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- ٢٦ -

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- ٢٩ -

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- ٣٠ -

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- ٤١ -

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- ٤٢ -

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- ٤٣ -

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- ٤٤ -

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- ٤٥ -


- ٤٦ -

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- ٤٧ -

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אאאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אF٤ J٣Eא،אאאאאא

אאc א bאא،א،אאאא

אאcאdK


- ٤٨ -

אF٤ J٣E

אאאאא

١EאאWChange in Supply אאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאKאאאאאא،אא

shiftאSאS1S2אא،א،אאאאshift

אSאS1S3אאא،אאאF٥ J٣KE


- ٤٩ -

אF٥ J٣E אא

אאאאאאF٣ J٣EאW

F٣ J٣E

אא אאא

א אא

א אא

אאא

אא

אא

אא ١

א אא٢ אא

א א

א א ٣

אא אא o אא ٤

א א o א


- ٥٠ -

אWSummary

١E אאאאאK

٢E אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאWאאאאאא

אאK

٣E אאאאאאאא،אאK

٤E אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאא،K

٥E אאאאאאאאאאאא

،אאאK


- ٥١ -

אא

אאאWאאאאאW

١E אאאאK ٢E אאאאK ٣E אאאאאK ٤E אאאאK ٥E אאאאאK ٦E אאאאK

אאאW

אאאאאא

١٤٢٨W

אאא Qs

FE אPFE

٤ ٧ ١٠ ١٠ a ٨ ٩ ١١ ١٥ b

١٢ ١١ ١٢ ٢٠ c

١٦ ١٣ ١٣ ٢٥ d ٢٠ ١٥ ١٤ ٣٠ e


- ٥٢ -

אW

١E אאK ٢E אאאK ٣E אאK ٤E אאאאאאK ٥E אאאאאK

אאאא

אא

א

א

٤

٢٦١ א אאא א אא

- ٥٢ -

אאאWאא אאW

אאK

אאW אאאW

١E אאאאאK ٢E אK ٣E אאK

אאאW

٩٥٪אאK

אאW

אאW

١E אK ٢E אK ٣E אאK ٤E אאאאאK

אאW

אאאאK


- ٥٣ -

אאMarket Equilibrium W

אאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאKאאאאא


،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאMarket EquilibriumKאאאאאאאInvisible HandK

WאאWMarket Equilibrium

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אF٢ J٢EאF٢ J٣EאאF١ J٤Eאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאK


- ٥٤ -

F١ J٤E א

١٤٢٨

א

א א

אאאQs

FE

אאאQd

FE

אPFE

א ١٥ ٧٥ ١ a א ٣٠ ٦٠ ٢ b

א ٤٥ ٤٥ ٣ c

א ٦٠ ٣٠ ٤ d א ٧٥ ١٥ ٥ e

אאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאא؟ אאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאא،אאאאא،אאאאאאא

אDemand Surplus אאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאFאEאאאא،

אאאאאFאEאאאKאאאאא


- ٥٥ -

אאאאאאא

אאFאEאאא،אאאאאFאE

אאאאאאאאאMarket Equilibriumא

אאEquilibrium Price (PE)،אאאEquilibrium Quantity (QE)،אאאאא

אeאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אSupply Surplus אא،אאאא

אאאK אאאאא

،אF١ J٤EאאאF١ J٤E،אאאKאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK


- ٥٦ -

אF١ J٤E

אא١٤٢٨

אאאאאאאאEאאEquilibrium Pointאאא

אאאאאא(PE)אאאא(QE)אKאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאK


- ٥٧ -

WאאWConsumer Surplus and Producer Surplus אאאא

א،אאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאאאFאEאאאאKW

١EאWConsumer Surplus

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

،אW

אZאא Jאא

אאאKאF٢ J٤Eאאאאאאא

אא A M EK

F٢ J٤E אא


- ٥٨ -

٢EאWProducer Surplus אFאEאאאאאFאE

אאאאא،אאאאW

אFאZEאא Jאאא

אFאEאאKאF٢ J٤EאFאEאאאאאא

אא A F EK

WאאאWChanges in Market Equilibrium אאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאK

١EאאאWChange in Demand with Unchanged Supply

אאאאאshiftאאאאאאאF

،אא،אא،א،אאאאKKKKאEאKאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאא،

אאאEאE1אאאאאאאאאאF٣ J٤KE


- ٥٩ -

אF٣ J٤E אאאאא

אאאאא

אDD1אאאE1אאאאאאאא

אK،אאאאא،א،אא،אא

אאDD2אאאE2אאאאאאאא

אאK

٢EאאאWChange in Supply with Unchanged Demand אאאאאshift

אאאאאאאFאאא،אא،א،אאKKKKאE

אKאאאאאאא


- ٦٠ -

،אא،אאאאאאאאאאE

אE1אאאאאאאאאאאאאF٣ J٤KE

אF٤ J٤E

אא אאא

אאאאאאאSS1אאאE1אאא

אאאאאאאK،אא،א

אאאS S2אאאE2אאאאאאא

אאK


- ٦١ -

٢EאאאWChange in Both Demand and Supply אאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK


אאאאאW

אאWאאK אאWאאK אאWאאK אאאWאאK

אאWאאK

אאאEאF٥ J٤E،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאE1אF٥ J٤Eאא،אאאאאאאאאE3אאא

،אאאאאאאE2אאא


- ٦٢ -

אF٥ J٤E

אאאאא

אאWאאK

אאאEאF٦ J٤Eאאאאא،

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאE3אF٦ J٤E

אאאאא،אאאאאאE1،אאאאאא

אאאאE2אאאK


- ٦٣ -

אF٦ J٤E אאאאא

אאWאאK אאאאEאF٧ J٤E،


אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאE1אF٧ J٤Eא

אאא،אאאאאאE2،אאאאא

אאאאאאE3אאאK


- ٦٤ -

אF٧ J٤E

אאאאא

אאאWאאK

אאאאEאF٨ J٤E،אאאאאאאא


אאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאE1אF٨ J٤Eא،אאאאאאאאאE2א

،אאאאאאאאאאE3אאאK


- ٦٥ -

אF٨ J٤E

אאאאא

אWאאWPrice Monitoring אאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאא،א

אאאאאK אאאאא

א،אאאאאW

١EWPrice Ceiling אאאאFE

אא،אאאאאאאאאKאאאא


- ٦٦ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אF٩ J٤E

א

אF٩ J٤Eאא P1

אאPEאאQsאאאQdא،אאאאאאאאא

Black Marketאאאאאאא

א

٢EWPrice Floor אא،אאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאאאאאא


- ٦٧ -

אאאא،אאאאKאא

אאאאK

אF١٠ J٤E א

אF١٠ J٤Eאא P2

אאPEאאQsאאQdא،אאאאאאאאאא



- ٦٨ -

אWSummary

١E אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

٢E אאאאא،אאאאK

٣E אאאאאא،אא

אאאK

٤E אאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאK

٥E אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאK

٦E אאאאאאאאאאK

٧E אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK


- ٦٩ -

٨E אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאW؟א؟؟K


- ٧٠ -

אאא

אאאWאאאאאW ١E אאאאאא

אK ٢E אאאא

אK ٣E אאא

אאK ٤E אאאאאאא

אאK ٥E אאאאK ٦E אאאאאK ٧E אאאאK ٨E אאאאאא

אK


- ٧١ -

אאאW אאאאאאאא

١٤٢٨W

א

א א

אאאQs

FE

אאאQd

FE

אPFE

٣٠ ١٥٠ ١ a ٦٠ ١٢٠ ٢ b

٩٠ ٩٠ ٣ c

١٢٠ ٦٠ ٤ d ١٥٠ ٣٠ ٥ e

אW

١E ؟אאא ٢E אאאאK ٣E אאא،؟אK ٤E K ٥E K ٦E ؟אא،אאK ٧E ؟אא،אאK ٨E אאא،אאאK ٩E אאא،אאאK

١٠E אאאאאK ١١E אאאאK

אא

אא

א

٥


- ٧٢ -

אאWא אאW

אK

אאW אאאW

١E אאאאK ٢E אאK ٣E אאK

אאאW

٩٠٪אאK

אאW

אאW

٦E אK ٧E אK ٨E אאK ٩E אאאאאK

אאW

אאאאK


- ٧٣ -

אElasticity of Demand W

אאאאאאא،א

אאאאאKאא،אאאאאKאא

אאאאא،אאאא

אא،אאאאאאאKאאאאאאK

אאא،א

אאFאאEאאאFאאEאKאאאאW

١EאאWPrice Elasticity of Demand ٢EאאWIncome Elasticity of Demand ٣EאאWCross-Price Elasticity of Demand

אאW WאאWPrice Elasticity of Demand

אאEdאא،אאאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאא


- ٧٤ -

٢٥%٢٠%אאאKKKאKאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאW

אאאא אא = Ed=אאא

אאEd FCoefficient of Demand Elasticity E،

א%אא∆אאאא،Qd،אPKאאW

= Ed Qd ∆%

P ∆%


אאאא،אאאא،אאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאא٢٠%אאאFאE١٠%

אאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% = ١٠J ٢/١ J=

P ∆% ٢٠


- ٧٥ -

אאאאאא١ % אאא ٠، ٥ % ،אאא١ %

אאא ٠، ٥ %.אאאאK

אאאאאא

אFQd ∆%Eאאא،FP ∆%Eאא،W

= Qd∆% Qd ∆ Qd

FQd ∆ (אאאQ2א

אאQ1،QdאאאאאQ1KאאW

= Qd∆% Q2 – Q1 Q1

אאאאאW

= P∆% P ∆ P

FP ∆ (אאP2אא

P1،PאאאP1KאאW

= P∆% P2 – P1 P1

אאW


- ٧٦ -

= Ed Q2 – Q1 D P2 – P1

Q1 P1

= Ed Q2 – Q1 P1Q1 P2 – P1

אאאאאאא١٠٠

١٤٠אא١٠٠٠٨٠٠،אאאאאW

= Ed 140-100 D 800 – 1000

100 1000

= Ed 140-100 1000100 800 – 1000

= 40

1000

=4

= 2 J100 200J 2 J

אאאאאא


אאאKאאאאאא،אא

Kאאאאא


- ٧٧ -

WאאאWTypes of Price Elasticity of Demand אאאאאא

،אאאאW

١EאאWElastic Demand אאאאאאאא

אאאאFאEאאאאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% │١│>P ∆%

> אK │ │אאFאKE

אאא١٠%אאא

FאE٣٠%אאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% = ٣٠J ٣ J= │٣│=

P ∆% ١٠

אאאאאאWאאא١%אאא٣%אאא،

١%אאא٣%א،אאFEא

אאא،D1אאF١ J٥EאאK


- ٧٨ -

F١ J٥E

אאא

٢EאאWInelastic Demand

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אW

= Ed Qd ∆% │١│<P ∆%< אK

אא٢٠%אאאFאE

٥%אאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% =٥J ٤/١ J= │٤/١│=

P ∆% ٢٠


- ٧٩ -

אאאאאאWאא١ % אאא ٠، ٢٥ % )א( ،א

א١א% אאא ٠، ٢٥ % ،אאאא


٣EאאWUnitary Elastic Demand

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאW

= Ed Qd ∆% │١│=P ∆%

אא١٠%אאאFאE١٠%אאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% = ١٠J

١ J= │١│=P ∆% ١٠

אאאאאאWאא

١א % אאאא ١ % ،

אאא١ % אאאא ١ %א،אאא



- ٨٠ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאW

٤EאאWPerfectly Inelastic Demand אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% ٠ =P ∆%

אאאFאE٥٠%אא

אאאאאא )٠%(אאאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% = ٠

٠ =P ∆% ٥٠

אאאאאאאWאא

א٥٠ % אא،אא٥٠א % א،אאא

א،אאאאאאאD4אאF١ J٥EאאK


- ٨١ -

٥EאאWPerfectly Elastic Demand אאאאאא


אW

= Ed Qd ∆% ∞ =P ∆%∞ K

אאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

٢٠ %אאאא، ة في المائ

)٠%(אאאאW

= Ed Qd ∆% = ٢٠

∞ =P ∆% ٠

אאאאאאאW


אא،אאD5אאF١ J٥EאאK


- ٨٢ -

WאאאWDeterminations of Demand Elasticity אאאאאאאאאW

אא؟אאאאאאאאאאאאא؟

אאאאW

١EאW אא،אאא،

אאKאNecessary Goodsאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאאא

אK אא Luxury Goodsאאאאאא

،אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאFאKE


- ٨٣ -

٢EאW אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאא،א،אאאאא


אאK אאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK

٣EאאאאאFאאEW אאאאאא

Consumer’s BudgetאFEאאאאKאאאאאא

٢א٣אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

Kאא אאאא،א

אאאFEאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאא


- ٨٤ -

א،א،אאאאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאFEא،א،

אאאאאאאFKE

٤EאאW

אא،אאאShort RunאאאFE


אאאאאאאאאאאאאאFE

אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאK אאLong Runאא

אFEאאאאאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאFEאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאK


- ٨٥ -

٥EאW אאאא

אאא،אאאאאאFE

אאאFKE אאF٢ J٥Eאאא،

אאאאאאאאKאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאFאאאאאאEאאא،

אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK

F٢ J٥E אאא


- ٨٦ -

אWאאWThe Importance of Demand Elasticity אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אאW

١EאאאאW

אאאאאאאאאאKאאאTotal Revenue FTRE

אFPEאאאאאאFQEאאW

אאאZא× אא Qd × TR = P

אאאאאא

אKאאאאאאK

אאאא،אאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאאאא

אF│١│> EdEאא،אאאאאאא

אאאאא،אאאאK אאאאאאאא

אF│١│< EdE،אאא


- ٨٧ -

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאF│١│ = EdEאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאW

F١ J٥E אאאאאא

אא

אאא

א א א

א

א א א │١│> Ed

א א א

א א א

│١│< Ed א א א

א א │١│= Ed

א א א

٢EאאאאאFאאEW

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK


- ٨٨ -

WאאWIncome Elasticity of Demand אאאאאאאאאאאא،א

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

אאIncome Elasticity of Demandאא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

אאW

אאאא אא = EI=אאא

אאEIFCoefficient of Income ElasticityE،א%אא∆אאאא،Qd،

אIKאאW

= EI Qd ∆%I ∆%

אאאאאאאאאא١٠%אאאא٥%

אאW

= EI Qd ∆% = ٥

٢/١=I ∆% ١٠


- ٨٩ -

אאאאא١ % אאאא ٠، ٥ % ،אאא١ %

אאאא ٠، ٥ %אאא،אאK

Wאא١٠%אאאאא

٢٠%אאW

= EI Qd ∆% = ٢٠

٢=I ∆% ١٠

אאאאאא١ %

אאאאא ٢ % ،אאא١ % אאאאא ٢ %א،

אאאאK

Wאא١٠%אאאא٤٠א%אאW

= EI Qd ∆% = ١٠

٤ J=I ∆% ٤٠J

אאאאאא١ %

אאאאא ٤ % ،אאא١ %

אאאאא ٤ %א،אאאאK


- ٩٠ -

אאאאאא

אאאW ١E אאאאאא

אאאFאאאEאאNormal Goodא،א

אF٢L١ EI = Eאא،אאאK

٢E אאאאאאאאאאא

אאF٢EI = Eאא،K

٣E אאאאאאאאאאFא

אאEאאInferior Good،אK

אאאאאאW


- ٩١ -

F٢ J٥E

אאא

אאאא

א

א

א

FE

١> EI>٠ אא

א

FE

١> EI

אא

٠ < EI א

WאאWCross-Price Elasticity of Demand

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאFXEאאאאאאFYEאאאאא،Cross-Price Elasticity of

DemandCrossF X YEאא،אאאאFXEא

FYKEאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאW


- ٩٢ -

אא

אאאX

אא = Exy=

אאאY

אאExyFCoefficient of Cross-Price ElasticityE،

א%אא∆אאאאאא،QXאאא،PYKאאW

= Exy QX∆%

PY∆%

אאאאאאאאאאYFאE٢٠%אא

אאXFאE٤٠%אאW

= Exy QX ∆% = ٤٠

٢=PY ∆% ٢٠

אאאאא ١ %

אאאא א، % ٢אא١ % אאאא ٢ %،

אאאאאא،אא،א

FאKE


- ٩٣ -

WאאYFאאE١٠%אאאאXFאאE٣٠%אאW

= Exy QX ∆% = ٣٠J

٣- =PY ∆% ١٠

אאאאאאא ١ %

אאאאא ٣ % ،אאאא ١ % אאאאא ٣ %،

،אאאאאאאאא،אא

FאKE

א،אאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאKאWאאאאאא

אא،אאאFאKE

אאאאאאאW


- ٩٤ -

F٢ J٥E אאא

א

אאא

א

א

א

Exy < صفر א

א

Exy > صفر א

א Exy = صفر ZZZ


- ٩٥ -

אWSummary

١E אאאאאאאאאK

٢E אאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאאK

٣E אאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאK

٤E אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK

٥E ،אאאאאאאא

אאK

٦E א،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

٧E אאאאאאא،אא

א،אאאאאא،אאא

אאK


- ٩٦ -

٨E אאאאאאאא،א

אאא،אאאא،אא

אאא،אאK


- ٩٧ -

אא


אK ٢E אאאאאאא

אאאאאK ٣E אאאאאאאK ٤E אאאאאK ٥E אאאאK ٦E אאאאא

אאK ٧E אאאאאאאא

אK ٨E אאאאאא

אאK ٩E אאאא،א،אאא

אאאא،K ١٠E אאאאא

אאK ١١E אאאאאאK ١٢E אאאאאK ١٣E אאאא

אK ١٤E אאאא

אK


- ٩٨ -

אאאWאאאW ١E אאW JאK JאK JאאK JK

٢E אאאאאאאאא

אאW JK JK Jא JאK

٣E אאאאאאאאאאW

JK JK Jא JאK

٤E אאאאאW JאאאאK JאאK JאFאKE JK

٥E אאאאאאאW

JK JK JK JK

٦E אאאאW JאK JאK JאK JK


- ٩٩ -

אאאW אאאאאא

١٤٢٨W

אאFE אP ٢٥ ٢ a

٢٠ ٤ B

١٥ ٦ C

١٠ ٨ D

٥ ١٠ e

אW ١E אאאא٢א٤K ٢E אאאאא٦٨K

אאא؟٣E ؟אאא ٤E ؟אא ٥E אאאאK

אאאאW אאW

אא

אא

אא

אא אא א ١ אא א אא ٢

אא א א ٣ אא א א ٤

אא אא אא ٥

אא

אא

א

٦


- ١٠٠ -

אאWא אאW

אK

אאW אאאW

١E אאK ٢E אאאK ٣E אאאK

אאאW

٩٠٪אאK

אאW

אאW


אאW אאאאK


- ١٠١ -

אElasticity of Supply W

אאאאאאאא،אא

FאאEאאאאאFאאEאKאאאאא،

אאKאאאאאK

WאWElasticity of Supply

אElasticity of SupplyFESEאאPrice Elasticity of SupplyאאאאאEdא،

،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאKאאאאאW

אאאא אא = ES=אאא

אאES FCoefficient of Supply Elasticity E،

א%אא∆אאאא،QS،אPKאאW

= ES QS∆%

P∆%


- ١٠٢ -



אאאא،אאאאאא،אא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאא١٥%אאאFאE

٣٠%אאאW

= ES QS ∆% = ٣٠

٢ =P ∆% ١٥

אאאאא١א%

אאאא ٢ % ،אאא١ % אאא٢ % .אא

אאK

אאאאאאאFQS ∆%Eאאא،FP ∆%Eאא،W

= QS∆% QS ∆ QS

FQS ∆ (אאאQ2אאאQ1،QS אאאאאQ1K

אאW


- ١٠٣ -

= QS∆% Q2 – Q1 Q1

אאאאאW

= P∆% P ∆ P

FP ∆ (אאP2אא

P1،PאאאP1KאאW

= P∆% P2 – P1 P1

אאW

= ES Q2 – Q1 D P2 – P1

Q1 P1

= ES Q2 – Q1 P1Q1 P2 – P1

אאאאאא١٠٠١٥٠

אא٩٠٠١٠٠٠،אאאאW

= ES 150 – 100 D 1000 – 900

100 1000


- ١٠٤ -

= ES 150 – 100 1000 – 900100 1000

= 50 1000 = 5 = 5100 100 1


אאאאאאאאאאאKא

אאאאK אאאאאאאאאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאW

WאאאWTypes of Price Elasticity of Supply

אאא،אאא،אאאאא

אאW

١EאאWElastic Supply אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אא

Wאאאאא


- ١٠٥ -

= ES QS ∆% ١ >P ∆%

> אK

אאאא١٥%אאאFאE٣٠%אאאאW

= ES QS ∆% = ٣٠ ٢ =

P ∆% ١٥

אאאאאאאWאאאא١%אאא٢%א،

א١א%אאא٢%،אאאאאאא

אK אאאאאאא

אאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאS4אא

F١ J6EאאK


- ١٠٦ -

F١ J٦E

אאא S1 S2 S3

S4

S5

Qs

P

٢EאאWInelastic Supply אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

Wאאאאא

= ES QS ∆% ١ <P ∆%< אK

אא٣٠%אאאFאE

١٥%אאאW

= ES QS ∆% = ١٥

٢/١=P ∆% ٣٠


- ١٠٧ -

אאאאאאWאא١ % אאא ٠، ٥ % FאE ،א

א١א % אאא ٠، ٥ %،אאאאאאא

אאאK אאאאאא

אאאאאאאא،אS2א

אF١ J٦EאאK

٣EאאWUnitary Elastic Supply אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאW

= ES QS ∆% ١ =P ∆%

אא٥%אאאFאE٥%אאאW

= ES QS ∆% = ٥

١=P ∆% ٥

אאאאאאWאאא

١ % אאאא، ١ % ،אא١א % אאא،א

١ %א،אאא،אאS3אאF١ J٦EאאK


- ١٠٨ -


אאW

٤EאאWPerfectly Inelastic Supply אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאW

= ES QS ∆% ٠ =P ∆%

אאFאE١٠٠%אאא

אאאאאאאאא، ة ي المائ )%٠(ف

אאW

= ES QS ∆% = ٠

٠ =P ∆% ١٠٠

אאאאאאWאאא

١٠٠ % אאאאא،١٠٠ % אאא،אאאאאא

אא،אאאS1אאF١ J٦EאאK


- ١٠٩ -

٥EאאWPerfectly Elastic Supply


אאאאאאW

= ES QS ∆% ∞ =P ∆%

∞ K

אאאאאאאא،א

אא،אאאאאאא٢٥א%،،א

אאW

= ES QS ∆% = ٢٥

∞ =P ∆% ٠

אאאאאאWא

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאS5אאF١ J٦EאאK

،אאאאאא

אא،אא،אאאאאאאאא،אFאEאא

אאK


- ١١٠ -

WאאאWDeterminations of Supply Elasticity אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאW

١EאאW

אאאאאאאאKאאShort Runא

אאאאאKאאאאאאא

אFE،אאאאאא،אF

KEאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK אאLong Runאאא

אאאאאאאאFKEא

אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאא،אאFEאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،

אאK


- ١١١ -

٢EאאאאW אאאאאאאאא

Kאאאאאאא

אא،אאאFEאא،


אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אFKE

٣EאW אאא


אאאאאאאאFKEאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאFKE

٤EאW אאאאK

אאאא،אאFEאאא

אאאאאאF

KE


- ١١٢ -

٥EאאW אאאאאאאאאא

אאאFKEאאאאאאK

אאאאFאאאEאאאאF

אאאKE


- ١١٣ -

אWSummary

١E אאאאאאאאאK

٢E אאאאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאK

٣E אאאאאאאא

אאאאאK


- ١١٤ -

אא


אאK ٢E אאאאאאא

אאאאK ٣E אאאK ٤E אאאK ٥E אאאאא

K ٦E אאאKK

אאאWאאאW

١E אאW JאK JאK JאאK JK

٢E אאאאאאאאא

אאW JK JK Jא JאK

٣E אאאאאW JאאאאK JאאK JאFאKE JK


- ١١٥ -

אאאW אאאאאאא

١٤٢٨W

אא FE

אP

٤ ١ a

٨ ٢ B

١٢ ٣ C

١٦ ٤ D

٢٠ ٥ e

אW ١E אאאא٢א٣K ٢E אאאאא٤٥K

אאא؟٣E אאאK

אאLLאא

אא

א

L

א

٧

٢٦١ א אא א אLא

- ١١٦ -

אאWאLא אאW

אאK

אאW אאאW

١E אאאאאאאK ٢E אאK ٣E אאאאK

אאאW

٩٠٪אאK

אאW

אאW


אאW

אאאאK


- ١١٧ -

אConsumer Behavior W


אאאKאאאאאאKא

אאאאKא،אאאא؟אא؟

؟אאאא؟אאKאאאKא אאאאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאאK


אאאא،W

١EאאClassical Utility Analysis ٢EאאIndifference Curves Analysis

אאאא


WאWDemand Creation



- ١١٨ -

אאאאאא،אא

K

WאאאW אאאאאא

אא،אאאW

١EאאFאEW אאאRationality א

אאאאאא،אאאא

אאאאK

٢EאW אאאאאאאאאא

،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

٣EאאW אאא

אאאאא،


- ١١٩ -

אאאאא،אאאאK

אאאאאא

אאאWאאKאאWאא

אאאאא،אאאאאאK

WאאWClassical Theory For Utility

אאאאאאאאאא،א??util،

אאאאאאאאאKא

אאKאא،אאאאאאא

K אאאאאא

WאאאאK

١EאאW Total Utility (TU) אאTUאאאאא

אאאKאאTUאאאאאאא

Saturation PointאאאאאKאא،אאאTUא

אאאאאאאUtils،


- ١٢٠ -

אאאאאאאאא،אא،אאאא

אK א،אאF١ J٧E

אאאאK

F١ J٧E אאא

٧ ٦ ٥ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ אא

٥٤ ٦٠ ٦٠ ٥٦ ٤٨ ٣٦ ٢٠אאTU

FאUtilsE

אאאאTUאאאאאא،אאא٣٦א٥٦

אאא٦٠אאאאאSaturation Pointאא٥٦אאא

אאאKאאא،

אאאאKאאF١ J٧EאאאTotal Utility Curve،א

אאאאאאאFאE٦٠FאאאאאE

אאאאאאFאKE


- ١٢١ -

אF١ J٧E אאא

٢EאאW Marginal Utility (MU)

אאF١ J٧Eאאאאאאאאאא

א،א٢٠אא١٦אאאא١٢אאאא

אא٨אאאאאאא٥אאאאאאאא

אSaturation PointKאאאאאאאאאא Marginal Utility (MU)אאא

F٢ J٧KEאאאFEאאאFEאאK

אאאאW


- ١٢٢ -

אאא אא=אאאא

= MU Total Utility ∆ = TU ∆

Quantity Consumed ∆ Q ∆

אF٢ J٧EאאאFאאEאאאאW

F٢ J٧E

אאאא א

אאMU FאUtilsE

אאTU FאUtilsE

אא

٢٠ ٢٠ ١ ١٦ ٢ ٣٦ ١٢ ٤٨ ٣ ٨ ٥٦ ٤ ٤ ٦٠ ٥

٦٠ ٦ –٦ ٥٤ ٧

אאאאאא

אאW

١K א،אאא،אאאאאאK


- ١٢٣ -

٢K אאא،אאFאEאאא،K

٣K אא،אא،אאאK

אF٢ J٧EאאאאאW

אF٢ J٧E אאאא


- ١٢٤ -

אWאאWLaw of Diminishing Marginal Utility אאאאא

אאא،אאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאKאאMarginal UtilityאאאLaw of Diminishing Marginal Utilityאא،

W


אאא،אאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאא،אאK

אאאאאKאא؟אאאא

אאאאEquilibrium Situation א؟אאאאאאאאאאא

אW


- ١٢٥ -

١EאאאWאא،אאאאאאFאEאאאא،אא

،אאאאאאאאאאFאKE

٢EאאאFאWEאאאאאאא،א

אKאאאאאאאאאUtilsאאKא

אאאאאאאFאEאאאאאKאא

٣٦٨אFאאEKאאא

אאאKאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאFאאEאאW

אאא = אאא

אאאא

= אא

אאא אאFPE

= אאFMUE


- ١٢٦ -

MU =

אאאא P

אאאאאF

אE،אא٨אאא٨אKא

F٢ J٧Eאא٨،אאאאאאאאFאאאEאא،

א،אאF٣ J٧EאW

F٣ J٧E אאא

אא FMU/PEאא

אא

אא

MU

אא

TU

אאP = 2 P = 1 P = 1/2

١٠ ٢٠ ٤٠ ٨ ٢٠ ٢٠ ١ ٨ ١٦ ٣٢ ٨ ١٦ ٢ ٣٦ ٦ ١٢ ٢٤ ٨ ١٢ ٤٨ ٣ ٤ ٨ ١٦ ٨ ٨ ٥٦ ٤ ٢ ٤ ٨ ٨ ٤ ٦٠ ٥

٨ ٦٠ ٦ –٢ –٦ –١٢ ٨ –٦ ٥٤ ٧


- ١٢٧ -

אאאאFאאאאFMU/PEEFאאאאEאאאאK

אאאFP = 1/2E،אאאאאאא٤٠א٨،א

٣٢אאאKאאא٣٢٨

،א٢٤אא،א٨אKאאא

٢٤٨אא١٦،אא١٦א٨אא٨אK

א٨אא٨א،אאאאאא،אאא

אאאאK אאאאFP = 1Eא،

אא،אאאאאאאFP = 2Eאא،אאאאאK


אאאאאK WאאWConsumer’s Equilibrium


אאאאKאאאאWאאאא


- ١٢٨ -

אאאא؟KאאאאאאאאאW


- ١٢٩ -

١K אאאאאK ٢K אאK ٣K אאאאK

אאאאאא

אאChoice Problemאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאא،אK

אאאאא،Income،( I )א،

YPYKאXPXאא אאאאFאEאאא

אXאאאW

MUX

=

אאאא XPX

אא،אא

YאW

MUY

=

אאאא YPY

אא٨אאא

אא،אXאY،W


- ١٣٠ -

אא אא Y

=

אאאא X

אאאאW

MUY=

MUXPY PX

PY =

MUXPX MUY

אאאאאFאKE

אא( I )א

א X Y ،אאאאW

אא= אאX+אא Y

אא= אא

I = X . PX + Y . PY

אאאאאK אאאא

אאאW ١K אאאK ٢K אאK


- ١٣١ -

WאאWDemand Curve Derive אאאIndividual Demand Curveא

אאאKאאKאFP = 1/2Eאאא

אאאאאא،אאFP = 1Eאא،FP = 2Eאאא

אאDemand Lawאאאאאאא

אאאKאאאF٣ J٧WE

אF٣ J٧E

א

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q

P

1½

½

1

2

ةوهقلا باوآا ددع

אאאFEאFEאאאאאאא

אאאK

WאWConsumer’s Surplus


- ١٣٢ -

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאא،אאאא

אא?אK?אאאאאאאא

אאאאאK אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאאK אF٤ J٧Eאאאאא

אאאאאKאF½ ٢Eאאאא

אאאאאאF½ ١E،אאאאKאאא

אאאאאאKא


אאאאאאאאאK

אא،אאאאאאא،א

אאאאK

F٤ J٧E


- ١٣٣ -

אאא

א

א

אא

½ ١ ١ ½ ١ ٢

١ ١ ٢ ٢

½ ١ ½ ٣ ١

١ ٤ ١

٣ ٤ ٧ א

אאF٤ J٧EאאאאאFאאאKEא


אאאאאאאא

אF٤ J٧E אאא


- ١٣٤ -

WאאWCriticism of Classical Theory of Utility אאאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאא

אKאאאאKאאאא

אW

١K אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אK

٢K אאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאא

אאאK

אאאאא

אאאאאאאאK


- ١٣٥ -

אWSummary

١E אאאאאאאK

٢E אאאאאאאאאK

٣E אאאאאאאאאאאK

٤E אאאאאאאאutilK

אK

٥E אאאאאאאאאK


٧E אאאאאאאאK

٨E אאאאאאאאאK

٩E אאאאאאWאא،אא

אK


- ١٣٦ -

١٠E אאאאאאאאאK

١١E אאאאאאאאK

١٢E אאאאאאאאאאא

אאK

١٣E אאאאאK

١٤E אאאאאאאאאWאאאא

،אאאאאא

אאK


- ١٣٧ -

אא


אאK ٢E אאאאאא

אאK ٣E אאאאK ٤E אאאאאאא

אK ٥E אאאאK ٦E אאאאאאK

אאאWאאאW

١E אאאאW JK JK JK JאאK ٢E אאאאאW JאK JK JK JאאK

٣E אאאW JאאאאאK

JאאאאK JאאאK


- ١٣٨ -

אאאW אאאאאאW

٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ א٣٣ ٣٥ ٣٥ ٣٦ ٣٤ ٣٠ ٢٤ אא

אW

١E אאאK ٢E ؟אאא

אאאאW

אאאK

אאLLאאאא

אא

א

Lא

א

٨

٢٦١ א אא א אLאא

- ١٣٨ -

אאWאLאא אאW

אאK

אאW אאאW

١E אאK ٢E אא ٣E אאאאאאאK ٤E אאאאK

אאאW

٩٥٪אאK

אאW

אאW ١E אK ٢E אK ٣E אאK ٤E אאאאאK

אאW

אאאאK


- ١٣٩ -

אאIndifference Curves Analysis W

אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאK אאאאאאאא

אאא،אאIndifference Curvesאאאאאאא،

אאאKאאאrankingאאא،אאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאW

١K אאK ٢K אK ٣K אאK

א،אאאאא

אאא،אאאאFאE


- ١٤٠ -

אאאאאאKאאאK

WאאWIndifference Curves

אא،אאאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאIndifference Curvesאא

אK אאאאWאאאאאXאאY،

אאאאאאW

F١ J٨E אאאא

אאX∆/Y∆

אאY )E א( X )א

)אE ٢٠ ١ a

٥ ١٥ ٢ b ٣ ١٢ ٣ c ٢ ١٠ ٤ d١ ٩ ٥ e

אאאאא

אאאאא،aFאX٢٠YEאbFX١٥YEאeF٥אX


- ١٤١ -

٩YEאאאאאאאאא

אאK אאאאא

אאאF١ J٨Eא،אאF١ J٨EאאאאFXEאא

אאאאאFYEא،F e, d, c, b, aEאא،אKא

אאIndifference Curveאא،אאאאK

אF١ J٨E אא


- ١٤٢ -

WאאW Characteristics of Indifference Curves אאאא

אW

١EאאאאW אאאאאאא

אאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאא

אאK

٢EאאאW אאאאא،אאא

א،אאאKאאF١ J٨Eאאא

אאXאאאאYאbאאאא،cא

אYאאאאYא،dאYאאאאYאא،

אאeאאYאאאאYKאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאא،אאאאאאK

אאDiminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)،אאאאאאאא


- ١٤٣ -

FאאאאאF١ J٨KEEאאאFEאאא

אFY∆ (אאאFX∆ (אאאW

=MRS b Y∆ =

٥J ٥ J= │٥│=X∆ ١

=MRS c Y∆ =

٣J ٣ J= │٣│=X∆ ١

=MRS dY∆ =

٢J ٢ J= │٢│=X∆ ١

=MRS e Y∆ =

١J ١ J= │١│=X∆ ١

א،אאא٥אbא،

אאא٥אאא،אאאאאאא٣אאאאא

א،אאאאאאKאאאא


אאאKאאאאאאאאא

،אאאW

Y∆K MUY = X∆KMUX


- ١٤٤ -

אאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאW

Y∆

=

MUX

X∆ MUY

אFXEאאFYEאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאאא،אא،אא

אאאאאאא،אאאאK

٣EאאאW

אאאאאKאאאא

א،אאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

אF٢ J٨EאאאאאאאאאאאK


- ١٤٥ -

אF٢ J٨E

אא

٤EאאW אאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאK

אF٣ J٨Eאg אm אאIC1אא،g אf אאIC2،

אאאf אm אאאא،אאfאאIC2אאmאא

IC1אא،


- ١٤٦ -

אF٣ J٨E

אא

WאאWBudget Line אאאאא

אא،אאאאאא،אאאאא،אאאאאאאא


אא،אאאאא٢٠٠٠Iאאא،

٤٠٠אPXאאאא،٥٠PY،א،אW

=אא =Fא×אאאE +Fאא×אאאאE


- ١٤٧ -

I = PX X + PY Y

אאאאאאאאK

אאאאW

2000 = 400 X + 50 Y

2000 = 400 X + 50 (0)

2000 = 400 X

X = 2000 / 400

X = 5

אאאאאW

2000 = 400 X + 50 Y

2000 = 400 (0) + 50 Y

2000 = 50 Y

Y = 2000 / 50

Y = 40

אא٥אאFXEאאFYE٤٠

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

אא٤٠٠אאאאא٤٠٠F٤×٥٠Eא،W


- ١٤٨ -

2000 = 400 (1) + 50 (32)

אאאא

אKאF٢ J٨EאאאאאאאאK

F٢ J٨E אאאFXEאאFYE

אאאאא

אאY )E א( X ) א ٤٠ ٠ a٣٢ ١ b ٢٤ ٢ c ١٦ ٣ d٨ ٤ e٠ ٥ f

אאאאאאF٢ J٨E

אאאאBudget Line،אF٤ J٨Eאאאאאאאא،אK


- ١٤٩ -

אF٤ J٨E אאFאE

א،אאאאאאא،אאא

אKאאאאn٢٤אאF١٢٠٠E٤אאF١٦٠٠E

٢٨٠٠אא٢٠٠٠Kאאאאא m١٦אאF٨٠٠E

אF٨٠٠E١٦٠٠א٢٠٠٠אאאאאאא

אאK אא،אאאאא

אאאאאאאאKאא٢٠٠٠٢٨٠٠אאא،

،אאאאאא٢٠٠٠א٨٠٠אאא،


- ١٥٠ -

،אאאאאאאF٥ J٨KE

אF٥ J٨E אאאFאE

אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא


אאאKאאאאאאאF٥ J٨KE

אאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

،אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא،אאא

אאאאאאא


- ١٥١ -

אאאאאאאא،אF٦ J٨EאאK

אF٦ J٨E

אאאFאEא

،אאאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאאא

אF٧ J٨KE

אF٧ J٨E אאאFאEאא


- ١٥٢ -

אWאאWConsumer’s Equilibrium אאאF

אאWאאאEאאאאאאאא،אאאאWא

אאאאאא؟؟אאאאאאאאאא

F٢ J٨EאאF٤ J٨Eאאאא،אא،אאאאF٨ J٨KE

אF٨ J٨E

אאאא


אאIC2אאאF٣אא١٦אאEאאאאאא

،אאאאאא


- ١٥٣ -

dאאEאאאאא،אאK

אאIC1אאאbאeאאאאאא

אאאIC2،،אאאאאאא

אאIC1אאאIC3אאIC4אאאאK

WאאWDemand Curve Derive

אאאאאE2F٣אא١٦אאEאאאF٩ J٨E،٢٠٠٠

אא٤٠٠א٥٠אאא،אIndividual Demand Curveאאא

אאאאKאאאאKא

אא،אאא٢٠٠٠אא٥٠אאא،٤٠٠٦٠٠

אאאאאא،אאאאאאFאE

אאאאאאאאאאIC1א E1אאKא

אא٤٠٠א٢٠٠،אאאאאאאאאאא

אאFאEאאאאאאאאא


- ١٥٤ -

IC3אE3אאא٦אאF٩ J٨KE

אF٩ J٨Eא،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאא،אF٩ J٨E

אאDemand Lawאאאאאאא

אאאK אF٩ J٨E

אא


- ١٥٥ -

אWSummary

١E אאאאאK

٢E אאאאאאא

אFאאEאאאK

٣E אאאאK

٤E אאאאאאאאאאK

٥E אאאאאK

٦E אאאאאK

٧E אאאאאאK

٨E אאאאאאאאאאK

٩E אאא Kאאאאאא


- ١٥٦ -

אא אאאWאאאאאW ١E אאאא

K ٢E אאאאאא

אK ٣E אאאאא

אאK ٤E אאאK ٥E אאאא

אאאK ٦E אאאאאK ٧E אאאאאK

אאאWאאאW

١E אאW JאאאאאאK

JאאאאאK JK

٢E אאW

JאK JאאאK JאאאK JK

٣E אאW JאאאאK JאאאאK Jאאאאאא JK


- ١٥٧ -

אאאW א١٥٠٠א،אא١٥

،א،אא٦٠אאK אW

١E אאK ٢E אאאאK ٣E אאאאאא

א؟א

אאאאW אאאאאא،א

אאK

אאLLאא

אא

א

L

א

٩


- ١٥٨ -

אאWאLא אאW

אK

אאW אאאW

١E אאאK ٢E אאאאאאK ٣E אK

אאאW

٩٥٪אאK

אאW

אאW ١E אK ٢E אK ٣E אאK ٤E אאאאאK

אאW

אאאאK


- ١٥٩ -

אProduction Theory W

אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אFאאKEאאאאאאאSupply Side KאאאSupplyאא

אאאProducersאSellersאאאאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאKאא

،אאאאא،אאאא؟אאאאא

א؟אאאאא؟אאאא؟אK،

אא؟אאא؟אאאאאאאאKא

אאאאK

אאאאאאW

١K אאאאאאK

٢K אאאאאאK


- ١٦٠ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאW

١EאProduction Theory ٢EאCosts Theory

WאWProduction Theory

אאאאאKאInputFאא

אאEOutputFEK אאFאEאא،

א،אאFאEאאShort-Runאא،אאאא

אאאאאKאאLong-Runאאאאא

אK

W

١K א،אאאאאאאאאאאאK

٢K אאאאאאאאאK

٣K אאאאאאאאאאאK


- ١٦١ -

WאאאאW Production Function in the Short-Run אאאאאא،אא

אאאאאKאאאFאEאאFאEאאא

אFאEאKאאאאאProduction FunctionKאאW

א=א]אFאE[

Q = ƒ (L)

אQאLאאא،

אאƒFEאאLאאQKאאא

אאאK


אאאאאא،אאF١ J٩KE


אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאK


- ١٦٢ -

F١ J٩E אאאאאא

א א

אאAP

אאMP

אאTP = Q

א

א א

٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ١٥ ١٥ ١٥ ١ ١٧ ١٩ ٣٤ ٢ ٢٠ ٢٦ ٦٠ ٣

א ٢٠ ٢٠ ٨٠ ٤

א

١٩ ١٥ ٩٥ ٥ ١٨ ١٣ ١٠٨ ٦ ١٦ ٤ ١١٢ ٧

א١٤ א ٠ ١١٢ ٨ אא ١٠ J١٣ ٩٩ ٩

WWProduction Terms

אאאאאאאאאאאFאEאאאאFאEW

١EאאWTotal Production (TP)

אTPאאאאאאאאאKא

F١ J٩EאאאאאFאE،אאאאאאK


- ١٦٣ -

٢EאאWAverage Production (AP) אAPאא

FאEאאTPKאF١ J٩EאאאאאאFאKEאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאאאא،אאW

אא אאא=אאאאFאE

= AP TP = QAP AP

٣EאאWMarginal Production (MP)

אMPאאאאFאEאאTPאאאאאא،

FאEאKאF١ J٩EאאאאאFאKEאאאאאאא

אא،אאאאאאW

אאא אאא=אאא

אאFאE


- ١٦٤ -

= MP TP ∆ = Q ∆MP ∆ MP ∆

٤EאאאWThe Relationship between MP & AP אF١ J٩Eאאאא

אא،אאאאאKאאWאאא

١K אאאאאאFאאEאאאFאאאEא،אא

אאאאאאאאאFאאאא

אאEא،F١ J٩Eאאאאאאbאא،א

אK

٢K אאאאאאאאאאאאאbאא

אF١ J٩Eאא،אK

٣K אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאא

FאאאאאאEא،F١ J٩Eאאא

אאאbאא،אK

٤K אאאאאאאאאאאאc


- ١٦٥ -

אאאF١ J٩Eאאא،אאdאא،

EKאFא

٥K אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאא،אאF١ J٩Eאאאא

אdK

אאאאאW

• אאאFMPE<אאFAPEאאFAPEאK

• אאאFMPE>אאFAPEאאFAPEK

• אאאFMPE=אאFAPEאאFAPEK

אWאWLaw of Diminishing Return


،אאLaw of Diminishing Return Kאאאא


אאא،אאF١ J٩EאאאאאאאאאK


- ١٦٦ -

אF١ J٩E אאאא

אאאאאK


- ١٦٧ -

אWSummary

١E אאאאK

٢E אאאאאאא،אאK

٣E אאאאאאאאאאאאK

٤E אFאאEאאאאK

٥E אאאאאאאK

٦E אאאאאאאאאאאאאK


- ١٦٨ -

אאW

אאאWאאאאאW ١E אאאאK ٢E אאאאאאK ٣E אאאאאאא

אאאK ٤E אאאאאK ٥E אאאאאא ٦E אאאאK

אאאWאאאW

١E אאW JאאK JאאK JאאאK JאאאK

٢E אאאאאW

JאאאK JאאאK JאאK JK

٣E אFאEW JאאאאאאאK

JאאאאאאK JאאאאאאאK JאאאאאאK


- ١٦٩ -

אאאW אאאאW

א אא אא אא

L TP MP AP ١٥ ١٥ ١

٢٥ ٢

١٠ ٥٠ ٣

١٤ ٤

אאאאW אאאא؟

אאLLאא

א

א

L

א

١٠


- ١٧٠ -

אאWאLא אאW

אK

אאW אאאW

١E אאאאאK ٢E אאאאK ٣E אאאאאאK

אאאW

٩٥٪אאK

אאW

אאW


אאW אאאאK


- ١٧١ -

אCosts Theory W


אאKאאאא،אאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

W؟אWhat is Costs?

אאאKאאאאK

אא،אאאאאאאKאאאאא


אExplicit CostsאאAccounting Costsאאא،אאאאאאאאאאK


אאאאאא،אא

אאאא،אאImplicit Costs،


- ١٧٢ -

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאFאEOpportunity Costאא،אאא

אא،אאאאאאאאאא

אאK

WאאW Profit Concept in Economics אאEconomic Profit،אאאא

אאאאTotal CostsאאאTotal Revenue،אאא

אאאKאאאאאאאאאאFאEא

אאאFאאEאאא،אאא،אאא

אאאאאאFאE،א،אאאNormal Profitא

אאאאFאEאאאK

WאאאW Costs of Production in the Short-Run ،אאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאK

אא،אאאאא


- ١٧٣ -

אאאאאאKאאאאאא

אFאE١٥٠אאאא،٢٠٠٠א

אF١ J١٠EאאאאאאאאK

F١ J١٠E

אאאאאא

א אא

Q א

L א MC

א TC

א * VC

א FC

J ١٥٠٠٠٠ ٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ٠ ٠ ١٣٣ ١٥٢٠٠٠ ٢٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ١٥ ١ ١٠٥ ١٥٤٠٠٠ ٤٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ٣٤ ٢ ٧٨ ١٥٦٠٠٠ ٦٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ٦٠ ٣ ١٠٠ ١٥٨٠٠٠ ٨٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ٨٠ ٤ ١٣٣ ١٦٠٠٠٠ ١٠٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ٩٥ ٥ ١٥٣ ١٦٢٠٠٠ ١٢٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ١٠٨ ٦ ٤٠٠ ١٦٤٠٠٠ ١٤٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ١١٢ ٧

J J ١٦٦٠٠٠ ١٦٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠ ١١٢ ٨ *אאZאx א *אאZאאHאא *אאZאאאDאאא


- ١٧٤ -

אאאאאאאאFאאאEאא

FאEא،W

١EאאWFixed Costs (FC) אאFixed Costs אאאא

אאאאא،אאאאאא

אאאKאא،אא،אא،אאא،אא،

אאאאK אא(FC)אF١ J١٠E

אאא،אאאא (FC)אאאא،אאא

אאאא١٠٠٢٠٠KKKKKK،א١٥٠אאאK

אF١ J١٠E

אאFC


- ١٧٥ -


- ١٧٦ -

2EאאWVariable Costs (VC) אאVariable Costs אאא

אאא(VC)אאאאאאאאאאא

Kא،אאא،אאאאאאאK

אא(VC)אF٢ J١٠Eאאאא،אאא (VC)

אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא


אF٢ J١٠E

אאVC


- ١٧٧ -

3EאאWTotal Costs (TC) אאTotal Costsאא(FC)

אא(VC)،W

אא= א+ אא

TC = FC + VC

אאאאאאאאאאא،אK

אא(TC)אF٣ J١٠Eאאא،אאאא(TC)


א١٥٠אאאא١٥٠אאאאאK

אF3 J١٠E

אאTC


- ١٧٨ -


אאK

אWאאאאאW Average and Marginal Costs the Short-Run אאאאאאאאאאא،אא

אאאאFאאאE،אאא،אאאאאW

١EאאאWAverage Fixed Costs (AFC)

אאאAverage Fixed Costs אאאאאאאא،אא

אא،W

אא אא=א

אאאאאא،אאאאאא

אאFאEאאFאEאאFאEאאאאא،

אאאאK

= AFC FCQ


- ١٧٩ -

2EאאאWAverage Variable Costs (AVC) אאאAverage Variable Costs אאא

אאאאא،אאאא،W

אא אא=א

אאאאאאאא،אאאאאאא


אאאאאאK

3EאאאWAverage Total Costs (ATC) אאאTotal Variable Costs אאא

אאאאא،אאאא،W

אא אא=א

= AVC VCQ

= ATC TCQ


- ١٨٠ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK

4EאאWMarginal Costs (MC)

אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאMarginal Costs אאא،FאאEאאאKאאא

אאW

אאא אא =אא

= MC TC∆Qََََ∆

אאאאא

،אאאאאאאאW

= MC VC∆Qََََ∆


- ١٨١ -

אWSummary

١E אאאFאEאאאאאאאאK

٢E אאאאאאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאאאאK

٣E אאאאK

٤E אאאאאאK

٥E אאאאאאK


٧E אאאאאאאאאאאאK

٨E אאאאאאאאאאאאK

٩E אאאאאFאאEאאאK


- ١٨٢ -

אאW

אאאW ١E ؟אאאאא ٢E ؟אא ٣E אא؟؟א؟אאאא ٤E ؟אאאא ٥E ؟אאאאאאא

אאאW

אאאאא٨٠אאאאאאאאא

١٥٠٠K

א אא

MP

אא

Q*

א

L א MC

א TC

אVC

א FC

٠ ٠ ١٠ ١ ٢٥ ٢ ٣٥ ٣ ٤٣ ٤

٥٠ ٥ ٥٥ ٦ ٥٥ ٧

*א


- ١٨٣ -

אW ١E אאאK ٢E אאאK ٣E אאא ٤E אאא ٥E אאא ٦E ؟אאאאא

אאאW אאאאW

١E אאK ٢E אאK ٣E אאK

٢٦١ א אא

א

- ١٨٤ -

אא

א ١. אאא،F٢٠٠٥E،אא،א،

א،אK ٢. א،אF١٤٠٠E،אא،א،

א،אאK ٣. א،،אF٢٠٠٢Eא،

א،אאאאא،،אK ٤. Baumol, W. J. and Alen. B. (1979). Economics: Principles and

Policy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

٥. Nicholson, Water. (1998). Microeconomic Theory: Basic

Principles and Extensions , 7th. Ed. USA, The Dryden Press.

٦. Ruffin, Roy. J. and Paul R. Gregory. (1983). Principles of Microeconomic. Glenview, lll.: Scott Foresman.

٢٦١ א א

א

- ١٨٥ -

א

A

ANALYSIS

AVERAGE

B

BEHAVIOR

א BUDGET

א BUYERS

C

א CAPITAL

CEILING

CHANGE

CHARACTERESTICS

א CHOICE

CLASSICAL

COEFFICIENT

COMPLEMENTRY

CONCEPT

CONSUMER

COST

CREATION

CRITICIM

CROSS

CURVE

D

א DEMAND

٢٦١ א א

א

- ١٨٦ -

א DETERMINANTS

DIMINISHING

DISTRIBUTION

E

א ECONOMICS

EFFECTIVE

L EFFICIENCY

ELASTICITY

EMPLOYMENT

ENTERPRENEUR

א EQUILIBRIUM

EXPECTATIONS

F

א FACTORS

FIXED

FLOOR

א FUNCTION

G

GOODS

H

HAND

HUMAN

I

IMPORTANCE

INCOME

א INDIFFERENCE

INDIVIDUAL

INELASTIC

٢٦١ א א

א

- ١٨٧ -

INFERIOR

INPUTS

INTEREST

א INVESTMENT

INVISIBLE

L

LABOR

א LAND

LAW

LINE

LUXURY

M

א MACROECONOMICS

MARGINAL

א MARKET

א MICROECONOMICS

MONEY

א MONITERING

N

NATURAL

NECESSARY

NEEDS

NORMAL

NUMBER

O

OPPORTUNITY

P

POINT

٢٦١ א א

א

- ١٨٨ -

POSSIBILITY

PREFRENCE

PRICE

PROBLEM

PRODUCER

PRODUCTION

PROFIT

Q

QUANTITY

R

RANKING

RATIONALITY

RELATIONSHIP

RENT

א RESOURCES

א RETURN

S

SACRIFICE

SATURATION

SCARCITY

SCHEDULE

א SELLORS

SERVICES

SHIFT

א SHORT-RUN

SIDE

SITUATION

SUBSIDIES

٢٦١ א א

א

- ١٨٩ -

SUBSTITUTE

SUMMARY

SUPPLY

SURPLUS

T

א TASTERS

א TAXES

א TECHNOLOGY

TERMS

THEORY

L TOTAL

א TYPES

U

UNITARY

UTILITY

א UTILS

V

VARIABLE

W

א WAGE

٢٦١ א א

א

א

................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................

אאWא٢ ............................................................................................................. א ................................................................................................................................................... ١٧

אאWא ............................................................................................................................. ٢١ ................................................................................................................................................... ٣٥

אאWא ............................................................................................................................ ٣٨ ................................................................................................................................................... ٥٠

אאאWאא ............................................................................................................................ ٥٣ ................................................................................................................................................... ٧٠

אאWא ............................................................................................................................. ٧٣ ................................................................................................................................................... ٩٦

אאWא .......................................................................................................................... ١٠٠ .................................................................................................................................................. ١١٣

אאWאLא ...................................................................................................... ١١٦ .................................................................................................................................................. ١٣٦

אאWאLאא ................................................................................................... ١٣٩ .................................................................................................................................................. ١٥٦

אאWאLא ....................................................................................................... ١٥٩ ................................................................................................................................................. ١٦٨

אאWאL١٧١ ..................................................................................................... א ................................................................................................................................................. ١٨١

א١٨٣ ........................................................................................................................................................ א

١٨٤ .................................................................................................................................................... א

مقدمة في الاقتصاد

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