg ]tkef;aESmuf}jzpfvm&wmuawmh aemuftoHu a&SUtoHudk vTrf;rkd;wJhoabmvkdYrSwfEkdifygw,f/ ]aESmuf}&JU]e}toH[m a&SUu]OD;}eJYwpfqufwnf; jzpfoGm;NyD; ]tkef;}vkdYtoHajymif;oGm;wmyg/ ]OD;aESmuf}qkdwJhpum;ukd wpfqufwnf;jrefjrefqkdMunhf&if qkd&if;qkd&if;]tkef;aESmuf}qkdwJhtoHrsKd; jzpfoGm;wm prf;oyfMunfhEdkifygw,f/ tvm;wl om"uwpfcku]tdyfruf}aygh/ wpfqufwnf; &GwfqkdwJhtcg aemufu ]r}oH&JUt&SdefaMumifh ]tdyf}u ]tdrf}jzpfNyD; ]tdrfruf}vkdYtoHxGufwmygyJ/

armifcifrif("EkjzL)r*Fvmarmifr,f? 'DZifbmv/

mg-khin-Min-2011-coverMg-Khin-Min-Question-and-answers